湖北乌羊基因杂合度与血液黑色素之间的关联分析

用13个SNP分子标记对122只湖北乌羊个体进行基因分型,计算个体基因型杂合度,另外测定湖北乌羊的血液黑色素指标(即褐黑素含量、碱溶黑色素、总黑色素、酪氨酸酶活性),并利用SAS软件对个体基因杂合度和血液黑色素进行关联分析。结果表明:基因杂合度与血液黑色素含量间无显著关联,在生产中改变个体基因杂合度水平提高生产性能时并不会影响黑色素含量。但碱溶黑色素与褐黑素之间呈极显著相关关系(P<0.01);酪氨酸酶活性分别与褐黑素、碱溶黑色素之间具有显著或极显著的相关关系(P<0.05或P<0.01)。     

八眉猪DQB基因多态性及其与仔猪腹泻的相关性研究

为了探讨SLA-DQB基因作为猪抗病育种辅助选择标记的可能性,试验采用PCR-RFLP方法对八眉猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2的多态性及其与仔猪腹泻的相关性进行研究。结果表明:八眉猪SLA-DQB基因外显子2多态性并不丰富,仅检测出3个等位基因和5种基因型,其多态信息含量为0.23,遗传杂合度仅为0.24;八眉猪DQB基因外显子2变异程度比较低。该群体偏离了HardyWeinberg平衡(P0.01)。仔猪腹泻与性别不相关(P0.05),与DQB基因外显子2的基因型之间呈现极显著相关(P0.01),AA和AB基因型腹泻评分均极显著高于AC、BB和CC基因型(P0.01)。不同性别DQB外显子2的基因型对仔猪腹泻的影响不同。在公猪中,AB基因型个体的腹泻评分高于AA、AC、BB、CC个体(P0.05);而在母猪中,AA和AB腹泻评分极显著高于AC、BB和CC(P0.01),可见性别影响了DQB外显子2基因型与腹泻之间的关系。说明八眉猪DQB基因外显子2多态性较低,其基因型对仔猪腹泻有影响,可作为猪抗病育种的选择标记。     

公路对天山马鹿（Cervus elaphus songaricus）种内遗传分化的影响

为研究公路对大型哺乳动物造成的影响,分别采集新疆省道110、203、303公路两侧的天山马鹿粪便样本,采用5个微卫星位点进行个体识别后利用Arlequin3．11进行遗传距离、基因多样性、杂合度等测定分析。结果表明：5个微卫星均具有很好的多态性,5地区中松树塘与寒气沟、白石头马鹿的遗传距离最远,松树塘马鹿的基因杂合度、基因型数量均最低;小西沟与白杨沟马鹿之间遗传距离为负值,其基因杂合度、基因型无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。说明公路对栖息地的分割状态不同,会导致种群的遗传情况改变。当公路仅深入栖息地没有将栖息地割裂时,公路两旁种群无差异;当栖息地被公路完全隔绝,则该栖息地内动物的基因杂合度、基因型数量降低;使用中的公路对临近种群的隔绝效果强于废弃旧公路。     

杜洛克约克夏长白种猪的氟烷基因与经济性能之间的相关性研究

本研究采用PCR-RFLP技术检测了长白、约克夏和杜洛克猪群的RYR基因的多态性,分别分析了RYR基因与猪的产仔数(TNB)、初生重(LBW)、仔猪28日龄重(LWT28)、背膘厚(TheBackfatThickness)、死胎数(ND)之间的相关关系。对群体遗传结构分析表明,在约克夏、杜洛克猪群中,有氟烷基因存在;长白猪群中,未发现有该基因存在。通过对RYR基因分型研究,在约克夏和杜洛克猪群中,未发现有隐性纯合基因型(nn)个体,仅存在纯合基因型(NN)个体和杂合型(Nn)个体。不同氟烷基因型(NN,Nn)之间在产仔数方面存在差异性显著(P<0.05)。约克夏猪群中,比较了头胎的平均产仔数,结果发现,Nn个体的产仔数(TNB)比NN个体平均多1.7045头/胎;杜洛克猪群中,Nn个体的产仔数(TNB)比NN个体平均多2.5758头/胎;经产胎次中,平均产仔数分别多0.3898和0.9956头/胎。杂合型(Nn)个体显著高于纯合基因型(NN)个体(P<0.05)。在两层和三层膘厚检测中发现,在杜洛克猪群和约克夏猪群中,纯合基因型个体均低于杂合基因型个体,因此在背膘厚方面两种基因型(NN,Nn)个体存在差异性显著(P<0.05)。在仔猪28日龄重方面,杂合型(Nn)个体则低于纯合基因型(NN)个体,差异性显著(P<0.05);仔猪初生重方面,纯合基因型个体的仔猪初生重与杂合型个体差异不显著(P>0.05);死胎数方面,?     

皖北黄牛随机扩增多态DNA研究

选取10条随机引物对皖北黄牛进行RAFD分析，从中筛选出3条可得到稳定扩增产物的多态性引物。根据RAPD结果分别计算了两两个体间的带纹相似率、平均带纹相似率、带纹的平均等位基因频率和平均带纹杂合度及遗传多样性指数，作亲缘关系的类平均聚类并绘制了相关关系聚类图。结果表明，皖北黄牛的基因杂合度较高，带纹总的平均等位基因频率、平均杂合度分别为0．55和0．57，群体内存在着较高的遗传变异。     

鸡MHC多态性及血型与部分免疫指标的关联分析

利用荧光标记微卫星技术对雪山鸡MHC基因Ⅰ~Ⅳ区进行遗传多样性及血型判断进行检测,并分析不同血型与部分抗性性状的相关性。结果发现:雪山鸡MHC-Ⅰ基因观察杂合度为0.6075,多态信息含量为0.5382;MHC-Ⅳ基因观察杂合度为0.7975,多态信息含量为0.7668。雪山鸡血型较为复杂,主要血型有B2、B5、B13、B21、B22、B76。其中,B2综合抗性指标显著好于其他血型(P<0.05)。该结果为利用血型进行抗病育种提供了基础资料。     

蜜蜂的抗白垩病育种

抗病育种是选用不发病的蜂群,或发病后能自愈的蜂群来培育.认为这些蜂群具有抗病基因,组配后使其抗病基因更加稳定.十多年来的抗白垩病育种工作经验告诉我们,只要远亲交配,使一些基因杂合就会提高生活力和抗白垩病能力.     

PEDV中国流行株和疫苗株S蛋白免疫反应性差异分析

为分析PEDV流行株和疫苗株S基因差异对疫苗免疫效果影响,分别在大肠杆菌中表达PEDV流行株CH/ZMDZY/11与疫苗株CV777S蛋白差异较大的N端(22~380aa)区域(SA),将纯化的SA蛋白免疫小鼠获得多克隆抗体,并以SA蛋白为抗原,通过Western Blot及间接ELISA的方法检测2种蛋白与多克隆抗体的反应性差异。结果表明,抗PEDV疫苗株SA蛋白(YSA)多抗与疫苗株SA蛋白的反应性明显高于与流行株SA蛋白(LSA)的反应性;与此相反,抗PEDV流行株SA蛋白多抗与流行株SA蛋白的反应性明显高于与疫苗株SA蛋白的反应性。研究结果提示,PEDV S蛋白22~380aa区域存在差异性抗原表位,PEDV流行株和疫苗株S基因的差异可能是导致基于CV777疫苗株的PED疫苗免疫效果不好的原因。本研究将为开发PEDV流行株亚单位疫苗用于预防临床PEDV流行株的感染提供理论依据。     

重庆地方鸡微卫星遗传多样性研究

为了研究重庆地方鸡品种的遗传多样性,试验采用将微卫星标记与荧光标记引物测序相结合的技术进行基因分型,计算各群体在每个位点上的等位基因频率,以及各群体的平均遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ne)。结果表明:在12个微卫星位点中共检测到88个等位基因,Ne在3.158 5～8.480 6之间,位点平均杂合度在0.416 7～0.875 0之间,品种平均杂合度在0.587 3～0.722 5之间,平均杂合度最高的是南川鸡,最低的是城口山地鸡;3个鸡品种在12个微卫星位点上的基因频率存在明显差异,H为0.659 9,PIC为0.741 2;聚类分析显示,南川鸡和大宁河鸡聚为一类,城口山地鸡独自聚为一类。     

猪微卫星座位杂合度与肌肉肌苷酸含量的关系

英系大白猪和梅山猪产生的139头F2代个体用作试验猪。分析猪1、2和6号染色体的24个微卫星座位与肌肉肌苷酸的关系,发现5个座位与肌苷酸含量显著关联(P<0 05)。它们分别是1号染色体的Sw2185、2号染色体的Sw2516、S0170、Sw1883和Sw2192。6号染色体9个微卫星座位均没有显著的相关(P>0 05)。这提示2号染色体的一些基因或QTL对肌苷酸含量有较大的遗传作用。分别以24个座位分类、以5个显著关联座位分类和以19个中性座位分类来研究基因杂合度与肌苷酸含量的关系,结果均表明随着基因杂合度增加,肌苷酸含量呈下降趋势。其中前两者分析结果大体一致。基因杂合度在0 5～0 8范围内,每增加0 05则肌苷酸含量下降幅度大约是群体肌苷酸均值的1 2%～7 5%。提示显著关联座位在肌苷酸的杂种优势中可能具有重要的遗传效应。同时,在应用微卫星标记估计基因杂合度与肌苷酸含量的关系时,尽可能选用显著关联座位,可以作到多快好省。     

The postnatal development of the mucosal immune system and mucosal tolerance in domestic animals

The mucosal immune system is exposed to a range of antigens associated with pathogens, to which it must mount active immune responses. However, it is also exposed to a large number of harmless antigens associated with food and with commensal microbial flora, to which expression of active, inflammatory immune responses to these antigens is undesirable. The mucosal immune system must contain machinery capable of evaluating the antigens to which it is exposed and mounting appropriate effector or regulatory responses. Since the immune system is likely to have evolved initially in mucosal tissues, the requirement to prevent damaging allergic responses must be at least as old as the adaptive immune system, and studies of the mechanisms should include a range of non-mammalian species. Despite the importance for rational design of vaccines and for control of allergic reactions, the mechanisms involved are still largely unclear. It is not clear that the classical experimental protocol of "oral tolerance" is, in fact, measuring a biologically important phenomenon, nor is it clear whether tolerance is regulated in the evolutionarily recent organised lymphoid tissue (the lymph nodes) or the more ancient, diffuse architecture in the intestine. The capacity of the immune system to discriminate between "dangerous" and "harmless" antigens appears to develop with age and exposure to microbial flora. Thus, the ability of an individual or a group of animals to correctly regulate mucosal immune responses will depend on age, genetics and on their microbial environment and history. Attempts to manipulate the mucosal immune system towards active immune responses by oral vaccines, or towards oral tolerance, are likely to be confounded by environmentally-induced variability between individuals and between groups of animals.     

Administration of poly[di(sodium carboxylatoethylphenoxy)]phosphazene (PCEP) as adjuvant activated mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses in pigs

The selection of an optimal adjuvant to enhance the potency and longevity of antigen specific immune responses has always been imperative for the development of more effective and safer vaccines. A balanced type of immune enhancing ability of a new adjuvant known as polyphosphazene (PCEP) has been demonstrated in mice. In the present study we have compared the humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccine formulations containing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae outer membrane antigen (OmlA) with PCEP or Emulsigen as adjuvants. Our data showed a significant improvement and a shift toward more balanced immune responses when OmlA antigen was formulated with PCEP and CpG ODN. Moreover, in contrast to Emulsigen, immunization with PCEP did not result in local injection site reactions highlighting its potential as a safe and effective adjuvant for pigs. Further, the ease of formulation, administration and relatively low per dose cost of PCEP make it a promising adjuvant for pigs.     

Immune responses and plasma hormone concentrations in cold-exposed, xeranol-implanted calves

Hormonal involvement in the regulation of immune events was studied by exposing calves to cold air (-15 C) for 12 hours or by implanting animals with a growth promotant (xeranol) that is known to affect plasma hormone concentrations. Cold exposure significantly reduced serum IgM concentration by 23%, increased expression of tuberculin reactions to purified protein derivative by 60%, and augmented contact-sensitivity reactions to dinitrofluorobenzene by 31%. There was also a significant increase in plasma cortisol and insulin values and a reduction in growth hormone and prolactin values in cold-exposed calves. The cold-induced increase in contact reactions and plasma insulin was higher in xeranol-implanted calves, but the increase in plasma cortisol concentration caused by cold exposure tended to be reduced by the xeranol treatment. These data demonstrate that cold exposure alters immune reactions of calves and that these changes in immune events are associated with changes in a variety of plasma hormones. These results also indicate that it may be possible to augment immune reactions in vivo by appropriate hormonal modulation.     

3种不同类型佐剂的猪圆环病毒2型亚单位灭活疫苗免疫效果的比较研究

为制备猪圆环病毒2型商品化亚单位疫苗选择良好的佐剂,对由水性佐剂GEL 01、白油佐剂以及氢氧化铝胶佐剂分别制备的3种猪圆环病毒2型亚单位疫苗的免疫效果进行比较研究。本实验选取3~4周龄猪圆环病毒2型抗体阴性猪30头,根据试验疫苗接种情况分为6组,分别为:3种不同佐剂制备的亚单位疫苗(A组、B组和C组)、商品化疫苗(D组)以及空白对照组和攻毒对照组,然后进行临床观察、抗体水平监测和免疫效力评价,观察各组仔猪的不良反应情况、抗体水平以及攻毒保护情况。结果显示:3种不同类型佐剂制备的猪圆环病毒2型亚单位疫苗接种猪后均无任何不良反应、能刺激机体产生良好的ELISA抗体水平和免疫效果,但水性佐剂GEL 01制备的疫苗与另外2种佐剂制备的疫苗相比,综合抗体水平、免疫效果等因素,水性佐剂GEL 01制备的疫苗在临床使用上更具优势,为商品化亚单位疫苗佐剂的选择提供了重要的数据支持。     

盐酸肾上腺素注射液混入猪口蹄疫苗对猪的免疫影响

猪口蹄疫苗在免疫接种时,应激反应较强。目前,有些地方为了减少免疫应激反应,在免疫接种口蹄疫苗时加入盐酸肾上腺素注射液,据说能减少应激反应。为此,笔者做了一个将盐酸肾上腺素注射液混入猪口蹄疫苗再免疫接种的对比试验,得出了一些结果,可供大家在实际工作中参考。     

Immune mechanisms in infections of poultry

Resistance to infectious agents may depend upon innate mechanisms or acquired immune responses. Inflammation, phagocytosis, cell-mediated immunity and antibodies are components of a complex reaction which result either in resistance or in susceptibility. Most infectious organisms stimulate immune responses within every compartment of the immune system. In rather few infections of poultry, it is possible to pinpoint a limited number of immune reactions that are primarily responsible for resistance. In some situations, autoimmunity may contribute to the pathology associated with infections.     

Immunity and potential of vaccination

This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.     

德国牧羊犬的免疫系统缺陷

相比其它品种犬,德国牧羊犬倾向于发生相当频繁的问题是免疫系统缺陷综合症。该品种有许多个体带有称作IgA的一种特殊免疫球蛋白缺乏症,这个缺陷基因可能与染色体上通常控制免疫的基因非常接近。一些兽医对此类问题的出现并不很了解,忽略了涉及免疫系统的缺陷和对症治疗,导致错误的开出处方药品,或根本无法处理。因此,有必要对犬的免疫介导疾病有所了解和认识。     

绵羊细粒棘球蚴全血金标渗滤检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速、高效的诊断家畜细粒棘球蚴病方法,提取绵羊细粒棘球蚴包囊新鲜囊液,盐析囊液抗原,点样于硝酸纤维膜,以胶体金-驴抗羊IgG和胶体金-兔抗鼠IgG为检测标记物,采用垂直流渗滤装置检测绵羊与人工感染细粒棘球蚴小鼠血清和全血特异性抗体。患病绵羊阳性血清及全血检出率在90.91%~94.4%,细粒棘球蚴感染小鼠血清及全血检出率均为100%;细粒棘球蚴阴性羊血清和全血假阳性率为4.00%~4.59%;与脑多头蚴病血清交叉反应率为28.57%(2/7)。研究结果表明细粒棘球蚴全血金标渗滤法(DIGFA)可应用于绵羊棘球蚴病的诊断与检疫。     

Immune defense of wild‐caught Norway rats is characterized by increased levels of basal activity but reduced capability to respond to further immune stimulation

Studies of wild animals' immunity often use comparison with laboratory‐raised individuals. Using such an approach, various data were obtained concerning wild Norway rat's immunity. Lower or higher potential of immune system cells to respond to activation stimuli were shown, because of analysis of disparate parameters and/ or small number of analyzed individuals. Inconsistent differences between laboratory and wild rats were shown too, owing to great response variability in wild rats. We hypothesized that wild rats will express more intense immune activity compared to their laboratory counterparts which live in a less demanding environment. To test this, we analyzed the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a mediator which has a central role in host immune defense. In addition, we examined the activity of the central immune organ, the spleen, including cell proliferation and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), which are major effectors of cellular adaptive immune response. In order to obtain reasonable insight into the immunity of wild Norway rats, analysis was conducted on a much larger number of individuals compared to other studies. Higher levels of plasma IL‐6, higher spleen mass, cellularity and basal IFN‐γ production concomitantly with lower basal production of anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) revealed more intense immune activity in the wild compared to laboratory rats. However, lower responsiveness of their spleen cells' proinflammatory cytokine production to concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation, along with preserved capacity of IL‐10 response, might be perceived as an indication of wild rats' reduced capability to cope with incoming environmental stimuli, but also as a means to limit tissue damage.