大豆黄酮和染料木素对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,进行3期瘘管奶牛体外发酵试验,分别饲喂(基础日粮)Ⅰ组、(基础日粮+200 mg大豆黄酮/d)Ⅱ组、(基础日粮+200 mg染料木素/d)Ⅲ组,于采食后0、2、4、6、8 h采集瘤胃液进行pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)分析,旨在探讨大豆异黄酮类植物雌激素对奶牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响,为其在奶牛生产中的广泛应用及新型饲料添加剂产品的开发提供参考和理论依据。结果表明:二者对瘤胃各时间点pH无显著影响(P>0.05);各组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的时间动态变化趋势相似,饲喂后0、2、6、8 h NH3-N浓度均差异不显著(P>0.05),但在饲喂后4 h,染料木素组瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);瘤胃液中丙酸浓度各处理组间在相同的时间点比较差异不显著(P>0.05),乙酸浓度和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度在发酵后4～6 h染料木素组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。表明大豆黄酮对奶牛瘤胃发酵未产生影响,染料木素对瘤胃NH3-N、乙酸和TVFA有影响。     

香芹酚和百里香酚对绵羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵特性及纤维降解菌数量的影响

本试验旨在探讨香芹酚和百里香酚对绵羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵特性及纤维降解菌数量的影响。选取9只健康装有永久瘤胃瘘管的小尾寒羊公羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,预试期5 d,正试期15 d。对照组(CON)饲喂基础饲粮,试验1组(T₁组)在基础饲粮精料中添加香芹酚(2 g/d),试验2组(T₂组)在基础饲粮精料中添加百里香酚(2 g/d)。从正试期第10天开始,连续5 d采用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,测定养分表观消化率;正试期最后1天在采食前(0 h)以及采食后1、3、5、7 h采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数和纤维降解菌数量。结果表明:1)各组绵羊在采食后1 h瘤胃液氨态氮(NH 3-N)浓度均处于最高水平,采食后3 h瘤胃液pH均降到最低,而瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度最高,采食后3、5 h瘤胃液微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度均处于较高水平,瘤胃液黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸瘤胃球菌数量在采食后3 h最高,白色瘤胃球菌数量在采食后1 h最高。2)从平均值看,与对照组相比,T₁组瘤胃液MCP、TVFA浓度显著升高(P<0.05),瘤胃液pH显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05),瘤胃液黄色瘤胃球菌、产琥珀酸瘤胃球菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),白色瘤胃球菌数量显著降低(P<0.05);T₂组瘤胃液MCP、TVFA浓度显著升高(P<0.05),各养分表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05),瘤胃液白色瘤胃球菌数量显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,香芹酚和百里酚香均可影响绵羊瘤胃发酵特性及纤维降解菌数量,且香芹酚还可以显著提高绵羊的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率。     

丙酮酸钠对瘤胃酸中毒山羊瘤胃酸度和血液指标的影响

为探究口服丙酮酸钠对瘤胃酸中毒动物瘤胃局部和血液成分的影响,选择2~3岁、体重(35.0±2.0)kg、体况一致的健康雌性黄淮山羊6只,先用精粗比为3:7的日粮饲喂5 d,作为空白对照组;再改用精粗比7:3日粮饲喂14 d,作为瘤胃酸中毒组;然后随机分为2组,每组3只,丙酮酸钠组口服丙酮酸钠5 g,碳酸氢钠组口服碳酸氢钠5 g。开始饲养时为第1天,分别在试验第5、19、21天的第2次饲喂后3 h采瘤胃液和血液,测定瘤胃液pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和乳酸,检测血常规和血气指标。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,瘤胃酸中毒组的瘤胃液pH降低(P<0.05),而VFA和乳酸浓度升高(P<0.05);血液中HCO3-浓度、二氧化碳分压和二氧化碳总量降低(P<0.05),红细胞和白细胞数升高(P<0.05);丙酮酸钠组的VFA、乳酸、血常规和血气指标均恢复正常;碳酸氢钠组除瘤胃VFA仍比空白对照组高(P<0.05)外,其他指标恢复正常。综上可知,山羊饲喂精粗比7:3日粮14 d会引起瘤胃液和血液指标明显变化,造成瘤胃酸中毒;口服丙酮酸钠和碳酸氢钠均能改善患瘤胃酸中毒山羊瘤胃内环境和血液指标,而丙酮酸钠的效果更佳。     

日粮不同CP及RUP水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的粗蛋白(CP)及瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)的日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响。试验选择18头健康、体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分为6组,每组3头。采用2×3因子完全随机试验设计,其中CP设7.5%(低)、9%(中)1、0.5%(高)三个水平,RUP设45%CP(低)、55%CP(高)两个水平,共6个处理组,饲喂相同基础日粮,精粗比为3:7,预饲期10 d,饲喂后2、4、8、12、24 h从食道采集瘤胃液2 d,测定瘤胃液pH值,NH3-N、微生物蛋白质(BCP)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量。结果表明:日粮CP水平对瘤胃液氨氮浓度的影响极显著(P<0.01),对BCP及VFA的含量影响较小,总体而言,9%CP水平组对奶牛的瘤胃发酵略好于其他两组;日粮中高RUP(55%CP)可以显著降低瘤胃pH值且有降低NH3-N浓度的趋势,同时,对瘤胃BCP及VFA的合成有一定的促进作用。本试验条件下,日粮中CP(9%)和RUP(55%CP)可在一定程度上改善瘤胃代谢。     

不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA及血液VFA含量的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同精粗比日粮对奶山羊瘤胃液pH值、VFA以及血液中VFA含量的影响。选择8只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的奶山羊作为试验动物,采用完全随机分组试验设计随机分为2组,分别饲喂精粗比为6∶4和4∶6的日粮,预饲期15 d,采样期3 d。结果表明,高精料组(HC组)瘤胃液pH值显著低于低精料组(HR组)(P<0.05);在采食后3 h,HC组与HR组瘤胃液pH值均下降至最低值,分别为5.71和6.08。除了乙酸含量外,HC组瘤胃液丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸以及总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量分别比HR组提高4.99%、5.58%、21.81%、17.95%、18.27%、1.66%。HC组血浆中各种VFA的含量均高于HR组,其中丙酸、丁酸含量两组间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。HC组瘤胃液以及血浆中乙酸与丙酸比值均低于HR组,但两组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。HC组瘤胃液乙酸、丙酸、TVFA浓度在采食后2 h达到最大值,HR组在采食后3 h达到最大值,两组日粮血浆中VFA浓度均在采食后2 h达到最大值,然后逐渐恢复到采食前水平。结论:高精料日粮导致瘤胃液pH值显著降低,瘤胃液和血浆中VFA含量增加;瘤胃液VFA生成速率HC组高于HR组。     

饲料中添加大豆糖蜜对肉羊瘤胃发酵的影响

试验选用安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的德国美利奴与东北细毛羊杂交羯羊12只,按体重相近的原则将其分为4组,每组3个重复。在基础日粮中分别添加占风干饲料重0、2%、5%和8%的大豆糖蜜进行饲喂,研究其对肉羊瘤胃发酵的影响。在饲喂后0、2、4、6h和8h采集瘤胃液样本,测定瘤胃液pH值、NH3-N、菌体蛋白和VFA浓度。结果表明:饲喂2h后5%组NH3-N浓度分别比0、2%和8%提高26.91%、24.67%、23.11%(P<0.05);在2h时间点5%组和8%组瘤胃菌体蛋白浓度显著高于0组(P<0.05);随着大豆糖蜜添加量的增加瘤胃菌体蛋白浓度也有不同程度的升高,其中5%组瘤胃菌体蛋白浓度最高;大豆糖蜜可提高瘤胃液丙酸浓度,其中5%组和8%组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。     

嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响

本试验研究不同水平嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对小尾寒羊瘤胃代谢的影响。试验动物为4只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年小尾寒羊公羊(平均体重为45 kg),采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,在基础日粮中分别添加0％、0．3％、0．6％和0．9％4个水平酶制剂,采集瘤胃液测pH值、氨氮浓度和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度。试验结果表明:各组试羊瘤胃液平均氨氮浓度的变化范围为10．01-12．80 mg/dL,各组之间相同时间点差异不显著(P>0．05)。瘤胃液平均pH值在6．50-6．80范围内变动,试验组pH值低于对照组(P<0．05),以0．6％水平较好。各组试羊瘤胃乙酸、丙酸及总 VFA浓度的变化规律基本相同,即喂料后逐渐上升,其中乙酸和总VFA浓度在2 h后达到最高点,丙酸浓度在4 h 达到最高点,随后平稳下降于饲喂前降至最低点,再次采食后又重复出现此规律。试验组瘤胃乙酸和总VFA浓度显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0．05或P<0．01),以0．6％水平组最高。     

不同精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响

为了探讨精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境的影响,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3只具永久瘘管的黄淮白山羊,分别饲喂3:7、4:6、5:5精粗比日粮,并于采食后0、2、4、6、8、10、12 h收集瘤胃液,测定其瘤胃pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和微生物蛋白(MCP)的变化情况.结果表明,3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃pH值和氧化还原电位(ORP)发酵指标之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料比例的增加瘤胃pH值呈下降趋势;日粮精粗比对瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)影响显著,其中3:7试验组的乙酸和丁酸含量显著高于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),丙酸含量显著低于4:6试验组和5:5试验组(P＜0.05),4:6试验组和5:5试验组VFA之间差异不显著(P＞0.05);3种精粗比日粮试验组的瘤胃氮代谢之间差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着精饲料水平增加瘤胃NH3-N浓度和MCP产量呈增加趋势.综上所述,日粮精粗比与黄淮白山羊瘤胃内环境有着密切关系,在实际生产中为了保证其瘤胃健康并增加其动物生产品,以40％～50％精料比例适宜.     

新型饲料添加剂对稻草对牛瘤胃降解特性影响的研究

以3头装有瘤胃瘘管的湖北本地黄牛为实验动物 ,研究了在以稻草为主的日粮条件下 ,补喂SL添加剂和B(SL)舔块对稻草干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解率的影响 ,同时测定了瘤胃液的 pH和氨氮浓度。结果表明 :添加SL后 ,加快了稻草的消化速度 ;饲喂B(SL)后 ,显著加快了稻草的消化速度(P<0.01) ,明显提高了稻草DM和NDF降解率(P<0.05) ;添加SL或B(SL)舔块后 ,瘤胃液pH有下降趋势 ,但差异不显著 ;2种舔加剂均显著降低采食4h内的瘤胃液氨氮浓度(P<0.01) ,并使氨氮浓度曲线趋于平缓 ,说明有效提高了瘤胃微生物对降解氮的转化能力。     

日粮不同CP及RUP水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的粗蛋白(CP)及瘤胃非降解蛋白(RUP)的日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响.试验选择18头健康、体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分为6组,每组3头.采用2×3因子完全随机试验设计,其中CP设7.5％(低)、9.0％(中)、10.5％(高)3个水平,RUP设45％CP(低)、55％CP(高)2个水平,共6个处理组,饲喂相同基础日粮,精粗比为3∶7,预饲期10d,饲喂后2、4、8、12、24h从食道采集瘤胃液2d,测定瘤胃液pH值,NH3-N、微生物蛋白质(BCP)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量.结果表明,日粮CP水平对瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的影响极显著(P＜0.01),对BCP及VFA的含量影响较小,总体而言,9.0％ CP水平组对奶牛的瘤胃发酵略好于其他两组;日粮中高RUP(55％CP)可以显著降低瘤胃pH值且有降低NH3-N浓度的趋势,同时,对瘤胃BCP及VFA的合成有一定的促进作用.该试验条件下,日粮中CP(9.0％)和RUP(55％CP)可在一定程度上改善瘤胃代谢.     

Effect of dietary polymer-coated urea and sodium bentonite on digestibility,rumen fermentation,and microbial protein yield in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk

Four ruminally cannulated thin-tailed Han×Dorper crossbreed wethers were used in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effect of polymer-coated urea (PCU) (Optigen II, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) and sodium bentonite (SB) on intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and microbial nitrogen in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric dietary treatments composed of 60% corn stalk and 40% concentrate (DM basis) were offered twice daily in two equal portions at 7:00 and 19:00 h ad libitum to ensure about 5% ort. The treatments were control (CON), PCU (soybean meal replaced by 1.8% Optigen), SB (CON diet with an additional 2% SB), and PCUSB (PCU diet with an additional 2% SB). Sheep on PCU treatment showed a greater OM digestibility (P<0.05), and nitrogen digestibility (P<0.01) compared to other treatments, but digestibility of other nutrients and dry matter intake (DMI) did not change. SB did not alter nutrient digestibility except for nitrogen. Different treatments did not affect nitrogen intake, or its urinary excretion. Nitrogen retention tended to be higher (P=0.09) in sheep fed Optigen. Moreover, purine derivatives (PD) and microbial nitrogen were not influenced by different treatments. The pH and total VFA were also not influenced by the treatments. Propionate proportions increased (P<0.01) in diets that included Optigen, but an addition of SB to Optigen did not alter the ratios. NH₃–N levels in PCU continuously increased, with the highest level achieved 3 h after feeding, which were sustained for up to 7 h. No differences were discerned in ruminal kinetics of corn stalk DM for different treatments. The PCU improved the effective degradability (ED) of corn stalk DM in 0.02 or 0.04 flow rates out of the rumen compared to both CON and PCUSB (P<0.05), but SB improved ED in 0.06 flow rates out of the rumen compared to CON. Thus, using Optigen as a new source of non-protein nitrogen to replace soybean meal in sheep fed high levels of corn stalk improved the digestibility of OM, nitrogen, and ED. Addition of SB to Optigen had no beneficial effects on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, microbial nitrogen, or rumen fermentation and ED.     

Source and level of energy supplementation for yearling cattle fed ammoniated hay

Brahman x British crossbred steers were used in growth and digestion trials to evaluate the response of source (corn, sugar cane molasses, or soybean hulls) and feeding rate (0, 1.4, or 2.8 kg DM per steer daily in the growth trials; 0, 15, or 30% of the ration DM in the digestion trial) of energy supplementation in cattle fed ammoniated (4% of forage DM) stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis) hay. Cattle on all treatments were fed 0.5 kg cottonseed meal daily. In the growth trials, steers grazed dormant bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture. Increasing the levels of supplementation decreased hay intake but increased total dietary intake for all diets (P < 0.07). Daily gain and feed efficiency of steers were improved (P < 0.03) with supplementation. Steers supplemented with corn or soybean hulls at 2.8 kg DM/d had a higher ADG (0.92 kg) and gain/feed (0.103) than steers supplemented with molasses (0.78 kg, 0.08, respectively) at the same level. Seven crossbred steers (200 kg) were used in a five-period digestion trial to evaluate apparent OM, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose digestibility. Apparent OM digestibility of all diets increased linearly (P = 0.02) as the level of supplementation increased. Apparent NDF and ADF digestibility decreased (P < 0.03) as the level of supplementation with corn or molasses increased, whereas increasing the level of soybean hulls in the diet increased (P < 0.06) apparent NDF and ADF digestibility. Four ruminally fistulated crossbred steers (472 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 latin square design to investigate ruminal characteristics with energy supplementation at 30% of ration DM. Ruminal pH in steers supplemented with soybean hulls or corn declined after feeding. Ruminal pH decreased more rapidly with corn supplementation and remained below 6.2 for a longer period of time than with the other diets. Ruminal pH did not change within 24 h after feeding for steers fed the control or molasses diets. No change in total VFA concentration was observed in steers fed molasses or corn. Total ruminal VFA concentration in steers supplemented with soybean hulls increased initially after feeding and then declined within 24 h after feeding. Soybean hulls produced fewer negative associative effects than corn when fed with ammoniated stargrass hay at 2.8 kg DM/d. The reduced gain/feed of steers supplemented with molasses compared to soybean hulls or corn indicates that molasses was not utilized as efficiently as the other energy sources.     

Effects of corn gluten feed on forage intake, digestibility and ruminal parameters of cattle fed native grass hay

Thirty-two beef cows (467 kg) were individually fed native grass hay and supplement for two 14-d periods in each of 2 yr. Supplement treatments and amounts fed (kilograms/day) were negative control (NC), 0, or equal amounts of protein from soybean meal (SBM), .7; a blend of soybean meal and corn gluten feed (SBM/CGF), 1.0; or corn gluten feed (CGF) 1.6. Cows received supplement at 0645 and had ad libitum access to native grass hay from 0700 to 1130 and from 1530 to 2000. Compared with NC, all protein supplements increased (P less than .05) ruminal NH3, propionate and butyrate concentrations at 4 and 25 h postfeeding. Ruminal fluid pH, total VFA and acetate concentrations at 4 and 35 h postfeeding were not affected by supplements. All supplements increased (P less than .01) hay intake as well as hay, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total diet dry matter (DM) digestibility. Compared to supplemental SBM, feeding CGF reduced (P less than .01) hay intake. Calculated daily intakes of metabolizable energy (ME) were 12, 17, 18, and 17 Mcal for NC, SBM, SBM/CGF and CGF, respectively. Hay intake, DM and ADF digestibility and ME intakes tended to be higher for SBM/CGF than for the average of SBM and CGF fed alone. Intakes of digestible DM and ADF were not altered by protein supplements, suggesting that intake responses were due to increased diet digestibility. Corn gluten feed appears to be an effective source of supplemental protein and energy for cows consuming low-quality roughage.     

The effects of protein sources supplemented with urea-treated potato pulp (PP) silage and feeding levels of the PP silage-based concentrate on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six Japanese Black (Wagyu) steers (average initial weight 467 ± 45 kg) fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole‐plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole‐plot treatments were three different feeding levels of urea‐treated potato pulp (PP) silage‐based concentrate: 1.00%, 1.75% and 2.50% of body weight (BW) (on a dry matter (DM) basis). The subplot treatments consisted of the concentrate formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) as a rapidly rumen‐degraded protein source or corn gluten meal (CGM) as a slowly degraded protein source. Dry matter intake tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for CGM (8.9 kg/day) than for SBM (9.4 kg/day). Protein sources had no significant effect on digestibility and in situ degradation. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH₃‐N) was lower (P = 0.033) for CGM (7.5 mg/dL) than for SBM (9.5 mg/dL). Protein sources did not affect ruminal pH and the total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations. The molar proportions of ruminal acetate and valerate were higher (P = 0.032) for CGM than for SBM. The maximum daily intake of the PP silage‐based concentrate expressed as a percentage of BW was approximately 1.4% of BW. Dry matter intake was higher (P = 0.046) for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.75% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate had no effect on DM and nutrients digestibility, except for crude protein (CP) digestibility. CP digestibility tended to be lower (P = 0.071) for steers fed at 1.75% of BW of the PP silage‐based concentrate than for steers fed at 1.0% or 2.5% of BW of the concentrate. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate also did not affect the in situ degradation parameter of hay and PP silage. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not affect ruminal pH, NH₃‐N and total VFA concentrations. The molar proportion of acetate was highest for steers fed at 1.0% of BW of the concentrate. In conclusion, in the urea‐treated PP silage‐based concentrate, CGM seems to be more effective than SBM for stabilizing the ruminal NH₃‐N concentration and to be advantageous for fiber digestion in the rumen. The feeding levels of the PP silage‐based concentrate did not change the amount of VFA production in the rumen and the DM digestibility.     

Ruminal protein metabolism and intestinal amino acid utilization as affected by dietary protein and carbohydrate sources in sheep.

Eight wether lambs fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of carbohydrate and protein sources on ruminal protein metabolism and carbohydrate fermentation and intestinal amino acid (AA) absorption. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Carbohydrate sources were corn and barley; protein sources were soybean meal (SBM) and fish meal (FM). Diets contained 15.5% CP, of which 40% was supplied by SBM or FM. Corn or barley provided 39% of dietary DM that contained equal amounts of grass hay and wheat straw. Fish meal diets produced a lower (P less than .05) ruminal NH3 concentration and resulted in less CP degradation and bacterial protein flow to the duodenum than did SBM diets. Replacing SBM with FM increased (P less than .05) ruminal digestion of all fiber fractions. In addition, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities in the rumen tended to increase (P greater than .05) when barley replaced corn in the FM diets. Carbohydrate x protein interactions (P less than .05) were observed for OM digestion in the rumen and AA absorption in the small intestine (percentage of AA entering); these interactions were highest for the barley-FM diet. These results suggest that feeding FM with barley, which is high in both degradable carbohydrate and protein, might benefit ruminants more than feeding FM with corn, which is high in degradable carbohydrate but relatively low in degradable protein.     

Effects of wet corn gluten feed and intake level on diet digestibility and ruminal passage rate in steers

Twelve ruminally cannulated Jersey steers (BW = 534 kg) were used in an incomplete Latin square design experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and total DMI level on diet digestibility and ruminal passage rate. Treatments consisted of diets formulated to contain (DM basis) steam-flaked corn, 20% coarsely ground alfalfa hay, and either 0 or 40% WCGF offered once daily for ad libitum consumption or limited to 1.6% of BW (DM basis). Two consecutive 24-d periods were used, each consisting of 18 d for adaptation, 4 d for collection, and a 2-d in situ period. Rumens of all steers were evacuated once daily at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h after feeding. Chromic oxide (10 g/[steer*d]) was fed as a digestibility marker, and steers were pulse-dosed with Yb-labeled alfalfa hay to measure ruminal particulate passage rate. Dacron bags containing 5 g of steam-flaked corn, WCGF, or ground (2-mm screen) alfalfa hay were placed into the rumens of all steers and removed after 3, 6, 12, or 48 h. Wet corn gluten feed increased percent apparent total-tract digestion of OM (P < 0.01), NDF (P < 0.01), and starch (P < 0.03), decreased (P < 0.01) ruminal total VFA concentration, increased (P < 0.01) ruminal NH3 concentration, and increased (P < 0.01) ruminal pH. Wet corn gluten feed also increased (P < 0.01) ruminal passage rate of Yb. Limit feeding decreased (P < 0.01) percent apparent total-tract digestion of both OM and NDF, ruminal total VFA concentration (P < 0.01), and ruminal fill (P < 0.01), but increased (P < 0.01) ruminal NH3 concentration. Apparent total-tract digestion of starch was not affected (P = 0.70) by level of DMI. A DMI level x hour interaction (P < 0.01) occurred for ruminal pH. Limit feeding increased ruminal pH before and 12 h after feeding, but decreased ruminal pH 4 h after feeding compared with diets offered ad libitum. A diet x DMI level interaction (P < 0.02) occurred for in situ degradation of alfalfa hay, with dietary addition of WCGF increasing (P < 0.02) the extent of in situ alfalfa hay degradation in steers fed for ad libitum consumption. This study suggests that WCGF increases OM and NDF digestion, and that limit feeding diets once daily might depress OM and NDF digestion, possibly due to decreased stability of the ruminal environment.     

奶牛常用蛋白质饲料和粗饲料的瘤胃降解特性研究

本研究旨在评定不同蛋白质饲料(豆粕、双低菜籽粕、膨化大豆、玉米蛋白粉、棉籽粕)和粗饲料(苜蓿干草、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、苜蓿青贮、羊草)的营养价值,并研究其奶牛瘤胃降解特性。选择5头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦牛,采用尼龙袋评定法评定饲料瘤胃有效降解率和动态降解率。结果表明:1)各蛋白质饲料干物质(DM)含量差异不显著(P>0.05),玉米蛋白粉粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著高于其他蛋白质饲料(P<0.05)。2)苜蓿青贮和全株玉米青贮DM含量显著低于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮CP含量显著高于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著低于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),苜蓿干草、苜蓿青贮和全株玉米青贮酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著低于其他粗饲料(P<0.05)。3)豆粕DM有效降解率显著高于其他蛋白质饲料(P<0.05),玉米蛋白粉CP有效降解率显著低于其他蛋白质饲料(P<0.05)。4)苜蓿干草、燕麦草和苜蓿青贮DM有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),苜蓿干草CP有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),羊草NDF和ADF有效降解率显著低于其他粗饲料(P<0.05),全株玉米青贮和苜蓿干草ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P<0.05)。由此可见,蛋白质饲料中,豆粕DM有效降解率最高,玉米蛋白粉CP有效降解率最低;粗饲料中,苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮更容易在奶牛瘤胃中消化,全株玉米青贮不仅可提供NDF和ADF,且NDF和ADF有效降解率较高。     

Ruminal fermentation pattern, bacterial population and ruminal degradation of feed ingredients as influenced by ruminal ammonia concentration

The effects of ruminal ammonia concentration on bacterial numbers, fermentation pattern and degradation of feed ingredients in the rumen were examined with three nonlactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Cows were fed twice daily a complete mixed diet (90% whole plant oat silage and 10% concentrate mixture) containing 11.1% CP on a DM basis. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) was infused continuously into the rumen at levels of 0, 95, 190 or 280 g/d. Infusion of NH4HCO3 linearly increased (P less than .05) the concentrations of ruminal ammonia and blood urea N. Total VFA concentrations and mixed bacterial numbers also were increased (P less than .05) by NH4HCO3 infusion. Infusions of NH4HCO3 increased (P less than .05) butyrate and decreased (P less than .05) isobutyrate and isovalerate proportions. Infusion of NH4HCO3 increased (P less than .05) rate of degradation of soybean meal DM but did not (P greater than .05) influence degradation characteristics of fish meal and barley grain. In conclusion, supplementation of N by continuous infusion of NH4HCO3 appeared to stimulate bacterial growth and fermentation but it did not influence extent of ruminal degradation of selected feed ingredients.     

Soybean oil supplementation of a high-concentrate diet does not affect site and extent of organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, or nitrogen digestion, but influences both ruminal metabolism and intestinal flow of fatty acids in limit-fed lambs

Our objective was to measure ruminal fermentation characteristics and site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep limit-fed an 81.6% (DM basis) concentrate diet supplemented with increasing levels of soybean oil. Eight white-faced wether lambs (39.9+/-3.0 kg BW) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Diets were formulated to contain 15.0% CP (DM basis) and included bromegrass hay (18.4%), cracked corn, soybean oil, corn gluten meal, urea, and limestone. Soybean oil was added to diets at 0, 3.2, 6.3, and 9.4% of dietary DM. The diet was limit-fed at 1.4% of BW. After 14 d of dietary adaptation, Cr2O3 (2.5 g) was dosed at each feeding for 7 d followed by ruminal, duodenal, ileal, and fecal sample collections for 3 d. Digestibilities of OM, starch, NDF, and N were not affected (P = 0.13 to 0.95) by increasing dietary soybean oil level. Means for true ruminal (percentage of intake), lower-tract (percentage entering the duodenum), and total-tract (percentage of intake) digestibility for each nutrient were (mean+/-SEM): OM = 50.7+/-4.66%, 71.6+/-2.58%, and 82.7+/-0.93%; starch = 92.0+/-1.94%, 96.1+/-0.70%, and 99.8+/-0.05%; NDF = 36.7+/-6.75%, 50.9+/-7.58%, and 71.7+/-1.93%; and N = 31.6+/-9.93%, 84.1+/-1.50%, and 81.0+/-1.10%, respectively. Total VFA concentration was greatest in sheep fed 6.3% soybean oil and least in sheep fed 9.4% soybean oil (cubic, P = 0.01). Duodenal flow of fatty acids from the diet and those metabolized within the rumen increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing dietary soybean oil level. Ileal flow of 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 18:1trans, and 18:1cis-9 fatty acids increased (P < or = 0.04) with increasing dietary soybean oil level. Apparent small intestinal disappearance of 18:0 decreased (linear, P = 0.004) as dietary soybean oil increased, and with 9.4% dietary soybean oil, nearly half the duodenal 18:0 was observed at the ileum; thus, the true energy value of the soybean oil decreased with increasing oil supplementation. We conclude that supplementation of a high-concentrate diet with increasing amounts of soybean oil in limit-fed sheep resulted in a trade off between loss of potential dietary energy from the fat and gain of important PUFA and biohydrogenation intermediates, but without a marked influence on digestibility of other important macronutrients.     

Effect of several supplemental Chinese herbs additives on rumen fermentation, antioxidant function and nutrient digestibility in sheep

Two experiments were carried out in this study. Experiment 1 was conducted to examine the effects of several supplemental Chinese herbs on antioxidant function and slaughtered body weight in sheep. Results indicated that Fructus Ligustri Lucidi supplementation improved the blood antioxidant function [higher concentration of glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase and lower concentration of malondialdehyde] and slaughtered body weight in sheep (p < 0.05). Experiment 2 was conducted to investigate the effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract (FLLE) on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in sheep. Four levels of FLLE treatments, i.e. 0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg dry matter (DM), were used in this part. Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and propionate proportion, decreased ammonia-N concentration in the ruminal fluid, reduced blood urea nitrogen concentration at 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after morning feeding (p < 0.05). Addition of FLLE at all dosages had no effect on ruminal pH value and acetate concentration at all sampling time points in sheep (p > 0.05). Dynamic degradation coefficient c of maize DM was significantly increased by supplementing FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on degradation coefficients a, b, c of DM and nitrogen of soybean meal; a, b of maize DM; a, b, c of maize nitrogen; and a, b, c of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) of Chinese wildrye (p > 0.05). Addition of FLLE at 300 or 500 mg/kg DM increased DM and organic matter digestibility of diet (p < 0.05). Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition had no effect on digestibility of diet's NDF, ADF and crude protein (p > 0.05). From the aforementioned results, it is indicated that FLLE improved antioxidant status and slaughtered body weight. Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract addition has capability to modulate rumen fermentation, increase the maize degradation rate, total volatile fatty acid concentration and propionate proportion in sheep.