巴马小型猪在达芬奇机器人手术系统中的麻醉管理

为探讨巴马小型猪在达芬奇机器人微创手术中的麻醉管理策略,以丙泊酚麻醉作诱导,异氟醚维持麻醉的复合麻醉方法对巴马小型猪进行全身麻醉,同时用达芬奇机器人对其分别进行心脏、肺脏、肝脏和胃的微创手术,于术前、术中及术后监测巴马小型猪动脉血气和血流动力学变化。结果各组试验猪均顺利完成手术,手术平均时间(166±34)min,麻醉时间(181±38)min,气胸(气腹)时间(122±33)min,在整个麻醉过程及苏醒过程中,各组试验猪安全平稳,未出现体动表现。由此可见,该麻醉方法可用于达芬奇机器人手术系统,且为人医临床应用中的麻醉管理奠定基础。     

乳化异氟醚及异氟醚对犬血清中C反应蛋白及总补体含量的影响

为了研究乳化异氟醚及异氟醚对犬血清中C反应蛋白(CRP)及总补体(CH50)含量的影响,将40只犬随机均分为乳化异氟醚复合制剂麻醉组(RYM组)、异氟醚麻醉组(YM组)、乳化异氟醚复合制剂麻醉+手术(RYMS)及异氟醚麻醉+手术(YMS)四组。RYM、YM两组只进行麻醉不进行手术,RYMS、YMS两组在实施麻醉的同时分别进行肠管吻合术,在麻醉前(T0)、手术完成即刻(T1,而RYM和YM组在麻醉后35~40 min进行采样)、术后24 h(T2)、术后48 h(T3)、术后72 h(T4)等时间点,采血,测定血清中CRP及CH50含量。结果表明,乳化异氟醚复合麻醉及麻醉下手术对犬血清中CRP、CH50含量的影响,与异氟醚相似,两者无明显的差异。     

犬眠宝异氟醚麻醉及手术对犬血浆中T3、T4影响

为了观察犬眠宝注射麻醉和异氟醚吸入麻醉对经历去势术犬血浆中甲状腺激素T3、T4的影响,试验将20只实验犬随机均分为犬眠宝注射麻醉组(Q组)和异氟醚吸入麻醉组(I组),每组10只。两组分别进行犬去势术,术中进行麻醉监测,并采静脉血,用放射性免疫法(RIA),检测血浆的含量,测定血浆中的T3、T4。试验结果表明,犬眠宝、异氟醚麻醉及手术对犬血浆中T3、T4的影响具有相似之处,均表现为术中升高,术后持续降低直至48h恢复到麻醉前水平。     

实验用小型猪吸入性全麻效果观察

为实验外科教学培训需要,对62头实验用小型猪采用氯胺酮(10 mg/kg)和速眠新Ⅱ(亦称846,0.1mL/kg)联合应用诱导麻醉的方法肌肉注射,待动物进入麻醉诱导状态后再行气管内插管,连接麻醉机,开启2%异氟醚吸入麻醉维持,同时接入血氧监护仪(Nellcor),对动物生理指标无创血氧饱和度SpO2和心率进行监测.结果表明:吸入麻醉前后SpO2差异显著(P＜0.05);吸入麻醉15 min后小型猪生理指标开始趋于稳定;吸入麻醉后2小时和3小时SpO2和心率分别维持在98%和78次/min.术中无疼痛反射,肌肉松弛度良好.     

猪全麻开腹手术中保温措施对生理参数影响的研究

目的:观察猪全身麻醉开腹手术中采取保温措施对保温措施对猪生理参数的影响。方法:选取进行胆管损伤修复手术的实验猪30例,随机分为保温组15例和对照组15例。保温组术中静脉输入温度为接近受试猪体温的38.5~39.5℃的温热液体,并采用温度为39℃的恒温冲洗液进行术区冲洗;对照组术中静脉输入常温(20~22℃)液体,并用同温度的冲洗液进行术区冲洗。观察受试猪术中体温、心率在麻醉诱导后、术中30min、术中60min、术中90min、术毕五个观察时相变化(T1、T2、T3、T4、T5);拔管时间以及凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)在术前和术后的值。结果:保温组与对照组在麻醉诱导以及手术过程中后核心体温比较无显著性差异(P0.05);在术中30min、60min、90min及术毕即刻,保温组的核心体温均高于对照组(P0.05)。保温组与对照组在麻醉诱导后(T1)的心率(HR)比较无显著性差异(P0.05);T2、T3、T4、T5,保温组的心率均低于对照组(P0.05)。对照组受试猪的拔管时间明显长于保温组,(P0.05)。术后保温组与对照组之间PT、APTT、TT、FIB比较差异显著(P0.05)。结论:手术过程中采取保温措施可以减少受试动物体温下降和低体温的发生,保障机体循环功能的稳定,减少出血量,缩短术后恢复和拔管的时间。     

小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂对小型猪血浆RAAS的影响

为了研究小型猪特异性麻醉拮抗剂对小型猪血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的影响,将14头中国实验用小型猪,随机分为单纯麻醉组(X/S组)和麻醉-催醒组(X/W组),肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉剂(XFM),记录麻醉前及麻醉后5 min、10 min、20 min、30 min无创血压和心率(HR);麻醉后30 min即刻,麻醉-催醒组肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉颉颉抗剂,单纯麻醉组肌肉注射相同量的生理盐水,并记录麻醉后32 min、35 min、40 min、60 min、90 min、120 min小型猪的无创血压及心率(HR),并于以上时间点采取前腔静脉血样。采用ELISA方法测定小型猪血浆中RAAS含量,并分析它们与心率和血压之间的相关性。结果显示,与对照组相比,在肌肉注射小型猪特异性麻醉颉颃剂后,无创血压、HR均明显的升高(P<0.01或P<0.05);小型猪血浆血管紧张素(AⅡ)浓度发生明显变化(P<0.05);血浆AⅡ的浓度与HR呈现显著负相关(P<0.05)。表明血浆中R-A-A-S参与了小型猪血流动力学变化的调节。     

乳化异氟醚全凭静脉麻醉对大鼠海马钙调蛋白信号转导系统的影响

旨在探讨海马中钙调蛋白信号转导系统在大鼠乳化异氟醚静脉麻醉过程中的调控作用和变化规律,将24只大鼠分为对照组、浅麻醉组、深麻醉组和苏醒组。采集各组大鼠海马组织,经RT-PCR检测海马样品中钙调蛋白(CaM)、钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)和钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)的mRNA表达水平。结果显示:浅麻醉组大鼠海马CaM、CaMKⅡ和CaN mRNA表达水平较对照组显著降低(P0.05),深麻醉组3种mRNA表达水平较对照组极显著降低(P0.01),苏醒期3种mRNA表达水平与对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,乳化异氟醚抑制了海马CaM、CaMKⅡ和CaN mRNA表达,海马钙调蛋白信号转导系统参与了乳化异氟醚麻醉调控过程,本试验为揭示乳化异氟醚麻醉机理提供了新的研究方向。     

安氟醚-846复合麻醉对犬肝肾功能影响的临床观察

为了探讨安氟醚-846复合麻醉对肝肾功能的影响,对未见肝肾功能异常的12头犬进行麻醉研究。试验犬被随机分为安氟醚-846组(5头,6.04±2.53kg,5.20±3.49岁)和846单独麻醉组(7头,7.19±1.30kg,1.59±2.18岁)。并麻醉前后采血,以全自动生化分析仪检测血浆AST、ALT、ALP、TP、GLB、ALB、A/G(ALB/GLB)、BUN、CREA、GLU。结果显示,安氟醚-846复合麻醉组犬的各个生化指标在麻醉前后虽有所变化,但它们的变化都在正常的参考值内且麻醉前后无显著性差异(p>0.05)。安氟醚-846复合麻醉适合于犬的常规外科手术,而且安全可靠。     

新型吸入麻醉剂－七氟醚的研究进展II. 兽医药效学

新型吸入麻醉剂七氟醚在犬、猫、马、鼠的MAC分别为2.10～2.36, 2.58, 2.31, 2.40～2.50 Vol％。像异氟醚那样，七氟醚可降低脑血管阻力、脑代谢率、脑耗氧量、心肌收缩功能和血压。七氟醚可引起猫惊厥。虽然猪的心跳在七氟醚麻醉下维持稳定，但研究表明犬的心率则升高。七氟醚麻醉下引起心律失常的肾上腺素剂量与异氟醚相似，但大大高于氟烷或安氟醚。七氟醚对呼吸道的刺激性明显低于其他吸入麻醉剂。尚未见其肝肾毒性。七氟醚已向理想的吸入麻醉剂方向迈出了更进一步。     

新型吸入麻醉剂-七氟醚的研究进展II.兽医药效学

新型吸入麻醉剂七氟醚在犬、猫、马、鼠的 MAC分别为 2 .1 0～ 2 .36 ,2 .5 8,2 .31 ,2 .40～ 2 .5 0 Vol%。像异氟醚那样 ,七氟醚可降低脑血管阻力、脑代谢率、脑耗氧量、心肌收缩功能和血压。七氟醚可引起猫惊厥。虽然猪的心跳在七氟醚麻醉下维持稳定 ,但研究表明犬的心率则升高。七氟醚麻醉下引起心律失常的肾上腺素剂量与异氟醚相似 ,但大大高于氟烷或安氟醚。七氟醚对呼吸道的刺激性明显低于其他吸入麻醉剂。尚未见其肝肾毒性。七氟醚已向理想的吸入麻醉剂方向迈出了更进一步     

Effect of Compound Anesthesia by SumianxinⅡ with Ketamine on Respiration and Circulation Systems of Bama Minipigs

The assay was aimed to observe the effects of anesthesia by sumianxin Ⅱ,sumianxin Ⅱ combined with ketamine on respiration and circulation systems of Bama Minipigs.20 healthy grown Bama Minipigs were set for two groups, each contained 10. One group was induced with intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL/kg sumianxinⅡ, another group with intramuscular injection of 0.2 mL/kg mixture sumianxinⅡ and ketamine (1:2, V/V). The respiration rate (RR) before and after induction of these chemicals were observed respectively before surgery. Furthermore, SpO₂, P_ETCO₂, heart rate (HR), mean artery pressure (MAP) and other data were monitored as well before surgery. The results were that RR, SpO₂, MAP and HR decreased significantly 1 min after treatment of sumianxin Ⅱ (P<0.05). VE was also found to extremly significantly decrease (P<0.01). However, all observed data had no significant change before and after induction by sumianxin Ⅱ together with ketamine (P>0.05). Thus,the compound anesthesia by sumianxin Ⅱ with ketamine had no clear side effect on respiration and circulation systems. This kind of compound anesthesia was safe and reliable for surgery.     

Use of Propofol–Xylazine and the Anderson Sling Suspension System for Recovery of Horses from Desflurane Anesthesia

Objective— To characterize the behavior of horses recovering in the Anderson Sling Suspension System after 4 hours of desflurane anesthesia and postdesflurane intravenous (IV) administration of propofol and xylazine. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Healthy horses (n=6), mean±SEM age 12.3±1.8 years; mean weight 556±27 kg. Methods— Each horse was anesthetized with xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine IV and anesthesia was maintained with desflurane in O₂. At the end of 4 hours of desflurane, each horse was positioned in the sling suspension system and administered propofol–xylazine IV. Recovery events were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. Venous blood was obtained before and after anesthesia for biochemical and propofol analyses. Results— Anesthetic induction and maintenance were without incident. Apnea commonly accompanied propofol administration. All horses had consistent recovery behavior characterized by a smooth, careful, atraumatic return to a standing posture. Conclusions— Results of this study support careful, selective clinical use of desflurane, propofol–xylazine, and the Anderson Sling Suspension System to atraumatically transition horses with high anesthetic recovery risk to a wakeful standing posture. Clinical Relevance— Technique choices to facilitate individualized, atraumatic recovery of horses from general anesthesia are desirable. Use of IV propofol and xylazine to transition horses from desflurane anesthesia during sling recovery to standing posture may facilitate improved recovery management of high‐injury risk equine patients requiring general anesthesia.     

Anesthesia in Sheep With Propofol or With Xylazine-Ketamine Followed by Halothane

Objective- This study evaluates the clinical usefulness and anesthetic effect of propofol, and compares these effects with those of xylazine-ketamine-halothane anesthesia in sheep.
Study Design- Prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Animals or Sample Population- Fourteen healthy adult male sheep.
Methods- Sheep were randomly assigned to two different drug regimens: (1) Bolus injection of propofol (3 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) followed by continuous intravenous infusion and (2) xylazine (0.11 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) for induction followed by halothane anesthesia. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressures were monitored during anesthesia. Venous blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis. Quality of induction and recovery were also recorded.
Results- The average dose of propofol used to induce and maintain anesthesia was 6.63 ±2.06 mg/kg and 29.3 ±11.7 mg/kg/hr (0.49 ±0.20 mg/kg/min), respectively. The duration of propofol anesthesia was 45.3 ±13.2 minutes and recovery to standing occurred in 14.7 ±5.7 minutes. Sheep receiving xylazine-ketamine-halothane were anesthetized for 35.9 ±4.0 minutes and recovery to standing occurred within 28.5 ±7.5 minutes. Sheep anesthetized with propofol had a significantly higher heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and Pvo₂, and a lower Pvco₂ at 30 minutes and lower BE at 15 and 30 minutes than sheep anesthetized with xylazine-ketamine-halothane.
Conclusions- Propofol anesthesia was characterized by a smooth induction, effective surgical anesthesia and rapid recovery which was comparable to anesthesia with xylazine-ketamine-halothane.
Clinical Relevance- Propofol may be indicated in situations when it is desirable to maintain anesthesia with an intravenous infusion followed by a rapid recovery in healthy sheep.     

巴马香猪杂交后代胴体品质效果分析

本文以纯种巴马香猪、野公猪与巴马香猪的杂交1代猪和大约克夏公猪与巴马香猪的杂交1代猪为研究对象,饲养至8月龄达45 kg左右屠宰,对比分析了不同猪种与巴马香猪的杂交1代商品猪的胴体品质和肉质性状相关指标。结果表明,不同猪种与巴马香猪杂交后代与纯种巴马香猪的屠宰性能相关指标差异不显著（P>0.05）;肉质性状相关指标除眼肌面积存在显著差异（P<0.05）外,其他指标均呈现差异不显著（P>0.05）;大约克夏公猪与巴马香猪杂交1代猪的肉色C值显著低于野公猪与巴马香猪杂交1代猪和纯种巴马香猪（P<0.05）。综合分析发现,采用杂交方式繁殖商品猪,对巴马香猪的胴体品质（如背膘厚）和肉质（眼肌面积）有一定的改良作用。     

Continuous infusion of propofol in dogs premedicated with methotrimeprazine

Objective To evaluate the cardiopulmonary and clinical effects of three different infusion rates of propofol in dogs premedicated with methotrimeprazine. Study design Randomized experimental trial. Animals Ten healthy adult mixed‐breed male and female dogs, weighing from 14 to 20 kg. Methods Dogs were premedicated with methotrimeprazine [1 mg kg^?1 intravenously (IV)] followed by induction of anesthesia with 4.5 mg kg^?1 of propofol IV and maintenance with propofol for 60 minutes as follows: T1, 0.2 mg kg^?1 minute^?1; T2, 0.3 mg kg^?1minute^?1; and T3, 0.4 mg kg^?1minute^?1. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end‐tidal CO₂ (P_ETCO₂), arterial hemoglobin O₂ saturation, arterial blood gases, and pedal and cutaneous reflexes were measured before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the beginning of the propofol infusion. Statistical analysis was performed using an anova . Results Heart rate increased during anesthesia in all cases and arterial blood pressure decreased only in dogs in the T3 category. Respiratory depression was proportional to the infusion rate of propofol. Muscle relaxation was satisfactory, but analgesia was inadequate in the three treatments. Conclusions The infusion of 0.2–0.4 mg kg^?1 minute^?1 of propofol produced a dose‐dependent respiratory depression. The presence of a pedal withdrawal reflex and marked cardiovascular responses to this noxious stimulus suggests that anesthesia may not be of sufficient depth for surgery to be carried out. Clinical relevance Although several studies have been performed using propofol in animals, few studies have investigated the cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects with different doses. The determination of an adequate propofol infusion rate is necessary for the routine use of this intravenous anesthetic for the maintenance of anesthesia during major surgical procedures in dogs.     

Relative ileal amino acid flows and microbial counts in intestinal effluents of Goettingen Minipigs and Saddleback pigs are not different

We explored the suitability of Goettingen Minipigs as models to measure ileal AA digestibility and evaluate dietary proteins for conventional pigs. Further, a potential for secondary ileal microbial colonization 5 mo after establishing end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis was investigated. Goettingen Minipigs (BW 18 kg) and Saddleback pigs (BW 27 kg) fitted with end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis were fed six diets based on barley and oilseed meals and three diets based on wheat and milk powder differing in total and ileal digestible lysine. Apparent ileal digestibilities of CP (N x 6.25) and of 20 AA were determined. No differences (P = 0.062 to 0.982) were found in AA apparent ileal digestibilities between breeds. Therefore, Minipigs are a reasonable model to estimate apparent ileal digestibility of AA for evaluation of dietary proteins. However, the apparent ileal digestibility of CP (P = 0.048) was higher in Minipigs than in Saddleback pigs (barley and oilseed meals-based diets 70% vs. 66%; wheat and milk powder-based diets 80% vs. 77%), which is probably due to a smaller contribution of non-AA-nitrogen in the ileal effluent of Goettingen Minipigs. For lysine, the apparent ileal digestibilities (means of both breeds) ranged from 78 to 85% in wheat and milk powder-based, and 70 to 78% in barley and oilseed-based diets. Experimentally derived concentrations of ileally digestible lysine confirmed the values predicted from a published table. Microbial counts were not affected by breed as shown for lactobacilli, with 9.1+/-0.2 and 9.1+/-0.2 (P = 0.977), enterococci with 4.8+/-0.3 and 5.6+/-0.4 (P = 0.162), and yeasts with 4.6+/-0.3 and 4.6+/-0.4 (P = 0.906) log cfu/g effluent for Goettingen Minipigs and Saddleback pigs, respectively. The counts did not change over 5 mo, suggesting that no secondary microbial colonization occurred in pigs with end-to-end ileorectal anastomosis.     

氨氟醚吸入麻醉妊娠犬及其胎儿动脉血药浓度和血气分析

选用 10只妊娠犬 ,实施母体及胎儿股动脉血管插管后 ,测定了氨氟醚麻醉期间母犬及胎儿的动脉血药浓度和血液 p H、PO2 (动脉氧分压 )、PCO2 (动脉 CO2 分压 )、T- CO2 (血浆 CO2 总量 )、HCO- 3 (实际碳酸氢盐 )、SB(标准碳酸氢盐 )、BEb(全血碱超 )、Sat.O2 (血氧饱和度 )。结果 :氨氟醚可透过胎盘进入胎儿血液 ,胎儿血药浓度低于母犬 ,但两者上升和消除变化趋势接近 ;麻醉期间 ,母犬及胎儿血液 p H、BEb下降 (P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 ) ,PO2 、PCO2 、Sat.O2 升高(P<0 .0 1或 P<0 .0 5 ) ,HCO- 3 、T- CO2 表现升高趋势 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,SB表现下降趋势 (P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,氨氟醚吸入麻醉期间 ,母犬及其胎儿呈现轻度呼吸性酸中毒和代谢性酸中毒并存 ,并随氨氟醚血药浓度的降低而逐渐恢复     

The Effects of Consecutive Day Propofol Anesthesia on Feline Red Blood Cells

This study investigated the potential for multiple exposures of propofol to induce oxidative injury, in the form of Heinz body production, to feline red blood cells. Anesthesia was induced in six healthy cats with propofol (6 mg/kg, intravenous [IV]) and maintained for 30 minutes with a propofol infusion (0.20 to 0.30 mg/kg/min, IV). The initial protocol was designed for each cat to receive 10 consecutive days of propofol anesthesia. All cats spontaneously breathed room air. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure were measured and recorded before and during anesthesia. Time to complete recovery after each infusion was measured and recorded. Heinz body analysis was performed before and after each day of propofol anesthesia. Based on predetermined criteria for discontinuing daily infusions, the mean number of consecutive days of propofol anesthesia was six and propofol administration did not continue beyond 7 days in any cat. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and indirect blood pressure did not change significantly during propofol anesthesia compared with awake values. Following the third consecutive day of propofol anesthesia, there was a significant increase from baseline in the mean percentage of Heinz bodies. Hemolysis was not detected in any cat. Recovery time significantly increased after the second consecutive day of propofol anesthesia compared with the first day. Five of six cats developed generalized malaise, anorexia, and diarrhea on day 5, 6, or 7, and two cats developed facial edema. All clinical signs resolved without treatment 24 to 48 hours after discontinuing propofol anesthesia. This study suggests that consecutive day propofol anesthesia in normal cats can induce oxidative injury to feline red blood cells in the form of excessive Heinz body formation, result in increased recovery times, and result in clinical signs of illness.     

广西巴马小型猪BMP2基因克隆、生物信息学及组织表达分析

本研究旨在对广西巴马小型猪骨形态发生蛋白2（bone morphogenetic proteins 2,BMP2）基因进行克隆及其结构和功能的预测,并检测其在广西巴马小型猪和长白猪中的表达差异。以广西巴马小型猪基因组DNA为模板,通过测序鉴定BMP2基因外显子区的单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）,利用多种生物信息学软件对广西巴马小型猪BMP2基因启动子区、编码区（CDS）、3'UTR区进行了分析,预测分析广西巴马小型猪BMP2基因编码蛋白的基本理化性质、磷酸化位点、O-糖基化位点、跨膜区域、亲疏水性、蛋白质修饰结构、二级结构和三级结构等,并对miRNA结合位点及其相关通路进行分析,绘制了广西巴马小型猪和长白猪的组织表达谱。结果显示,试验成功克隆了广西巴马小型猪BMP2基因CDS区,总共1 188 bp,编码395个氨基酸;与猪参考基因组相比,广西巴马小型猪BMP2基因在G1663A、G1897C发生了同义突变,在C1896T（Pro→Leu）、T1971C（Gly→Ser）、G2000A（Leu→Ser）发生了3处错义突变;在3'UTR区域存在miR-142-5p、miR-129-5p等共13个miRNA结合区域;相似性比对结果显示,广西巴马小型猪与野猪、黄牛、水牛、山羊、绵羊、马、澳洲野犬、家犬、猕猴对应区段的相似性依次为99.92%、91.75%、91.84%、91.92%、91.92%、90.50%、89.43%、90.91%和90.91%;系统进化树结果表明,广西巴马小型猪与野猪的亲缘关系最近,与黄牛的亲缘关系相对较近,与猕猴亲缘关系较远;BMP2蛋白分子质量为44.55 ku,理论等电点为8.37,预测其有12个O-糖基化位点,42个磷酸化位点;预测分析发现该蛋白为亲水性蛋白,且是膜外蛋白。组织表达谱发现,广西巴马小型猪生长板软骨中BMP2基因表达量显著低于长白猪（P<0.05）。该研究为进一步探索广西巴马小型猪中BMP2基因的功能提供了理论基础,也为广西巴马小型猪品种资源的利用提供了重要参考。