东营市规模奶牛场强制免疫“先打后补”工作的探讨

畜禽强制免疫“先打后补”是2016年原农业部、财政部探索推行的一项强制免疫补助政策,允许规模养殖场自主采购疫苗、自行开展免疫,免疫合格后申请财政直补。本文旨在对东营市近几年强制免疫“先打后补”政策在规模奶牛场实施现状进行综合分析,查找政策实施的难点、堵点及其原因,提出如何更好地让奶牛等规模养殖场参与强制免疫“先打后补”政策的措施、建议,为进一步完善“先打后补”政策,防控重大动物疫病提供参考。     

新疆石河子地区规模化奶牛场牛群结构的调查分析

通过调查新疆石河子地区4个规模化奶牛场的牛群结构、配种妊娠、死亡淘汰的数据,科学分析在奶牛养殖生产中,牛群结构对奶牛场利润效益的影响。结果发现,4个规模化奶牛场成年母牛和青年母牛的平均妊娠率为63.86%、64.67%,相比正常的妊娠率(成年母牛80%、青年母牛90%),分别低16.14%和25.33%。死亡淘汰率28.4%,基本属于较高的死淘范围。造成泌乳牛数平均占存栏数43.26%、<50%,犊牛、青年牛数占存栏数分别是12.36%和32.32%,都>10%的不科学的牛群结构。因此,规模化奶牛场盈利困难,整体养殖水平都较低。     

内蒙古兴安盟地区34个紫花苜蓿品种营养价值比较研究

[目的] 筛选内蒙古兴安盟地区营养价值较好的紫花苜蓿品种。[方法] 以国外引进的34个紫花苜蓿品种为试验材料,在内蒙古兴安盟地区开展种植试验,测定各参试品种紫花苜蓿的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,计算相对饲用价值,运用隶属函数法对营养价值进行综合评价。[结果] 参试的34个紫花苜蓿品种中,粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量最高的分别是“SK3010”“阿尔冈金”“康赛”和“挑战者”。相对饲用价值最高的品种是“巨能2”。隶属函数法综合评价较好的3个参试品种是“巨能2”“SK3010”“阿尔冈金”。[结论] 参试的34个紫花苜蓿品种中“巨能2”“SK3010”“阿尔冈金”3个品种在内蒙古兴安盟干旱冷凉区具有较高的推广利用价值。     

构建草地农业智库系统,助力中国农业结构转型

“草地农业”,简称草业,是兼顾生态和生产、粮食和饲料,适应时代发展,迎接城乡统筹,面向全球经济一体化的新型农业系统,也是破解我国传统“耕地农业”发展难题、优化农业结构的一个里程碑式转变。“草地农业”建设是一项系统工程,涉及社会众多层面。为了落实党的十八届三中全会《决定》提出“加强中国特色新型智库建设,建立健全决策咨询制度”,本研究提出构建“草地农业智库”,基于云计算等新兴互联网技术,构建“草地农业智库”信息系统,巩固现有研究成果,凝聚研究合力,对国内外草业信息做适时收集、分析,使之成为草业的“神经系统”以供社会共享。“草地农业智库”应具有独立性、科学性、时效性和建设性,为一线生产,科研院所和政府机构提供服务的智力平台,对我国草业发展提供科技支撑,助力中国农业从传统“耕地农业”向粮草兼顾的“草地农业”转型。     

不同苜蓿品种在雁门关地区的生产性能和营养价值研究

在雁门关地区,以28个紫花苜蓿不同品种作为研究对象,连续两年观测其再生速度、叶茎比、株高和干草产量,并利用近红外光谱(NIRS)技术对8个营养性状指标进行测定分析,并采用灰色关联度分析方法进行综合评价。结果表明:1)“阿迪娜”生长速度在2015和2016年均表现为最高,分别为2.78和3.19 cm·d^-1;“WL363HQ”叶茎比在2015和2016年均表现为最高,分别为0.84和0.97;2) “WL298HQ” 在2015年的株高表现为最高(54.90 cm),“巨能7号”在2016年的株高表现为最高(84.27 cm);“鲁苜2号” 在2015年的干草产量表现最高,为6961.81 kg·hm^-2,“巨能7号” 在2016年的干草产量表现最高,为8587.63 kg·hm^-2;3)各品种的营养成分分析结果显示,“维多利亚”的粗蛋白含量最高,占干物质的26.80%;“维多利亚”的粗灰分和粗脂肪含量均表现为最高(分别为10.20%和 2.34%);“肇东”的干物质含量最高,达到94.55%;“康赛”的中性洗涤纤维含量和酸性洗涤纤维含量均最低,分别为27.18%和33.31%;“雷达克之星”的瘤胃非降解蛋白含量最高(22.27%);“康赛”的干物质体外消化率最高(79.93%)。通过灰色关联度综合分析显示,“维多利亚”、“康赛”、“WL298HQ”、“SK3010”、“巨能7号”5个品种的综合表现最优异,在雁门关地区具有较高的推广利用价值。     

基于Z-score模型的财务风险分析——以新疆天润乳业为例

Z-score模型是由Edward Altman提出的衡量企业财务风险的多元模型。本文以新疆天润乳业股份有限公司（简称“新疆天润乳业”）为例,基于Z-score模型的适用性,结合企业发布的财务数据公告,利用传统的会计财务风险分析与Z-score模型财务风险分析相结合的方法,分析发生财务风险的原因,并将新疆天润乳业与同行业龙头企业内蒙古伊利实业集团股份有限公司（简称“伊利股份”）进行横向比较,提出对应的对策和思路。结果表明,新疆天润乳业的财务状况较好,短期内出现破产的概率较低,但是与同行业龙头企业伊利股份相比还是有一定的差距。     

武城县牛场奶牛结构的调查与调整

正为摸清武城县奶牛场牛群结构及生产经营情况,去年以来,笔者重点记录了两个牛场牛群变化、牛群疫病发生情况、生产记录与奶价变化;先后几次深入本县奶牛场及十几个奶牛养殖专业户调研,通过座谈、实地察看等形式,对推进武城县奶牛发展又有了深入的认识。现将调查的牛场牛群结构及调整措施汇报如下:1调研奶牛场的基本情况1.1武城县锦兰奶牛养殖专业合作社基本情况该合作社位于老城镇沙庄,占地80亩,设计存栏优质奶牛1000     

生猪“保险+期货”模式研究

近年来,农产品“保险+期货”业务多次被写入中央“一号”文件。传统的生猪养殖保险在一定程度上转移了生猪的养殖风险,但保障程度较低,而随着生猪期货的上市,生猪“保险+期货”为我国的生猪产业带来了新的风险分散方式。本文力图在分析生猪“保险+期货”模式发展现状的基础上,提出生猪“保险+期货”模式面临的问题,并给出针对性建议。     

奶牛生产性能测定数据的分析与应用

奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)对于现代奶牛场的生产管理具有重大意义。本文通过对新疆部分规模化奶牛场荷斯坦牛群DHI相关指标进行统计分析,同时针对出现的问题提出相应的改进措施,以期使DHI报告能更好地服务于奶牛场的实际生产。     

对内蒙古33个典型牧业旗（县）现代畜牧业生产体系构建的思考

通过对内蒙古33个典型牧业旗（县）进行实地调研和产业发展状况分析研究,提出在坚持牧民主体地位和改革创新驱动的基础上,以草原畜牧业的肉牛、肉羊、驼、马、草五大产业为主导,引导推进牧区一、二产业融合,鼓励支持第三产业发展,构建“三保障”“五支撑”的现代畜牧业生产体系的思路,并针对性提出政策建议,以期为推进内蒙古牧区产业现代化提供参考。     

奶牛牛群改良(DHI)技术及其在奶牛业中的应用

奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)是牛群遗传改良的基础,是改善牛群质量、提高奶牛生产性能的有效措施。文章系统概述了DHI技术体系的概念与技术流程、DHI报告的内容与分析及其对牛场的指导作用、DHI技术应用的效果,旨在为牛场科学饲养管理提供依据。     

Longitudinal study of the distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the environment of dairy herds in the Michigan Johne’s disease control demonstration herd project

The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the environment of infected dairy farms over time. Johne’s disease (JD) prevalence was monitored annually in 7 Michigan dairy herds. Environmental samples were collected bi-annually and cultured for MAP. Of 731 environmental samples that were cultured, 81 (11%) were positive. The lactating cow floor and manure storage areas were the areas most commonly contaminated, representing 30% and 33% of positive samples, respectively. When herd prevalence was > 2%, MAP was cultured from the lactating cow floor and/or manure storage area 75% of the time. When herd prevalence was ≤ 2%, MAP was never cultured from samples collected. For every 1 unit increase in number of positive environmental samples, within herd JD prevalence increased 1.62%. Environmental contamination with MAP is consistent over time on infected dairy farms, and management practices to reduce environmental contamination are warranted.     

The associations between milk production, milk composition and Salmonella in the bulk milk supplies of dairy farms in Ontario.

The purpose of this study was to assess changes in dairy herd milk production and milk composition associated with changes in Salmonella contamination of bulk milk on dairy farms in southwestern Ontario. Twenty-three dairy farms that had submitted milk filters for culture from which Salmonella were isolated (cases) and 23 farms that submitted Salmonella-negative milk filters (controls) were included in the study. The rolling herd averages for milk and fat of case and control farms for the months of December 1985, December 1986 and April 1987 were compared and no significant differences were detected. Case and control farms were divided into three groups (A,B,C) on the basis of Salmonella culture results of milk filters submitted at various time periods throughout the study. Daily and monthly changes in milk production and composition parameters that reflected the time periods of milk filter culture were compared. The following unconditional associations between a changing Salmonella infection status on dairy farms and changes in milk production or composition variables were significant (p less than or equal to 0.05): group A: case farms had higher plate loop counts than control farms; group B: case farms had younger cows than control farms; group C: case farms had cows with longer average days in lactation than control farms. After analytical control of confounding variables, the disappearance of Salmonella from bulk milk supplies of dairy farms was associated with a decrease in percent fat and in somatic cell count.     

Management practices to control gastrointestinal parasites in dairy and beef goats in Minas Gerais; Brazil

Parasitic infection is recognized worldwide as a limiting factor in the production of goats, and various control methods are used to reduce economic losses, often without considering the epidemiology of the parasites. This has led to the development of highly tolerant parasite populations and the presence of chemical residues in the beef and milk. The objective of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of goat farmers about parasitic diseases and to correlate this with the epidemiology of endoparasites and parasite control practices in goat farms in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The analysis was based on a questionnaire applied by trained veterinarians. The sample was homogeneous throughout the state, covering 18.4% (157/853) of municipalities. Eighty-four dairy goat farms in 81 municipalities and 200 properties with beef goats in 76 municipalities were evaluated. The herd size per goat farm ranged from 4 to 57 (average 24) for beef herds and from 2 to 308 (average 63) for dairy farms. The majority of the beef herd production was extensive and semi-extensive (98.5%), while the dairy herds were maintained under intensive farming (98.8%). The mixed production of goats and sheep was reported by 36.5% of beef goat farmers and by 20.2% of dairy goat farmers. Among the beef goats farms on which the technological level was determined, 2.0% were categorized as having high technological level, 34.5% as medium, and 63.5% as low. Of the 84 dairy farms, 30% operated at a high, 47% at a medium, and 23% at a low technological level. The adoption of practices to reduce parasitism, such as the quarantine of animals, treatment of newly arrived animals, regular cleaning of the floor, and technical assistance, was significantly higher on dairy farms than on beef farms. Although 85.7% of dairy farmers and 83% of beef farmers medicate their animals, the treatments were performed without technical criteria, and deworming intervals ranged from 30 to 120 days or more. The average interval between treatments was significantly longer in dairy goat herds (4.8 months) than in the beef herds (3.6 months). The most commonly used drugs were macrocyclic lactones (37.7% in dairy and 39.5% in beef herds) and benzimidazoles (48.9% in dairy and 31.5% in beef herds). Goat production in Minas Gerais is still in its infancy, and even though using a control program associated with other health practices, producers still rely heavily on chemicals to get satisfactory results.     

Prevalence of fecal shedding of Salmonella spp in dairy herds

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence of Salmonella spp in Ohio dairy farms and to identify potential risk factors for fecal shedding of salmonellae. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 105 Ohio dairy farms. PROCEDURE: Individual fecal samples from all mature cows in study herds were tested for Salmonella spp by use of standard bacteriologic culture procedures. Herds were identified as infected if at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Information regarding herd characteristics, management practices, and health history were collected. Potential risk factors for herd-level Salmonella infection were identified. RESULTS: In 31% of the study herds (95% confidence interval, 22 to 40%), at least 1 cow was shedding Salmonella spp. Six percent of 7,776 fecal samples contained Salmonella organisms; prevalence within infected herds ranged from < 1 to 97%. Herd size, use of free stalls for lactating and nonlactating cows, and use of straw bedding in nonlactating cows were significantly associated with fecal shedding of Salmonella spp, as determined by use of univariate analysis. By use of multivariate analysis, large herds were more likely to be infected than smaller herds; however, no other factors were associated with Salmonella infection after adjustment for herd size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subclinical shedding of Salmonella spp is common in Ohio dairy herds, although we could not identify specific interventions that may influence the prevalence of Salmonella spp on dairy farms. It appears that large herd size and intensive management may provide an environment conducive to Salmonella shedding and chronic dairy herd infection.     

DHI报告解读及应用

近年来,随着奶牛养殖业的迅速发展,DHI技术在奶牛场中的应用已经普及,依据DHI报告,可以了解牛场的饲养管理、繁殖配种、乳房保健及疾病防治等状况,进行科学的饲养管理及选种选配,有效地防治乳腺炎,合理地淘汰牛只,进而显著提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益。全面、准确解读DHI报告,在解决奶牛场的实际问题和牛群改良中,起着越来越重要的作用。主要以宁夏某奶牛场2016年2月的DHI报告为例,就DHI报告中的关键指标作一介绍,旨在使DHI报告在实际生产中发挥重要指导作用。     

Comparison of productivity and veterinary expenses in Swiss dairy farms with and without integrated veterinary herd health service

The goal of this study was to compare production variables and veterinary costs between dairy herds enrolled in an integrated herd health program and herds with a conventional, non-computerized herd management. Four variables were used to assess the performance of the herds, including calving interval, milk production per lactation, as well as the product of calving interval x veterinary costs per year and the ratio of production to veterinary costs per year. A total of 22 dairy herds, serviced by the ambulatory clinic, University of Zurich, were investigated. There were 11 experimental herds that had been enrolled in an integrated herd health program, INTERHERD?, and 11 control herds. Data of the latter were derived from a computerized accounting system, OBLON DATA?. A total of 92'350 records from the years 1999 - 2005 were analyzed retrospectively. During the investigation period the calving interval did not significantly increase in experimental herds, whereas milk production steadily increased in both groups. The integrated herd health program did not result in additional costs when the dairy farms have no problems on a herd basis. From our study, differences in farms with and without herd health program are only marginal.     

Husbandry practices and health in smallholder dairy farms near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Our study was conducted from November 2001 to April 2002 in the Debre-Zeit area (near Addis Ababa), Ethiopia to assess the husbandry practices and to identify health constraints in 100 market-oriented smallholder dairy farms. A questionnaire survey, farm visit and animal examination were conducted. Thirty-eight percent of the smallholder farms were owned by women. Women-owned farms had more cows (median=3) than men-owned ones. The median herd size (including young animals) was four animals per farm. Median age, parity number and daily milk production of cows were, respectively, 5 years, 3 and 10l. The housing conditions were tie-stall barns for 53% and shades for the rest. About 48% of the herd were kept under poor housing conditions; land-resource limitation was mentioned as the major problem. Twenty percent of the farms were using hired labour. Mastitis (both clinical and subclinical) was the most-frequently encountered disease condition (prevalence at herd level 30%) followed by foot-and-leg problems. Farms owned by men or using hired labour had higher disease prevalences. The poor housing conditions were associated with the observed prevalences of health constraints.     

Investigation of mastitis problems on farms.

The production of high-quality milk is a high-priority issue for dairy farmers and milk processors. The investigation of mastitis problems on dairy farms is an area of increasing demand and is an ideal way for veterinary practitioners to increase involvement in production medicine programs. Goals for the amount of clinical and subclinical mastitis should be predefined on dairy farms, and a herd investigation initiated when needed. The use of a structured approach to mastitis problems can identify risk factors for infection, result in rapid resolution of mastitis problems, and hasten the application of appropriate preventive practices.     

Risk factors for bovine mastitis in the Central Province of Sri Lanka

A study of the risk factors associated with mastitis in Sri Lankan dairy cattle was conducted to inform risk reduction activities to improve the quality and quantity of milk production and dairy farmer income. A cross-sectional survey of randomly selected dairy farms was undertaken to investigate 12 cow and 39 herd level and management risk factors in the Central Province. The farm level prevalence of mastitis (clinical and subclinical) was 48 %, similar to what has been found elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia. Five cow level variables, three herd level variables, and eight management variables remained significant (p?相似文献