藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局

 在藏北高原高寒草地样带上对４０个围栏内草地群落物种多样性和地上生物量进行测定,探讨了生长季降水对高寒草地生物量和物种多样性分布格局的影响以及地上生物量－物种多样性之间的关系模式。结果表明,降水格局显著地影响藏北高原内部高寒草地群落物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度,群落结构特征与初级生产力关系密切;藏北地区高寒草地地上生物量、物种丰富度、Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数和Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数随生长季累积降水呈指数增加趋势;在高寒草地群落物种丰富度－生产力关系研究中单峰模式的判别系数R^２（０．７５４）略高于线性回归模型（０．７４３）。沿藏北高原样带高寒草地物种丰富度随地上生物量单调递增,单峰模式的单调递减区间并未出现;然而单峰模型预示着在地上生物量高于１２１．１７ｇ／ｍ^２ 的高寒草地群落物种丰富度可能随生物量单调递减,从而使物种丰富度－地上生物量表现为较为标准的单峰模式;Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ多样性指数和Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数与地上生物量也均呈单峰模式,但其单调递减区间窄于单调递增区间,峰值分别对应的草地群落地上生物量为７１．９０和６０．９０ｇ／ｍ^２。     

Restoring Tallgrass Prairie and Grassland Bird Populations in Tall Fescue Pastures With Winter Grazing

Restoration of grasslands dominated by tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix [Scop.] Holub) to native tallgrass prairie usually requires burning, herbicides, or reseeding. We tested seasonal grazing by livestock in winter, combined with cessation of fertilization, as a restoration tool for modifying the competitive dynamics among herbaceous plants to restore tallgrass prairie communities in southeastern Kansas. In 2004–2005, we compared responses of grassland plants and birds across a chronosequence of pastures that were winter-grazed from 1 yr to 5 yr. We compared winter-grazed pastures to pastures grazed year-round and to local native prairie remnants as starting and endpoints for restoration, respectively. Abundance of native warm-season grasses increased from 2% to 3% mean relative frequency in pastures grazed year-round to 18% to 30% in winter-grazed pastures, and increased with duration of winter-grazing. Native warm-season grasses accounted for 1–6% of total live aboveground biomass in pastures grazed year-round, 1–34% in winter-grazed pastures, and 31–34% in native prairie remnants. Tall fescue abundance and biomass were similar among grazing treatments, with a trend for tall fescue to be less dominant in winter-grazed pastures. Tall fescue made up 9–40% of total aboveground biomass in year-round grazed pastures and 10–25% in winter-grazed pastures. Grassland birds showed variable responses to winter-grazing. Dickcissels (Spiza americana) and Henslow’s sparrows (Ammodramus henslowii) were more abundant in winter-grazed pastures, whereas eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrows (A. savannarum) had similar abundance in pastures grazed year-round and during winter. Winter-grazing of pastures dominated by tall fescue combined with suspension of nitrogen fertilization could be an effective restoration technique that allows use of prairie rangeland while improving habitat for sensitive grassland birds.     

牦牛放牧模式对西藏高山嵩草草甸群落特征的影响

利用样方法对西藏高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea）草甸群落进行实地调查,分析了2010-2012年不同强度的牦牛放牧试验对植物群落动态和地上生物量的影响,以期为高寒牧区退化草地的恢复及草地高效利用提供理论指导。结果表明：适度放牧能提高物种多样性、丰富度、均一度和地上生物量,降低植物群落盖度;重度放牧降低植物群落的多样性和生物量;重度延迟放牧能缓减重度放牧对草地的不良影响;相关分析结果表明,植物群落盖度与均匀度、丰富度、植物密度、多样性和地上生物量成正相关。高山嵩草草甸的功能群随着放牧强度的增加而显著变化,其优势功能群多年生根茎型牧草高山嵩草和苔草（Carex moorcroftii）、多年生丛生型牧草紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）的盖度和地上生物量随着放牧强度增加而下降。     

季节性休牧对草甸草原植物群落空间分布格局的影响

为探索季节性休牧对植物群落及空间异质性的影响，本研究对内蒙古草甸草原季节性休牧样地进行网格采样，该草地设置连续放牧CG、早期休牧RE(6月15日—7月15日)、中期休牧RM(7月15日—8月15日)和晚期休牧RL (8月15日—9月15日)4种管理方式，结合统计学分析方法研究不同休牧时间处理下植物群落空间分布格局。结果表明：RM地上生物量、盖度和高度显著高于其他组；RE和RL的Shannon指数和物种丰富度显著高于CG和RM；RM增加了禾草生物量占比；CG和RM生物量分布均匀；RE表现为随机分布，RL表现为斑块分布；四种放牧方式的物种丰富度表现为斑块分布；CG和RM物种均匀度指数表现为斑块分布；RE分布均匀；RL均匀度表现为随机分布。综上所述，RM能够提高植物群落地上生物量，促进植物均匀分布、而RE和RL能够增加物种多样性。     

草种配置对高寒人工草地群落多样性和生产力的影响

本试验在黄河源区河南县研究了不同播种物种数（1,3,6,9,12,15）草种组合的人工群落配置对植被群落多样性和生产力的影响,旨在找到最优的群落配置组合,以期为今后人工草地的科学管理和退化草地快速恢复提供理论依据。研究结果表明：与对照相比,人工草地建植第1年和第2年植被地上生物量均显著（P<0.05）增加,其中3个草种组合的地上生物量最高。各处理物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数﹑均匀度指数在第1年和第2年之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,其中9个草种组合的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最大。人工草地建植第1年播种物种数与地上生物量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,而在第2年无显著相关关系。播种物种数与物种丰富度﹑Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和均匀度指数在2018年和2019年均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。在2018年,地上生物量与物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均无显著相关关系,在2019年,线性关系表现为极显著负相关（P<0.01）,地上生物量和均匀度指数在2018年和2019年均呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。综上,在高寒人工草地建植初期,以生产力为主时,建议选择3物种组合;以多样性为主时,建议选择9物种组合。     

Long-Term Response Patterns of Tallgrass Prairie to Frequent Summer Burning

Knowledge of how tallgrass prairie vegetation responds to fire in the late growing season is relatively sparse and is based upon studies that are either spatially or temporally limited. To gain a more robust perspective of vegetation response to summer burning and to determine if repeated summer fire can drive vegetational changes in native tallgrass prairie, we evaluated species cover and richness over a 14-yr period on different topographic positions from ungrazed watersheds that were burned biennially in the growing season. We found that annual forbs were the primary beneficiaries of summer burning, but their fluctuations varied inconsistently among years. Concomitantly, species richness and diversity increased significantly with summer burning but remained stable through time with annual spring burning. After 14 yr, species richness was 28% higher in prairie that was burned in the summer than in prairie burned in the spring. Canopy cover of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans [L.] Nash) increased significantly over time with both summer and spring burning, whereas heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides [L.] Nesom), aromatic aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium [Nutt.] Nesom), and sedges (Carex spp.) increased in response to only summer burning. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cover declined in both spring-burned and summer-burned watersheds. Repeated burning in either spring or summer did not reduce the cover or frequency of any woody species. Most perennial species were neutral in their reaction to summer fire, but a few species responded with large and inconsistent temporal fluctuations that overwhelmed any clear patterns of change. Although summer burning did not preferentially encourage spring-flowering forbs or suppress dominance of the warm-season grasses, it is a potentially useful tool to increase community heterogeneity in ungrazed prairie.     

The Complementary Relationship of Bison Grazing and Arthropod Herbivory in Structuring a Tallgrass Prairie Community

Large mammal grazing is considered an important biological process that structures many grassland plant communities. While herbivorous arthropods are also important consumers in terrestrial systems, their interaction with large mammal grazing is poorly studied. We performed a field experiment in a tallgrass prairie manipulating arthropod abundance in both bison-grazed and ungrazed areas following a prescribed burn and monitored the plant community for 15 mo. Total plant biomass was unchanged by the end of the experiment, but individual biomass of forbs and grasses was altered by our manipulations. Forb biomass in the bison-grazed/arthropod-reduced plots was two to three times higher than other treatments, while grass biomass was higher in bison-grazed plots where arthropods were unmanipulated. Grass and forb richness showed smaller responses, with a significant difference only in ungrazed areas. Our results suggest that bison grazing and arthropod herbivory work in a complementary way; bison reduce grass biomass, allowing forbs to increase, while herbivorous arthropods reduce forb biomass, allowing grasses to increase. Our study showed that removing herbivorous arthropods may have lengthened the transition from forb to grass dominance, therefore delaying the return of conditions conducive to future disturbance by fire. Therefore, we argue that arthropod herbivory, interacting with large mammal grazing, is an additional important process affecting the plant community composition and disturbance patterns in tallgrass prairies and should be investigated further in additional grassland systems.     

Effects of 34 Years of Experimentally Manipulated Burn Seasons and Frequencies on Prairie Plant Composition

Historically, tallgrass prairie burns occurred at many seasons and frequencies. Currently, tallgrass prescribed burns often occur annually in the spring, usually for cattle forage production. Altering burning season and frequency is known to affect plant composition and biomass production, but researchers are still uncertain how burning season and frequency interact. We present the long-term effects of a factorial combination of different burn seasons (spring, summer, autumn, or variable [rotated through seasons]) and frequencies (annual or quadrennial) on the plant composition and biomass production of an ungrazed, restored tallgrass prairie in eastern Nebraska, United States. The experimental plots were established in 1978 and visually surveyed for baseline data in 1979 and 1981. Experimental burn treatments were begun in 1982. Plots were visually surveyed until 2011 with the following results: 1) annual spring and summer burns increased C₄ graminoid abundance; 2) annual autumn burns increased forb abundance; 3) burn season had little effect on plant composition for quadrennial burns; and 4) variable season burns generally led to plant composition that was intermediate between annual spring/summer and annual autumn burns. We also clipped biomass to estimate aboveground annual net primary production (ANPP) in 2015, a year in which both annual and quadrennial burns occurred. Total ANPP did not differ significantly between burn frequencies nor between spring and autumn burns (772 g m^? 2 average) but was lower in summer burns (541 g m^? 2). ANPP results were similar to visual surveys, with significantly higher C₄ graminoid ANPP in spring than autumn burns and significantly lower forb and C₃ graminoid ANPP in spring than autumn burns. Overall, these results suggest autumn burns can increase forb and C₃ graminoid abundance, without strongly affecting total ANPP relative to spring burns. Future studies should compare plant and livestock production between spring and autumn burns in grazed fields.     

锡林郭勒不同草原类型群落生物量及多样性研究

物种多样性和生物量是表征草地生态系统数量特征的两个重要指标,深入探讨物种多样性和生物量的变化,为草原生态系统的物种保护和生产力维持提供理论依据.本文以锡林郭勒草原为研究对象,利用样方法对草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原三种草原类型的植被特征进行调查,分析不同草原类型植被的地上生物量和物种多样性变化及二者与环境因子之间的关联...     

养分添加和降水变化对荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

本研究旨在探讨荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性及生物量对养分添加和降水变化的适应策略,以期为退化荒漠草原的恢复和管理提供理论基础。本试验在宁夏荒漠草原开展了养分添加和降水变化野外控制试验,通过测定植物群落物种数及生物量,研究养分添加和降水变化对荒漠草原植物群落物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明：养分添加显著降低禾草丰富度（P<0.05）;减少50%降水显著降低Shannon-Wiener指数和物种总丰富度,增加50%降水显著增加物种总丰富度（20.5%～28.2%）（P<0.05）;养分添加和增加50%降水显著提高植物群落盖度和生物量（P<0.05）;减少50%降水条件下,养分添加处理与不添加处理相比植物群落地上生物量显著提高（54.3%～75.6%）（P<0.05）;植物群落地上生物量与Shannon-Wiener指数和物种总丰富度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。研究表明：减少50%降水条件下,养分添加能够缓解水分对荒漠草原植物生长的限制,其中氮磷钾添加缓解效果优于氮添加。     

黄土区封育和放牧草地物种多样性和地上生物量对氮素添加的响应

氮素添加对草地生态系统地上生物量具有普遍促进作用,但对解释引起物种多样性丧失的机制仍存在较大争议。本研究以黄土高原半干旱区长期封育和连续放牧草地为对象,通过设置不同氮素添加水平来探索两种典型的草地管理方式下群落地上生物量、物种多样性、群落组分结构对氮素添加的响应及其异同以及物种多样性与地上生物量的关系,并研究这些响应的潜在生态学机制。结果显示,1)氮素添加显著提高长期封育草地地上生物量的同时降低了物种多样性;放牧草地群落地上生物量、物种多样性对氮素添加的响应与封育草地相同,但其响应程度均小于封育施肥草地;2)草地群落物种多样性随地表凋落物生物量增加而降低,随植被透光率增加而升高; 3)封育施肥草地Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与地上生物量存在显著线性负相关关系,而放牧施肥草地的物种多样性与地上生物量不存在显著的相关关系。以上结果表明放牧能够减缓施肥对物种多样性的负效应,在轻微降低物种多样性的前提下显著提高群落地上生物量,是一种合理的草地管理方式。     

藏北高寒草地植物群落物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局

以藏北地区那曲县日囤布山的高寒草地为研究对象,采用样方调查法,分析不同海拔高度（4 523~4 673 m）草地植物群落结构及物种多样性的变化格局。结果表明,随着海拔的升高,高寒草地植物群落总盖度与地上生物量均表现出先增加后降低的趋势,即在中等海拔梯度（4 623 m）水平草地植被生长最好;不同海拔梯度间植物物种组成存在很大的差异;植物群落物种丰富度、Shannon Wiener多样性指数和E.Pielou均匀度指数,呈现“单峰”分布格局,中海拔梯度处物种丰富度最高。     

放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响

通过2年的连续放牧试验,采用比较样地法,调查了不同放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原生物多样性和生产力的影响,并探讨了植物物种多样性与草地生产力之间的关系,为高寒草原的合理利用提供基础资料。结果表明:物种丰富度和多样性指数随放牧强度的增加基本呈单峰变化,即在中度放牧下多样性最高,重度放牧下群落物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均表现为最小;群落生产力随放牧强度的增加而降低(P<0.05);莎草科地上生物量差异不显著,禾本科和豆科生产力降低(P<0.05),杂类草生物量有增加趋势;禾草和豆科比例减小,莎草和杂类草比例增加;草地生产力与Simpson多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数呈显著的单峰函数关系(R²=0.910, P=20.027; R²=0.953, P=20.010),结合Simpson多样性指数和Alatalo均匀度指数才能更好地反映维持草地生产力水平的多样性指标。放牧强度是影响群落物种多样性和生产力及其关系的重要因素。     

高寒草甸优势种功能多样性对增温和模拟放牧的响应

为探究全球变化背景下高寒草甸优势牧草的功能性状与生态系统功能的关系及变化,本研究以高寒草甸的3种优势种矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）、冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophila）和垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）为试验材料,采用国际通用的开顶式生长小室（Open top chambers,OTC）的增温方法模拟全球变暖,测定增温后优势种的功能多样性指标以及群落的生产力和稳定性。结果表明：中度增温对高寒草甸群落功能丰富度和功能离散度有积极影响,但降低了功能均匀度,而轻牧只提高了功能离散度;增温和放牧均会降低高寒草甸群落稳定性和地上生产力。高寒草甸的群落稳定性与地上生产力没有显著关系;优势种的功能多样性并不影响群落稳定性,但是与群落地上生物量是负相关关系,增温没有改变这种影响方式,轻度放牧会调控优势种的功能多样性以提高地上生产力。在未来持续气候变化的背景下,适度放牧是一种保持草地可持续发展的良好管理方式。     

季节性围封对内蒙古典型草原植被恢复的影响

针对退化草地恢复与合理利用问题,选取生长季围封调制干草、其他时间轻度放牧利用的草地为研究对象,同时选取自由放牧草地为对照,开展季节性围封对典型草原植被恢复影响的研究。结果表明:重度退化草地采用生长季围封措施后植被恢复演替,草地生产力、盖度、密度和地下生物量显著增加(P<0.05),围封13年达最大,之后降低。围封后各物种的优势地位发生较大改变,经20年围封,草地由星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)+冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)+糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)演替为羊草(Leymus chinensis)+克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)+冷蒿+糙隐子草。就围封后物种多样性的变化来看,经7年围封,物种的丰富度、多样性、均匀度和生态优势度指数显著增加(P<0.05)。但由于各物种的竞争能力不同,经10~13年围封,群落成为具有单优或寡优势种的群落,物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数降低,生态优势度指数急剧增加。之后,随着围封年限继续延长至20年,群落逐步趋于稳定,形成多优或优势不明显的群落,群落的丰富度、均匀度及多样性指数增加,生态优势度指数降低。综上所述,生长季围封调制干草、其他时间轻度放牧利用的管理方式可保证退化草地在一定程度上得到恢复,综合考虑草地产草量、群落结构及物种多样性,认为13年是较适宜的围封年限,但围封后的适宜利用问题(如适宜的割草制度)有待进一步研究。     

时间尺度上草地物种多样性和地上生产力的关系

物种多样性与地上生产力的关系一直是生态学研究的核心,但较少关注时间尺度上二者的关系.本研究以宁夏云雾山典型草原为研究对象,基于40年的定位观测试验,利用物种丰富度和植物多度作为物种多样性的衡量指标,地上生物量作为地上生产力的衡量指标,通过局部加权回归(Loess)、一般线性模型(GLM)等分析方法,检验物种丰富度、植物...     

Net Carbon Fluxes Over Burned and Unburned Native Tallgrass Prairie

Prescribed burning of aboveground biomass in tallgrass prairie is common and may influence dynamics and magnitudes of carbon (C) movement between the surface and atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes were measured for 2 yr using conditional sampling systems on two adjacent watersheds in an ungrazed tallgrass prairie near Manhattan, Kansas. One watershed was burned annually (BA) and the other biennially (BB). Leaf and soil CO₂ fluxes were measured in the source area. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO₂ reached a maximum daily gain of 26.4 g CO₂·m^?2·d^?1 (flux toward surface is positive) in July 1998 (year when both sites were burned and precipitation was above normal); gains were similar between sites in 1998. The maximum daily NEE loss of CO₂ was ?21.8 g CO₂·m^?2·d^?1 from BA in September 1997 (year when only BA was burned and precipitation was below normal). When data were integrated over the two years, both sites were net sources of atmospheric CO₂; NEE was ?389 g C·m^?2·2 yr^?1 on BA and ?195 g C·m^?2·2 yr^?1 on BB. Burning increased canopy size and photosynthesis, but the greater photosynthesis was offset by corresponding increases in respiration (from canopy and soil). Carbon losses from fire represented 6–10% of annual CO₂ emissions (bulk came from soil and canopy respiration). Data suggest that annual burning promotes C loss compared to less-frequently burned tallgrass prairie where prairie is not grazed by ungulates. Greater precipitation in 1998 caused large increases in biomass and a more positive growing season NEE, indicating that C sequestration appears more likely when precipitation is high. Because C inputs (photosynthesis) and losses (canopy and soil respiration) were large, small measurement or modeling errors could confound attempts to determine if the ecosystems are long-term CO₂ sources or sinks.     

不同干扰对典型草原群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

采用样方法对内蒙古典型草原区围封27年(E27)、7年(E7)、1年割1次(M)和中度放牧(G)样地的群落物种多样性、群落高度、群落密度、地上生物量进行实地调查分析,以研究不同干扰对典型草原群落物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,围封27年和中度放牧样地的丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数仍显著高于围封7年和1年割1次样地,但围封27年样地与中度放牧样地之间无显著差异,围封27年和中度放牧相对于围封7年和1年割1次可以维持群落物种多样性;1年割1次和中度放牧样地退化指示植物糙隐子草重要值显著高于围封样地,草原群落呈退化趋势;围封7年样地的地上现存量为454.06 g/m2,显著高于其他样地。说明围封7年可显著提高草原生产力,但围封时间过长将不利于其维持较高的生产力。     

放牧对赖草群落生物量及植物多样性的影响

通过对围封5年与自由放牧的赖草（Leymus secalinus）群落进行整个生长季的生物量和物种多样性动态观测,旨在了解放牧对赖草群落的影响。结果表明：整个生长季围栏内外赖草始终占据主导地位,放牧样地物种丰富度指数显著高于围封样地（P<0.05）,多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同时期变化趋势不同;赖草群落地上生物量、高度、盖度、物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数在整个生长季均表现为先增加后降低,放牧显著降低群落地上生物量（P<0.05）,在整个生长季放牧使群落盖度平均降低31.82%,群落高度平均降低36.37 cm;围封样地群落地下生物量在7月和9月出现2个峰值,分别为4148.4 和4359.27 g·m^-2,放牧样地地下生物量在8月达到最大,为2559.28 g·m^-2;群落地下生物量随土层深度的增加所占比例逐渐减小,其中围封和放牧样地0~30 cm土层所占比例分别为75.64%和77.37%。适度放牧有利于促进赖草群落的物种多样性,不合理放牧降低草地植物群落的盖度、高度和生物量,因此围栏封育能够促进赖草草地的稳定和可持续发展。     

长期围栏封育对中天山草地植物群落特征及多样性的影响

以中科院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站25年围封样地为对象,研究亚高山草原、亚高山草原化草甸和亚高山草甸化草原的植物群落特征及物种多样性。结果表明,长期围封对3种草地类型草地植被盖度、平均高度、地上生物量均有不同程度的提高,围栏内生物量与植株高度均表现为亚高山草原化草甸＞亚高山草甸化草原＞亚高山草原;3种草地类型围栏内外生物量和植被盖度差异呈极显著（P<0.01）,且亚高山草原化草甸和亚高山草甸化草原围栏内外植物高度差异极显著（P<0.01）。围封25年后,围栏外的群落丰富度指数和优势度指数均高于围栏内,而均匀度指数围栏内均高于围栏外。