松针粉饲喂肉兔的效果研究

松针粉是在抚育幼林时，将修剪下来的幼嫩枝条和针叶收集起来，经过干燥、粉碎而成。松针粉色绿、幽香，是近年来人们正在开发的一种营养价值较高的畜禽饲料添加剂。据测定，松针粉中胡萝卜素含量一般在69—356mg／kg、维生素C含量约为950～2203mg／kg、维生素E含量一般在201～1266mg／kg、蛋白质含量8％-11．9％、粗脂肪含量3．8％-13．1％，含有的微量元素多达40余种，比苜蓿草含有的微量元素还要丰富。     

黄鳝肌肉组织成份的测定和评价

本文通过对黄鳝肌肉组织成分的测定，得出黄鳝为营泥土鱼类。肌肉组织的必需微量元素铁(3.48mg／kg)、锌(16．24mg／kg)较高；蛋白质(17．99％)、鲜味氨基酸(3．96g／kg)和必需氨基酸(3．73g／kg)丰富、水分(79．55％)和脂肪(0．59％)较低；是极佳的美味健康食品。     

荷花蜂花粉的营养成分分析

对荷花蜂花粉的营养成分进行了分析,结果表明:荷花蜂花粉的蛋白质含量为15.79%,氨基酸含量14.79%,其中人体必需的八种氨基酸占总量的39.34%,总糖41.45%,还原糖38.80%,脂肪4.93%,矿物质3.92%,微量元素中钾、钙、镁、铬、磷、锗、锰、锌的含量分别为11553.00,1539.00,3522.00,2.85, 3789.34,1.64,33.97,1.66mg/kg,此外还含有维生素及生物碱.     

几种蜂产品中类黄酮及部分常量和微量元素含量分析

采用AlCl3 比色法分析几种蜂产品中类黄酮总量 ,发现油菜蜂花粉含2.429mg/g,荞麦蜂花粉为0.729mg/g ,工蜂为1.260mg/g ,蜂蛹和蜂王浆中未检测出类黄酮。采用塞曼原子吸收光谱法测定了蜂王浆和蜂蛹中Ca、Na、K、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Co9种常量和微量元素含量 ,发现蜂蛹中除Co和Fe之外 ,其余7种元素的含量均高于蜂王浆。     

罗进口禽肉新要求

罗马尼亚农业部兽医局制定进口禽肉最高残留限量,①在肌肉、肝脏、肾中均不得检出抗寄生虫物局二甲哨咪唑;抗微生物制剂,青霉素均不超过0．04mg／kg,链霉素分别不得超过0．05mg／kg、0．50mg／kg和1mg／kg,四环素和金霉素不超过0．10mg／kg、0．30mg／kg和0．60mg／kg,土霉素不超过1mg／kg、1mg／kg和3mg／kg,红霉素均不超过0．40mg／kg,对氨基苯磺酰胺（氨苯磺胺）均不超过0.10mg／kg;镇定药,哌氯苯丁酮均不得超过0．02mg／kg;重金属,铅和汞都不超过0．50mg／kg,镉不超过0．05mg／kg,g。分别不得超过0．70mg／kg、2．70mg／k…     

欧拉型藏羊的肉质分析

对欧拉型藏羊肉质品质进行了分析,并与高原型藏羊和青海半细毛羊进行了肉质常规营养和氨基酸含量分析对比,结果表明欧拉型藏羊蛋白质含量达21％,脂肪含量3．15％,胆固醇含量为0．365mg／g,挥发性盐基氮0．1126mg／g,矿物质总量6785mg／kg,氨基酸总量224．835mg／g。欧拉型藏羊与高原型藏羊和青海半细毛羊相比,羊肉具有高能量、高蛋白质、矿物质丰富,低脂肪、低胆固醇的特点,且氨基酸含量更为丰富。     

铜的来源和水平对生长猪生长性能禾粪铜排出量的影响

选用平均体重29．6kg的三元杂（杜×大×长）生长猪144头，按随机区组设计分为6个处理。饲粮中分别添加0、100、200mg／kg硫酸铜、200mg／kg碱式氯化铜、100mg／kg小肽铜、100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜（以铜含量计）。结果表明：100mg／kg小肽铜和100mg／kg复合氨基酸螯合铜均能有效提高生长猪日增重和日采食量，其促生长效果与200mg／kg硫酸铜无显著（P〉0．05）差异，而粪中铜含量分别下降了36．8％和48．4％（P〈0．05）。     

饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对湘云鲫生长性能、非特异性免疫功能及抗病力的影响（一）

研究旨在探讨饲料中添加不同水平的天蚕素抗菌肽对湘云鲫生长性能、非特异性免疫功能与抗病力的影响。试验选取了1,242尾湘云鲫[初均重（46．14±0．13）g],随机分成6组,每组5个重复,分别在基础饲料中添加4mg／kg金霉素及0mg／kg（对照）、100mg／kg、150mg／kg、200mg／kg和250mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽的6种等氮（粗蛋白质52．27％）等能（消化能12．85MJ／kg）试验饲料。试验期为8周,试验结束后测定湘云鲫生长、免疫、形体端数等指标。结果表明：①与对照组比,150mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽组湘云鲫末均重、增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,分别提高了15．％、57．4％和27．5％。②150mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽组湘云鲫肥满度显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。③与对照组相比,饲料中添加200mg／kg和250mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽能显著提高湘云鲫的血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（P〈0．05）;添加150mg／kg和200mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽均显著降低了血清丙二醛含量（P〈0．05）;添加各水平天蚕素抗菌肽均显著提高了血清溶菌酶活性（P〈0．05）,但各添加水平组之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。④饲料中添加250mg／kg天蚕素抗菌肽组的湘云鲫肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。但各组肌肉水分和粗蛋白质含量没有显著性差异（P〉0．os）。⑤采用嗜水气单胞菌进行攻毒后,湘云鲫48h内死亡率较低,攻毒48～72h是死亡的高峰期,天蚕素抗菌肽组的成活率明显高于对照组,其中对照组成活率最低。由此得出,本试验条件下,在饲料中添加天蚕素抗菌肽对湘云鲫有促生长效果,且150mg／kg和200mg／kg添加组效果较佳,同时提高了鱼体的非特异性免疫功能和抗病力。     

近年来猪的氨基酸和微量元素需要量研究的概述（续完）

4 不同生理阶段猪的微量元素需要量的研究。4．1 铜。表中资料表明，多数国家仔猪饲粮中铜的需要量为5～6．5mg／kg，比较接近：生长肥育猪为4．0mg／kg左右．繁殖母猪为40～6．0mg／kg，但法国、前苏联猪各生理阶段铜的需要量较高为1O～15mg／kg。     

羊驼骨成分分析及评价

为分析羊驼骨营养成分和矿物质元素含量,采集9头解剖羊驼骨头,用常规方法测定常量营养素,等离子体发射光谱法分析矿物元素。结果显示：羊驼骨中粗脂肪含量（3．1％）较低,粗蛋白、钙、磷、铜、铁、锌、锰、镁含量分别为25．9％、20．0％、8．8％、7．8％、200mg／kg、50mg／kg、5mg／kg、320mg／kg,均高于牛、猪、羊、鸡的骨和肉中的含量,尤其值得关注的是高含量铜、铁、锌。本研究通过对羊驼骨中各成分的测定,明确了羊驼骨的成分特点和利用价值,为合理开发羊驼资源提供了理论依据。     

Effect of different levels of bee pollen on performance and blood profile of New Zealand White bucks and growth performance of their offspring during summer and winter months

The effect of bee pollen on productive and reproductive performances of adult buck rabbits and their offspring was studied during winter and summer seasons. Forty New Zealand White bucks were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight, twice per week along two experimental periods. The experimental periods were listed for ten weeks both during winter (30–40 weeks of age) and summer seasons (56–66 weeks of age). During the trials body weight, body weight gain, total feed intake, semen quality, fertility and blood constituents were determined. Fertility was determined after natural mating with no treated females. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits obtained from the bucks of the control group were equally divided (20 per group) among 4 levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week. The offspring sired by bucks given 100, 200 and 300 mg (20 for each group and season) were not administrated bee pollen. The effect of bee pollen on growth performance of rabbits was studied from 4 to 12 weeks of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg/kg BW significantly (p < 0.01) improved semen quality, increased fertility percentage, improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of bucks during both seasons. The same concentration of bee pollen increased body weight gain and survival rate and reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio of offspring up to 12 weeks of age.     

莲花花粉营养成分分析

对莲花花粉的主要营养成分进行了分析测定,结果发现,莲花花粉的含水量7.88%、灰分4.09%、脂肪5.59%、蛋白质15.26%、还原糖7.05%;维生素含量较高的有:VC102mg/100g,VE1.21mg/100g,VB10.6mg/100g,其它维生素未检测到;钾和镁的含量高于大多数花粉;17种氨基酸的含量为15.81%,7种人体必需氨基酸占44.23%,其中以谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸的含量最高,分别为2.24%和2.15%,胱氨酸含量最低,为0.14%;脂肪酸中以棕榈酸含量最高,相对含量为42.23%,亚麻酸、油酸和亚油酸的相对含量分别为25.17%、12.83%和9.90%,PUFA/SFA比值为0.75。本文还首次测定了莲花花粉的水浸率和醇浸率,分别为49.70%和47.35%。建议结合抗氧化能力和测定主要活性成分含量,作为花粉质量控制的指标。     

Effect of bee pollen levels on productive, reproductive and blood traits of NZW rabbits

Forty New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit does were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight (BW), 1 week before and after mating during moderate (October-February) and hot seasons (May-September) for three consecutive mating in each season. Does were mated with non-treated adult NZW male rabbits 11 days after kindling. Body weight of does, number of service per conception, conception rate, feed intake, litter size, milk production, blood constituents, weight of kits from birth up to weaning and survival rate were determined. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits originated from the does of the control group (untreated does) were equally divided into four groups (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week from 4 to 12 weeks of age. The kit of the does given 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not receive bee pollen during the growing period (4-12 weeks of age). The effect of bee pollen on growing rabbit's performance was studied from 4 to 12 week of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg significantly (p < 0.01) increased body weight of does, conception rate, milk yield, litter size; improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of does during both seasons. The same dose of bee pollen significantly increased kit growth and their survival rate until weaning. Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of kits from the treated does during 4-8 weeks of age were significantly better than growth of kits from the untreated does that administrated bee pollen during 4-12 weeks of age. Meanwhile, during the following period (8-12 weeks of age) growth and FCR of kits given bee pollen from the untreated does were significantly better than that of treated does.     

Consumption of bee pollen affects rat ovarian functions

The aim of this study was to examine possible effects of bee pollen added to the feed mixture (FM) on rat ovarian functions (secretion activity and apoptosis). We evaluated the bee pollen effect on the release of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and steroid hormones (progesterone and estradiol), as well as on the expression of markers of apoptosis (Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3) in rat ovarian fragments. Female rats (n = 15) were fed during 90 days by FM without or with rape seed bee pollen in dose either 3 kg/1000 kg FM or 5 kg/1000 kg FM. Fragments of ovaries isolated from rats of each group (totally 72 pieces) were incubated for 24 h. Hormonal secretion into the culture medium was detected by RIA. The markers of apoptosis were evaluated by Western blotting. It was observed that IGF‐I release by rat ovarian fragments was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased; on the other hand, progesterone and estradiol secretion was increased after bee pollen treatment at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM but not at 3 kg/1000 FM. Accumulation of Bcl‐2 was increased by bee pollen added at 3 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at higher dose. Accumulation of Bax was increased in ovaries of rats fed by bee pollen at doses either 3 or 5 kg/1000 kg FM, whilst accumulation of caspase‐3 increased after feeding with bee pollen at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at 3 kg/1000 kg FM. Our results contribute to new insights regarding the effect of bee pollen on both secretion activity (release of growth factor IGF‐I and steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol) and apoptosis (anti‐ and pro‐apoptotic markers Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3). Bee pollen is shown to be a potent regulator of rat ovarian functions.     

不同的干燥工艺对荷花蜂花粉功能成分的影响

探讨了5种干燥工艺对荷花蜂花粉功能成分的影响。微波干燥的干燥效率最高,60%火力处理540s可使水分从31.41%降到6.42%;干燥方式对荷花蜂花粉蛋白质影响较小;微波干燥后总黄酮提取率最高,为13.20mg/g;真空冷冻干燥后维生素C和过氧化氢酶含量最高,分别为48.89mg/100g和29.86mg/g·min。总的来说,真空冷冻干燥对荷花蜂花粉的功能成分影响最小;常压恒温干燥对功能成分影响较小、工艺简单、对设备要求低,宜于大规模应用于实际生产中。     

2011年转地蜂场生产蜂花粉经济效益调查

调查了浙江省缙云县80家转地蜂场2011年生产蜂花粉的经济效益,结果显示:2011年蜂花粉平均产量3.49 kg/群,同比增长175.79%,平均产值87.70元/群,同比增长160.86%,占群总产值的7.85%,为8年来最高。其中,蜂花粉收入前10位蜂场的蜂群饲养量平均168群/家,蜂花粉收入35 007元/家(207.88元/群),占蜂场年总收入的16.48%,表明蜂花粉生产在提高蜂农经济效益中大有可为。在与历年数据综合比较分析的基础上,探讨了蜂花粉生产的经济效益以及存在的问题,并提出了一些合理化建议。     

Growth performance,carcass quality,biochemical and haematological traits and immune response of growing rabbits as affected by different growth promoters

The aim of the article was to study the effect of different growth promoters on growth performance, carcass quality, biochemical and haematological traits and immune response of growing rabbits. A total number of 105 male growing NZW rabbits during 35–91 days of age were randomly distributed among 7 groups fed the same basal diet and submitted to different dietary treatments: the first group was unsupplemented and used as control; the other groups were supplemented respectively with bee pollen and/or propolis at 200 mg/kg BW of each and inulin and/or mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) at 35 mg/kg BW of each. Body weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), biochemical and haematological blood parameters, carcass characteristics, histological studies of ileum and spleen and economical efficiency were measured. Bee pollen administered alone or with propolis significantly (p < 0.01) the body weight gain and improved FCR in respect of the control group. Inulin with MOS significantly improved just FCR than the control group. Bee pollen with propolis and MOS supplemented‐groups resulted in significantly higher (7.96 and 8.41% respectively) white blood cells compared to the control group. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly higher for the MOS group in respect of the control, bee pollen, inulin and inulin with MOS supplemented‐groups. Propolis resulted in significantly higher dressed carcass percentage than the control group and higher carcass index than only bee pollen with propolis supplemented‐group. Bee pollen, in particular if in combination with propolis, could be used as a supplement in the growing rabbits during days 35–91 of age with positive effects on growth rate and feed conversion ratio.     

茶（Camellia sinensis）蜂花粉与蜂粮中花粉形态和营养成分的比较

采用扫描电子显微镜观察茶蜂花粉和不同酿制时间的蜂蜂中花粉粒外部形态和萌发沟,没有发现花粉的细胞壁和细胞结构被破坏的迹象,花粉粒在蜂粮酿制过程中外部形态保持不变。通过体外模拟消化试验和光学显微镜观察,发现蜂粮中花粉粒内含物外吐的数量比蜂花粉多,而且在蜂粮酿制过程中,随着时间的延长,其内含物外吐的花粉粒所占的比例增加,花粉内含物外吐使花粉更易于被破壁和消化。蜂花粉和蜂粮中营养成分测定结果表明,蜂粮配制初期,由于蜜蜂的添加物和乳酸发酵的作用,其蛋白质、总糖含量比蜂花粉高;随着配制时间的延长,蜂粮中营养成分有下降的趋势。     

速溶蜂花粉的抗疲劳作用研究

为了研究速溶蜂花粉的抗疲劳作用,给小鼠灌胃不同剂量的速溶蜂花粉21d后,进行负重游泳实验,分别测定小鼠的负重游泳时间,运动后的肝糖元、血乳酸和血清尿素氮含量。结果表明：速溶蜂花粉可以明显延长小鼠游泳时间,减少肝糖元消耗,降低血乳酸和血清尿素氮含量。破壁蜂花粉的抗疲劳效果显著,速溶蜂花粉的中高剂量组具有显著效果,其中高剂量组（5g／kg）抗疲劳效果最好。