化隆县草地鼠虫危害调查

1997～1998年对化隆县草场上发生的鼠虫危害进行了调查研究,发现5大类草场都有害鼠和蝗虫分布;其中,在山地草甸和山地草原上较多.全县鼠害草场面积22506hm2,虫害草场面积21986hm2;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是优势害鼠,狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗和红翅皱膝蝗是优势害虫.高原鼠兔密度为2.5只/hm2,高原鼢鼠为3只/hm2;蝗虫平均密度为21头/hm2.     

大通县草地虫害调查

大通县草场总面积为15．8万hm^2，可利用草场面积14．6万hm^2；全县草场分为六片，天然草场类型主要有山地草甸类草场、山地灌丛类草场。根据海东地区畜牧兽医站东牧医（2001）第07号文的指示精神，我们于2001年7－8月对全县草场上的害虫分布情况进行了全面调查。结果：天然草地害虫主要是鳞翅目毒蛾科的青海草原毛虫，直翅目蝗虫总科的狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗、短星翅蝗。害虫危害面积为8500hm^2，占可利用草地面积的5．79％，草原毛虫虫口密度平均18．68头／m^2，蝗虫虫口密度平均为12．73头／m^2。     

祁连县草地鼠虫和毒草危害现状及防治意见

祁连县天然草地害鼠害虫及毒草调查表明,鼠类有高原鼠兔、高原盼鼠、喜玛拉雅旱獭和根田鼠等,主要危害种为高原鼠兔和高原盼鼠,鼠害危害面积为３２．６万ｈｍ３,年损失牧草２３１２２．５３万ｋｇ;蝗虫有宽须蚁蝗、狭翅雏蝗、白边痂蝗等６种,危害面积为１０．００万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２９９０．８２万ｋｇ;青海草原毛虫,发生危害面积１．４１万ｈｍ２,年损失牧草２８３．８１万ｋｇ;毒草以黄花棘豆、甘肃棘豆和狼毒为主,危害面积１５．０７万ｈｍ２,年减少牧草１６０４７．６万ｋｇ。“三害”累计损失牧草４２４４４．７６万ｋｇ,相当于２９．０７万个羊单位的饲草量。应在规划的基础上,加强防治力度,以有效地控制三害的发生蔓延。     

1999年河南县灭治高原鼢鼠取得成效

据１９９７年河南县草地“鼠虫害、毒草、黑土滩”调查,该县高原鼢鼠分布广,危害面积高达７．４７万ｈｍ２,对草场破坏十分严重。为此青海省畜牧厅下达给河南县３．３３万ｈｍ２（５０万亩）的高原鼢鼠灭治任务,由黄南州草原站、青海省草原总站、河南县草专队联合组成工作组,于１９９９年４月１０日至６月１５日进行了灭治。本次灭鼠历时６５天,灭治面积３．７５万ｈｍ２,捕捉鼢鼠６．４４万只,投入资金２１．５万元。灭治效果９１．２８％。１　灭治前准备为了使灭鼠工作能够保质保量的完成,防治前对防治区作了详细调查。经９个捕…     

乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查

通过对乐都县天然草地鼠虫害及毒草调查，全县天然草地鼠类有高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和根田鼠，主要危害种为高原鼢鼠，发生危害面积7．74万hm2，其中，中、重度危害气54万hm2损失牧草4671．03万kg；蝗虫有鼓翅雏膝蝗、宽须蚁蝗、小翅雏蝗、白边痴蝗等7种，发生危害面积11．84万hm2，损失牧草403．59万kg；毒草危害以黄花棘豆，甘肃棘豆，兰花棘豆和狼毒为主，发生危害面积17.75万hm2，其中，中、重度危害6．49万hm2，减少牧草4473．63万kg。“三害”累计年损失牧草9548．22万kg，相当于6．54万个羊单位的饲草量。     

高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究

 ２００７－２００８年在肃南县大河乡大岔村的高寒草甸和高寒草原对高原鼠兔的经济损害水平及防治指标研究的结果表明,高原鼠兔种群数量与其危害所造成草原牧草减产量（地上植物）及经济损失呈正相关关系,相关系数为：r＝０．９７６５;高原鼠兔的有效洞口数（X）与牧草减产量（M）的线性回归方程为：M＝－１６．９６０３＋０．９１８０X在１３３０ｈｍ^２ 范围内用Ｃ 型肉毒梭菌生物毒素进行防治,核算单位面积防治成本为２５．０５元／ｈｍ^２;试验期间,高原鼠兔的实际鼠密度高达５１０有效洞口／ｈｍ^２,经济损害水平为１３０有效洞口／ｈｍ^２;实际经济损失率高达３２．９％,而经济允许损失率只有１１．２％。根据经济允许损失率测算的有效防治指标为１８５有效洞口／ｈｍ^２。     

海北州2008年鼠虫害发生趋势预测与防治建议

通过近1年的实地调查分析,分别针对草原蝗虫、草原毛虫、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔的分布地点、发生面积、密度进行了汇总,并对2008年的发生趋势进行了预测,预计刚察、海晏、祁连三县将发生较为严重的蝗虫灾害,草原毛虫将对祁连县造成较大危害,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔仍将大面积发生。     

海北州2008年鼠虫害发生趋势预测与防治建议

通过近1年的实地调查分析,分别针对草原蝗虫、草原毛虫、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔的分布地点、发生面积、密度进行了汇总,并对2008年的发生趋势进行了预测,预计刚察、海晏、祁连三县将发生较为严重的蝗虫灾害,草原毛虫将对祁连县造成较大危害,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔仍将大面积发生.     

草原蝗虫开发利用的研究

青海草原环湖及柴达木蝗区大部分地面平缓，宜于机械作业。蝗虫种群密度８０～１２０头／ｍ２者居多，面积为４０～５０万ｈｍ２，贮量小年为４８４０Ｔ，大年为６５６０Ｔ，开发前景广阔。蝗虫粉含粗蛋白７４．８８％，居我国目前优良饲料之首。经试验，作为饲料添加剂与５０％的进口鱼粉比较，京黄１号７日龄肉仔鸡饲喂４９天后成活率为８８．７１％，体重平均增长１０２０．２ｇ，二者差异不显著；星杂二八八６～８月龄蛋鸡饲喂后产蛋量提高１８．０８％，产蛋率提高７．９９％，完全可以代替鱼粉。新研制的捕蝗机捕蝗率为６５．０～７４．２％，生产率２．７４ｈｍ２／ｈ，单机捕幅４ｍ。以１９９３年的市场价格为准，机捕的经济效益为２８．６０元／ｈｍ２，且有突出的社会和生态效益。     

夏河县大力防治鼠害解决草原退化问题

夏河县是全省主要的牧业县,境内水资源较为丰富,黄河主要支流大夏河和洮河分别贯穿境内东部和南部。广阔的草原为发展畜牧业提供了得天独厚的优越条件,但是长期以来,由于当地自然环境的特殊性及其它诸方面的原因,导致草原鼠害大面积发生。据最新调查统计,夏河县天然草原上的害鼠有三目十一科四十六种,鼠害发生面积达30万hm2,占全县草原总面积的59%,其中分布最广、危害最为严重的为高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔,危害面积达22万hm2,占全县草场总面积的43.46%,其中高原鼢鼠危害面积14.67万hm2,占全县草场总面积的28.97%,平均鼠密度为11～48只/hm2,严重危害区达到60只/hm2;高原鼠兔危害面积7.3万hm2,占全县草场总面积的14.49%,平均鼠密度为45只/hm2,严重危害区达到100只/hm2以上。在鼠害区平均牧草损失达30%以上,在严重危害区牧草损失达到60%以上,全县每年仅因草原害鼠采食损失的牧草可供10万个羊单位放牧一年。草原鼠类不仅采食牧草,与畜争食,更为严重的是通过挖掘洞穴,推土造丘,形成大面积“黑土滩”和“鼠荒地”。由于鼠类危害和超载过牧等因素的影响,导致草原生态环境持续恶化,严重制约当地草原畜牧业的发展。目前,全县“三化”草场面积达45.3万hm2,占全县天然草地总面积的89.57％。其中,重度退化面积12.58万hm2,占退化面积的27.75%;中度退化面积2.15万hm2,占退化面积的71.03%;轻度退化面积0.554万hm2,占退化面积的1.22%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.