牛呼吸道疾病两种细菌性病原研究进展

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)给北美乃至世界养牛业造成巨大的经济损失,是引起舍饲牛发病的主要原因,具有高发病率和高病死率的特点,是仅次于新生犊牛腹泻的第二大疾病。引起BRD的主要细菌性病原体包括溶血性曼氏杆菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌,掌握两种细菌的生物学特性、免疫逃避和致病机制、耐药性与耐药现状及多重耐药的遗传机制是制定科学防控措施的前提,论文对上述内容的研究进展进行综述,有助于为此类疾病的诊断、疗效评价、疫苗研发以及牛呼吸道疾病的防控提供参考。     

牛病毒性呼吸道疾病诊断技术探析

牛病毒性呼吸道疾病(BRD)的发生易导致舍饲牛群的死亡,对全球养牛业发展造成了极大的冲击及经济损失。BRD的发生主要是因多种病毒、细菌及外界环境综合影响导致,主要包括应激、环境因素及多种病原体、细菌,属于一种程度较重的呼吸系统疾病。笔者主要对牛病毒性呼吸道疾病诊断技术进行了分析探究,以此帮助提升牛群生存质量,全面保障牛的生命安全。     

主要病毒性牛呼吸道疾病的研究进展

牛呼吸道疾病（bovine respiratory disease,BRD）是引起舍饲牛发病和死亡的主要原因,给北美和世界养牛业造成巨大的经济损失。BRD是由多种病毒、细菌与外界环境相互作用,如应激、环境因素与多种病毒、细菌和支原体等而引起的一种严重的呼吸系统疾病。作者就引起BRD的常见和严重的病原牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV）和牛呼吸道合胞体病毒（bovine respiratory syncytial virus,BRSV）的生物学特性、细胞感染和致病机制等进行简要概述,以期为该病的防制和研究提供参考。     

牛支原体疫苗的研究进展

牛支原体（Mycoplasma bovis,M.bovis）是一种造成全世界范围内育肥牛和奶牛多种疾病综合征的重要病原体。临床症状主要包括长期性肺炎及多发性关节炎（CPPS）、呼吸道疾病综合征（BRD）、乳腺炎及生殖器官疾病。牛支原体能感染多种组织和器官,也能从健康的牛体内分离,是威胁畜牧业生产的主要病原体。由于临床上抗生素治疗效果不佳,预防或控制牛支原体感染最好的选择是研发有效的商业可用的疫苗。牛支原体疫苗的研究已历经多年,虽然存在很多问题,但也取得了一定进展。文章对牛支原体弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗及亚单位疫苗的研究进展进行了总结,并讨论了疫苗设计的优化方案,为合理设计和研发有效的牛支原体防控技术提供参考。     

牛呼吸道疾病诱发因素分析

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是影响养牛业最重要的疾病之一,本文根据各国学者的相关研究对引起BRD的各类诱发因素作以系统介绍和分析,以期为防治BRD提供参考。     

牛支原体疫苗的研究进展

牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis,M.bovis)是一种造成全世界范围内育肥牛和奶牛多种疾病综合征的重要病原体。临床症状主要包括长期性肺炎及多发性关节炎(CPPS)、呼吸道疾病综合征(BRD)、乳腺炎及生殖器官疾病。牛支原体能感染多种组织和器官,也能从健康的牛体内分离,是威胁畜牧业生产的主要病原体。由于临床上抗生素治疗效果不佳,预防或控制牛支原体感染最好的选择是研发有效的商业可用的疫苗。牛支原体疫苗的研究已历经多年,虽然存在很多问题,但也取得了一定进展。文章对牛支原体弱毒疫苗、灭活疫苗及亚单位疫苗的研究进展进行了总结,并讨论了疫苗设计的优化方案,为合理设计和研发有效的牛支原体防控技术提供参考。     

牛呼吸道疾病综合征的主要病原及检测方法概述

牛呼吸道疾病综合征是由于多种细菌和病毒感染引起的综合性疾病,在世界范围内给养牛业带来很大的经济损失。感染病毒主要有牛冠状病毒、牛疱疹病毒1型、牛呼吸道合胞体病毒、牛副流感病毒3型、牛病毒性腹泻病毒等,细菌主要有溶血性曼氏杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、化脓隐秘杆菌、昏睡嗜血杆菌等。在临床病例中多为混合感染,病毒和细菌相互作用使得牛呼吸道疾病综合征的诊断和治疗更加困难。为了更好地防治该病,文章就目前国内外关于引起牛呼吸道疾病综合征的主要病原及检测方法作一概述。     

牛呼吸道疾病综合征的主要病原

近年来,国内外奶牛呼吸系统疾病频发,国外学者将由多种病毒或细菌引起的牛肺炎、运输热、支气管炎等统称为牛呼吸道疾病综合征(Bovinerespiratory disease complex,BRDC).该病在世界范围内普遍存在,据统计,养牛业中65％的疾病与牛呼吸道疾病相关,感染率达100％,死亡率可达35％或更高.尤其是当病毒性和细菌性病原体相互作用时常会使牛呼吸系统疾病病情加重,导致严重的肺炎.引起BRDC的病毒包括牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒,牛呼吸道合胞体病毒,牛副流感病毒3型等;细菌包括溶血性曼氏杆菌、睡眠嗜血杆菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、化脓性隐秘杆菌等.     

牛胎儿弯曲杆菌病的临床和实验室诊断

<正>弯曲杆菌病是由弯曲杆菌属细菌所引起的牛及其他动物的不同疾病的总称。与牛有关的主要有两种病型:由胎儿弯曲杆菌引起的牛不育与流产和主要由空肠弯曲杆菌引起的牛及其他动物的急性肠炎。牛胎儿弯曲杆菌病是由弯曲杆菌中的胎儿弯曲杆菌性病亚种和胎儿亚种引起的牛慢性不显性生殖器官疾病。其感染部位公母牛都局限于生殖器官,通过交媾而相互传播,引起牛的一时性     

牛子宫疾病的诊断和治疗

牛子宫疾病是比较常见的母牛繁殖系列疾病,对养牛业影响很大。本文主要介绍几种常见的子宫疾病:急性子宫炎、子宫炎与子宫内膜炎、子宫积脓。牛急性子宫炎常发生在产后10~14d,该病是由分娩时生殖道污染所致,常发生于难产后。引起牛子宫炎和子宫内膜炎的常见疾病有布病、钩端螺旋体病、弯曲杆菌病和滴虫病,或非特异性病原体感染。子宫积脓的特征是子宫内积聚脓性或黏液脓性分泌物。     

Evaluation of practices used to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlots (to November 2021)

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) has been identified as the most significant infectious disease of feedlot cattle in eastern Australia.¹ Bovine respiratory disease causes economic loss due to medication costs, mortalities, excessive feed inputs associated with increased time on feed, reduced sale prices and associated labour costs. Bovine respiratory disease is a complex multifactorial condition with multiple animal, environmental and management risk factors predisposing cattle to illness. A range of microorganisms are implicated in BRD with at least four viral and five bacterial species commonly involved individually or in combination. The viruses most commonly associated with BRD in Australia are bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV or bovine pestivirus), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). More recently, bovine coronavirus has been identified as a potential viral contributor to BRD in Australia.² A number of bacterial species have also been recognised as important to the BRD complex; these include Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Trueperella pyogenes and Mycoplasma bovis. Although one or more of the pathogens listed above can be isolated from clinical cases of BRD, there is no evidence that infection alone causes serious illness. This indicates that, in addition to specific infectious agents, other factors are crucial for the development of BRD under field conditions. These can be categorised as environmental, animal and management risk factors. These risk factors are likely to exert their effects through multiple pathways including reductions in systemic and possibly local immunity. For example, stressors such as weaning, handling at saleyards, transport, dehydration, weather conditions, dietary changes, comingling and pen competition might reduce the effectiveness of the immune system. Reduced immunocompetence can allow opportunistic infection of the lower airways with potential pathogens leading to the development of BRD. The objective of this paper is to critically review the evidence for management practices aimed at reducing the incidence of BRD in Australian feedlot cattle. Predisposing factors (Table 1) largely beyond the control of most feedlots, such as weather and exposure to respiratory viruses, are discussed separately, but these factors can generate indirect prevention responses that are discussed under the preventative practices categories. The current practices are classified as either animal preparation practices (Table 2) or feedlot management practices (Table 3).     

牛呼吸疾病综合征及其防治

牛呼吸疾病综合征是严重危害国内外肉牛养殖业的一种重要传染病,该病的致病因素复杂,包括支原体、病毒和细菌等特异性病原以及运输应激等多种因素。美国等发达国家对该病的攻关研究开始于上世纪80年代初,其研究和临床防控均已达到较高水平,但仍认为该病将是未来10～20年养牛业所面临的主要疾病。我国对该病的认识和研究尚处于起步阶段,借鉴世界上发达国家的先进经验将有助于提升我国对该病的防控水平。     

Demonstration of the metaphylactic use of gamithromycin against bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease in a multicentre farm trial

On five commercial cattle rearing sites across Europe, a total of 802 young cattle at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) associated with the bacterial pathogens Mannheimia haemolytica or Pasteurella multocida and/or Mycoplasma bovis were enrolled into a multicentre, controlled field trial. Half were treated with a single dose of gamithromycin at 6 mg/kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection and half received an injection of a saline placebo as the control. All animals were observed daily for 14 days for signs of BRD as defined by set criteria. The proportion of metaphylactic preventive treatment successes, defined as animals surviving to day 14 without signs of BRD, in the gamithromycin-treated group (86 per cent) was significantly (P=0.0012) higher than in the saline-treated controls (61 per cent). Morbidity among the treated animals was reduced by 64 per cent compared with the controls.     

Pasteurella multocida and bovine respiratory disease

Pasteurella multocida is a pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium that has been classified into three subspecies, five capsular serogroups and 16 serotypes. P. multocida serogroup A isolates are bovine nasopharyngeal commensals, bovine pathogens and common isolates from bovine respiratory disease (BRD), both enzootic calf pneumonia of young dairy calves and shipping fever of weaned, stressed beef cattle. P. multocida A:3 is the most common serotype isolated from BRD, and these isolates have limited heterogeneity based on outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles and ribotyping. Development of P. multocida-induced pneumonia is associated with environmental and stress factors such as shipping, co-mingling, and overcrowding as well as concurrent or predisposing viral or bacterial infections. Lung lesions consist of an acute to subacute bronchopneumonia that may or may not have an associated pleuritis. Numerous virulence or potential virulence factors have been described for bovine respiratory isolates including adherence and colonization factors, iron-regulated and acquisition proteins, extracellular enzymes such as neuraminidase, lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide capsule and a variety of OMPs. Immunity of cattle against respiratory pasteurellosis is poorly understood; however, high serum antibodies to OMPs appear to be important for enhancing resistance to the bacterium. Currently available P. multocida vaccines for use in cattle are predominately traditional bacterins and a live streptomycin-dependent mutant. The field efficacy of these vaccines is not well documented in the literature.     

The role of Mycoplasma bovis in bovine respiratory disease outbreaks in veal calf feedlots

To assess the prevalence and relative importance of Mycoplasma bovis among the pathological agents implicated in bovine respiratory disease (BRD), we surveyed 135 veal calves from nine feedlots in eastern France during naturally occurring outbreaks of respiratory disease. Occurrence of respiratory pathogens, M. bovis, bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) virus and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) virus was investigated by seroconversion and isolation of bacteria and viruses from broncho-alveolar fluids. M. bovis and pathogenic respiratory bacteria were isolated in eight of the nine feedlots, and from 106 and 32, respectively, of the 135 tested animals. Seroconversion to PI3 virus occurred in four lots. BVD and BRS viruses were detected in eight and one lot, respectively. M. bovis was the most frequently isolated aetiologic agent in these BRD outbreaks, spreading early and widely throughout the affected units (60-100% rate of isolation and seroconversion). These results stress the importance of M. bovis in the BRD complex.     

Viral aetiologies for bovine respiratory disease

Extract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major health problem of cattle all over the world. Financial losses arise from the loss in production, cost of treatment and mortality. Incidence varies with seasons, the highest occurring in autumn and winter. Virus infections such as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), parainfluenza 3 (P13) and bovine respiratory syncytial (BRS) viruses have all been incriminated as causes for BRD. It has been suggested that bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus may also contribute to BRD because of its immunosuppressive effects, thus increasing the susceptibility of the host to other respiratory pathogens.     

Efficacy of metaphylactic florfenicol therapy during natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease

The efficacy of an injectable formulation of florfenicol (300 mg/mL) as metaphylactic control of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated in two double‐blind randomly controlled field studies on two Dutch veal calf herds (A and B). Cattle aged not older than 3 months and in the direct presence of calves with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 40 mg/kg florfenicol subcutaneously (s.c.) a positive control treatment (12.5 mg/kg tilmicosin p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd A, and 12.5 mg/kg doxycycline p.o. twice daily for five consecutive days in herd B), or a negative control (one placebo saline s.c. administration on D0). The predominant respiratory pathogens present in pretreatment respiratory samples from affected animals were Mycoplasma bovis and Pasteurella multocida in outbreaks A and B, respectively. Metaphylactic administration of florfenicol resulted in a statistically significant weight gain, decreased rectal temperature for five consecutive days after treatment and decreased metaphylactic failure percentages compared with both positive and negative control groups. In summary, these studies demonstrated that a single s.c. injection of florfenicol is effective and practical for control of the bacterial component of BRD in veal calves.     

The medicine and epidemiology of bovine respiratory disease in feedlots

Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) results from a complex, multifactorial interaction of stressors, animal susceptibility, and respiratory pathogens. The infectious agents associated with BRD are ubiquitous among cattle populations. Typically, one or a combination of stressors are necessary to initiate BRD. Prevention of BRD should, therefore, address management procedures to minimise stressors. Administration of vaccines against BRD agents may help reduce the incidence of BRD but is unlikely to eliminate the condition. The effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of BRD depends primarily on early recognition and treatment. The use of antioxidant vitamins, minerals or other agents in the prevention and treatment of BRD warrants further research.     

Survey of marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacteria isolated from cattle with respiratory disease and mastitis in Europe

A monitoring programme conducted in Europe since 1994 to survey the marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from cattle has established the susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated before any antibiotic treatment from bovine mastitis and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases between 2002 and 2008. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a standardised microdilution technique. For respiratory pathogens, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica isolates (751 and 514 strains, respectively) were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (MIC≤0.03 μg/ml for 77.39 per cent of the strains) and only 1.75 per cent of M haemolytica strains were resistant (MIC≥4 μg/ml). Histophilus somni isolates (73 strains) were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (0.008 to 0.06 μg/ml). Mycoplasma bovis MIC (171 strains) ranged from 0.5 to 4 μg/ml. For mastitis pathogens, the majority of Escherichia coli isolates were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (95.8 per cent of 617 strains). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (568 and 280 strains) had a homogenous population with MIC centred on 0.25 μg/ml. Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (660 and 217 strains) were moderately susceptible with MIC centred on 1 μg/ml. Marbofloxacin MIC for these various pathogens appeared stable over the seven years of the monitoring programme and was similar to previously published MIC results.