“三黄连”合剂抗炎作用研究

通过观察"三黄连"合剂体内对二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀炎症模型和体外对脂多糖(LPS)刺激RAW264.7细胞所致炎性反应的影响,研究该复方制剂的抗炎效果。结果表明,"三黄连"合剂高剂量(30mL/kg)、中剂量(15mL/kg)组小鼠耳肿胀率与空白对照组差异极显著(P0.01);除中剂量组的胸腺指数外,各试验组小鼠肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和胸腺指数与空白对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。"三黄连"合剂对LPS刺激的RAW264.7细胞的NO、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8水平的升高具有显著的抑制作用(P0.05),且呈剂量依赖关系。"三黄连"合剂在体内和体外均具有良好的抗炎效果,并且在体内无明显毒副作用和免疫抑制作用。     

柴桂口服液对LPS诱导的小鼠炎症的抑制作用

用不同剂量的柴桂口服液作用于脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)刺激所诱导的小鼠体内炎症模型,探讨柴桂口服液对LPS诱导小鼠炎症细胞因子基因表达和分泌的影响。将70只昆明小鼠随机分为空白对照组、LPS组、地塞米松组和柴桂口服液Ⅰ～Ⅳ组(2.5、5、10、15 g/kg体重)。各给药组小鼠连续用药5 d后,腹腔注射10 mg/kg体重的LPS诱发炎症反应。LPS处理后6 h,所有供试动物采样测定脾脏组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和NO的含量及基因表达水平。结果显示,LPS组小鼠脾脏组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和NO含量显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),柴桂口服液各剂量组小鼠脾脏组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β和NO含量较LPS组有不同程度降低(P0.05)。LPS组小鼠脾脏组织TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β基因表达水平显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),柴桂口服液各剂量组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8和IL-1β基因表达水平较LPS组有不同程度降低(P0.05)。结果表明,柴桂口服液可以降低LPS诱导的小鼠体内炎症因子表达及分泌,具有抗炎作用。     

鸡血藤总黄酮抗炎活性的研究

为了探讨鸡血藤总黄酮的抗炎活性,试验采用二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀模型和大肠杆菌脂多糖刺激RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,测定鸡血藤总黄酮对小鼠耳肿胀及RAW264.7细胞炎性因子分泌水平的抑制作用。结果表明:体内鸡血藤总黄酮高剂量(100 mg/kg)和中剂量(50 mg/kg)组小鼠耳肿胀率显著低于空白对照组(P0.05),体外鸡血藤总黄酮处理对LPS刺激RAW264.7细胞所致的一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)分泌水平的升高具有显著抑制作用(P0.05)。说明鸡血藤总黄酮在体内和体外均具有良好的抗炎效果。     

辣蓼黄酮对小鼠抗炎作用的研究

试验旨在观察不同剂量的辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分(FNB)对人工致炎小鼠的抗炎作用。选用50只昆明系SPF级小鼠,随机分为5组,每组10只。第1组为空白对照组,每只小鼠给予0.9%生理盐水0.5 m L灌服,每天1次,连续5 d;第2组为阳性药物对照组,每只小鼠给予地塞米松注射液25 mg/kg体重腹腔注射,每天1次,连续5 d;第3、4、5组分别给予辣蓼黄酮150 (FNB高剂量组)、100 (FNB中剂量组)、50 mg/kg (FNB低剂量组)灌服,每天1次,连续5 d。于最后一次给药后1 h,分别给小鼠左耳两面涂抹0.05 mL二甲苯致炎,右耳作为对照。20 min后采样并测定各项指标。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,FNB高剂量组小鼠耳肿胀程度显著减轻(P0.05),FNB低剂量组、中剂量组小鼠耳肿胀程度极显著减轻(P0.01)。小鼠体内抗炎试验结果表明,辣蓼黄酮正丁醇部分(FNB)对小鼠具有一定的抗炎作用。     

银杏叶对小鼠抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的：观察不同剂量银杏叶水煎醇沉液对小鼠的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法：采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳壳肿胀法,50只小鼠随机均分5组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射地塞米松（10 mg/kg）,连续给药6 d,测定小鼠耳廓的肿胀率和肿胀抑制率;采用热板法测定小鼠的镇痛作用,取合格小鼠100只随机均分10组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射和水煎液灌胃高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射和灌胃等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射和灌胃安乃近（20 mg/kg）,给药后30 m in测定小鼠的痛阈值的变化。结果：腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各剂量组小鼠耳廓肿胀率均低于生理盐水组（P〈0.01）,其肿胀抑制率以高剂量组最高;与生理盐水组比较,腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各个剂量组痛阈值均明显提高（P〈0.01）;灌胃给药高剂量组有镇痛作用（P〈0.01）。结论：银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射对小鼠具有较强的抗炎和镇痛作用,灌胃给药镇痛效果相对较差。     

硒化乌拉尔甘草多糖的抗炎活性研究

为了探究硒化乌拉尔甘草多糖(Se-GPS)的抗炎活性,试验以地塞米松为阳性对照,给小白鼠灌服低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)Se-GPS和低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)GPS 0.2 m L/只,连续给药10 d,观察其对二甲苯和醋酸所致炎症的抗炎效果;用脂多糖(LPS)建立小鼠炎症模型,分别给小鼠灌服低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)LPS+Se-GPS和低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)LPS+GPS0.2 m L/只,连续给药10 d,测定小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量变化。结果表明:各剂量Se-GPS均能显著抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,显著降低醋酸致小鼠毛细血管的通透性增加,抑制炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,其抗炎活性略强于甘草多糖,且高剂量Se-GPS抗炎效果最好。说明Se-GPS具有明显的抗炎活性。     

丹参水溶性成分的抗炎作用

为了探讨丹参水溶性成分的抗炎作用,试验选择50只小鼠分为模型对照组、阳性药物对照组、丹参水溶性成分高、中、低剂量组,阳性药物对照组腹腔注射给药,其他组灌胃给药,并制作了二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀模型,探讨不同浓度丹参水溶性成分对小鼠耳肿胀度的影响;分离培养小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,对丹参水溶性成分的安全性进行评价,确定最大安全浓度,然后制备脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞炎症模型,分为药物处理组、LPS组和细胞对照组,其中药物处理组分别加入丹参水溶性成分(终浓度分别为62.5,31.3,15.6,7.8,3.9μg/mL)和LPS(终浓度2.0μg/mL),LPS组加入LPS(终浓度2.0μg/mL),细胞对照组加入RPMI 1640培养液,探讨不同浓度丹参水溶性成分对小鼠耳肿胀度、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红能力和炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素(IL)-1β和IL-6水平的影响。结果表明:与模型对照组比较,丹参水溶性成分高剂量组(10 g/kg)和中剂量组(5 g/kg)对小鼠耳肿胀度有极显著的抑制作用(P0.01);与细胞对照组比较,丹参水溶性成分在浓度为62.5～2.5μg/mL时,能极显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的能力(P0.01);与LPS组比较,丹参水溶性成分在浓度为62.5μg/mL时,能显著抑制炎性因子IL-6的水平(P0.05),而对炎性因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平无显著影响(P0.05)。说明丹参水溶性成分具有抗炎作用,其抗炎机制可能与其抑制炎性因子IL-6的分泌有关。     

菊苣根超微粉抗炎镇痛作用的研究

为了研究菊苣根超微粉的抗炎镇痛作用,试验分别采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀进行抗炎试验,采用醋酸致小鼠扭体法进行镇痛试验。结果表明:菊苣根超微粉高剂量(1.5 g/kg)组、低剂量(0.75 g/kg)组小鼠耳肿胀度和足趾肿胀度均显著低于模型对照组(P0.05);菊苣根超微粉高剂量组、低剂量组和普通粉(1.5 g/kg)组醋酸致小鼠扭体次数均少于模型对照组,抑制率分别为72.65%、58.69%、35.33%。说明菊苣根超微粉有明显的抗炎镇痛效果,其效果优于普通粉。     

梅花鹿茸水提物对脂多糖诱导的小鼠肠道炎症的保护作用

为探讨梅花鹿鲜茸水提物对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肠道炎症的保护作用，选取60只雄性成年昆明小鼠随机分为6组，即阳性对照组、阴性对照组、空白对照组、鹿茸水提物高、中、低剂量预保护处理组。阳性对照组灌胃10 mg/kg维生素C,阴性对照组与空白对照组均灌胃10 mL/kg生理盐水，鹿茸水提物高、中、低剂量预保护处理组分别灌胃200,100,50 mg/kg鹿茸水提物，连续灌胃14 d。第15天，空白对照组小鼠腹腔注射3.5 mL/kg生理盐水，其他各组小鼠腹腔注射3.5 mL/kg LPS水溶液，3 h后采集血液、解剖。采用ELISA试剂盒和荧光定量PCR法测定小鼠体内免疫因子和炎性因子的分泌量、炎性因子mRNA相对表达量及氧化应激水平。结果表明：鹿茸水提物预保护处理组的小鼠体质量显著高于空白对照组和阴性对照组(P<0.05);阴性对照组IL-1β和IFN-γ分泌量极显著高于空白对照组(P<0.01);与空白对照组相比，阴性对照组小鼠肝脏中NO的含量极显著升高，CAT和SOD活力极显著降低(P<0.01);与阴性对照组相比，鹿茸水提物预保护处理组NO含量极显著降低(P<0.01),SOD活力极显著升高(P<0.01);与空白对照组相比，阴性对照组LPS可引起小鼠空肠组织中IL-1β、NLRP3、NLRP1a的mRNA相对表达量的异常升高，差异极显著(P<0.01);与阴性对照组相比，鹿茸水提物预处理保护组可抑制3种炎性因子的mRNA相对表达量的异常升高，鹿茸水提物预保护处理组mRNA相对表达量与阳性对照组相近。说明鹿茸水提物可通过降低机体内炎性因子mRNA的相对表达量，减轻炎症级联反应，同时提高机体免疫水平，增强抗氧化能力，从而减轻LPS引起的肠道损伤。     

抗炎中药方蒲和饮的抗炎作用试验

通过建立二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀模型和10%鲜鸡蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀模型,研究中药方蒲和饮对炎症的抑制作用及最佳用药剂量。试验设立模型组(生理盐水,等容积)、地塞米松组(40 mg/kg体重)、蒲和饮高剂量组(160 mg/kg体重)、蒲和饮中剂量组(80 mg/kg体重)、蒲和饮低剂量组(40 mg/kg体重),各组按0.1 m L/10 g灌胃给药,每天1次,连续灌胃5 d。观察蒲和饮对二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀模型和10%鲜鸡蛋清致小鼠足趾肿胀模型的抑制作用。结果中药方蒲和饮能明显降低二甲苯炎症模型小鼠的耳廓肿胀度和肿胀率,与模型组有极显著性差异(P0.01);能显著降低10%鲜鸡蛋清致足趾肿胀模型小鼠的足趾肿胀率,与模型组比较差异显著(P0.05,P0.01)。表明抗炎中药方蒲和饮对二甲苯和鲜鸡蛋清所致的炎症具有显著的抑制作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.