鸡蛋中多西环素残留测定不确定度评定

评定了高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中多西环素残留量的不确定度，通过建立数学模型，对高效液相色谱^-串联质谱法测定鸡蛋中多西环素残留量进行不确定度评定，分析不确定度来源，评价其对测定结果不确定度的相对贡献，并计算合成不确定度，最终得到鸡蛋中多西环素残留量的扩展不确定度。结果显示，鸡蛋中多西环素残留量为9.18μg/kg,在95%的置信区间下，合成不确定度0.0603,扩展不确定度为0.1206(k=2),最终结果应表示为9.18±1.11μg/kg,实验过程中不确定度主要来源于工作曲线的配制过程，测量重复性和回收率。本研究可为以后的检测工作提供可行性建议。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中可的松和氢化可的松残留量的不确定度评价

评定超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定猪肉中可的松和氢化可的松残留量的不确定度。以本单位自建方法XCZY-051《动物源食品中克仑特罗等51种兴奋剂的检测方法液相色谱-串联质谱法》为基础,结合CNAS-GL006《化学分析中的不确定度评估指南》,建立数学模型,以猪肉中检出率最高的内源性兴奋剂可的松和氢化可的松为例分析不确定度来源并计算各不确定度得到的合成标准不确定度。当样品中可的松含量为3.386 μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.4374 μg/kg(k=2);当氢化可的松含量为7.866 μg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.9690 μg/kg(k=2)。本方法的不确定度来源主要来自样品回收率、重复性、标准溶液配制和曲线拟合。     

胶体金试纸条法和液相色谱-串联质谱法检测牛奶中四环素类药物残留比较

采用胶体金试纸条与液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）两种方法检测牛奶中残留的四环素类药物。结果表明：胶体金试纸条的检测限为四环素40μg/L、强力霉素40μg/L、金霉素40μg/L、土霉素80μg/L;LC-MS/MS法在牛奶中四环素、强力霉素、金霉素、土霉素的检测限为50μg/L。采用两种方法对实际样品检测,检测结果一致。与液相色谱-串联质谱法相比,胶体金试纸条具有操作简便、快速、直观的特点,可作为筛选法对样品进行定性筛查,LC-MS/MS法进行阳性样品的确证和精确定量。     

猪肉中氟苯尼考残留量高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法的建立

本研究通过高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS)建立了猪肉中氟苯尼考残留物残留量的检测方法,检测限和定量限分别为5μg/kg和10μg/kg。在10μg/kg~4000μg/kg浓度范围内,空白猪肉样品的标准曲线线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.99以上。氟苯尼考和氟苯尼考胺的添加浓度在10μg/kg、500μg/kg和2000μg/kg时,回收率均大于85%,批间和批内变异系数均小于5%。该方法适用于猪可食性组织中氟苯尼考残留量的测定。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定羊肉中红霉素残留量

建立测定羊肉中红霉素残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS),为羊肉的监督检验和红霉素残留量监控提供技术支持。采用乙腈提取,正己烷除脂低温离心的前处理方法。电喷雾离子源ESI正离子扫描,选择MRM多反应监测等质谱条件进行样品检测,内标法定量。在5μg/kg～200μg/kg浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9,n=5)。10、50、200μg/kg 3个浓度的相对回收率为97.54%～102.70%,日内精密度7%,日间精密度9%,检测限(LOD)为5μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为20μg/kg,符合检测要求。建立的羊肉中红霉素残留量的LC-MS/MS检测方法操作简便,实用性强,灵敏度高,稳定性好,分离完全,峰形良好,适合羊肉中红霉素的残留量检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中四环素残留量的不确定度评定

建立了高效液相色谱法测定牛奶中四环素残留量的不确定度评定的数学模型.通过对测量过程中的不确定度来源进行分析与评定,当残留量为85.3 μg/kg时,求得扩展不确定度为5.0μg/kg(k=2).结果表明,标准溶液配制、重复性测量、定容体积和回收率引入的不确定度为测量结果不确定度的主要影响因素.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗的不确定度评定

对气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)测定猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗残留的不确定度进行评定.通过对测定过程中各变量的分析,确定了不确定度来源,建立了数学模型,计算出了各变量的不确定度,最后计算出合成不确定度.当猪肝中盐酸克仑特罗残留量为5.10 μg/kg时,测定结果的扩展不确定度为0.15 μg/kg(k=2).     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱法-串联质谱法同时检测猪组织中赛庚啶及可乐定残留量

建立了Qu ECh ERS前处理结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测猪组织中赛庚啶和可乐定残留量的方法。猪肉样品添加0.5 g C18粉,猪肝和猪肾样品添加3.0 g硫酸镁和2.0 g氯化钠,再分别加入10 m L 0.1%甲酸乙腈进行提取,提取液经浓缩后采用LC-MS/MS进行检测,内标法定量。该方法线性关系良好,猪肉、猪肝和猪肾中赛庚啶和可乐定在1~50μg/kg浓度范围内加标回收率分别为62%~112%和106%~121%,相对标准偏差均10%,方法检出限为0.5μg/kg。方法灵敏度高,选择性好,可作为猪组织中赛庚啶和可乐定残留量检测的确证方法。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉中癸氧喹酯的测量不确定度评定

分析了影响应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鸡肉中癸氧喹酯残留量的测量不确定因素,并对各不确定度分量进行了量化计算,最终求得扩展不确定度为0.56μg/kg,分析表明重复测量、制备标准溶液及内标溶液引入的不确定度分量是影响癸氧喹酯残留量测量不确定度的主要因素。     

LC-MS-MS检测菠菜中涕灭威农药残留量的不确定度评定

为了合理地表征液相色谱-串联质谱法检测菠菜中涕灭威残留量检测结果的分散性,提高实验室检测数据的完整性和可靠性,文章对GB/T 20769-2008《水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定液相色谱-串联质谱法》检测程序完整地分析,建立了数学模型,确定了各不确定度的来源及分量,选择了合理的评定方法,计算出检测结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。从评定结果中可以看出:结果不确定度主要来源于样品预处理、标准曲线的制作和检测设备。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.