不同鸡新城疫疫苗免疫鸡血清HI抗体的测定

将试验鸡分成3个试验组和1个对照组。A组鸡接种鸡新城疫系疫苗,B组鸡接种油乳剂灭活苗,C组鸡接种鸡新城疫系疫苗,并在接种疫苗后第3、4、5、6、7、9、11、13、15、20、25d采取各组鸡血并分离血清,检测HI抗体。结果表明,接种系疫苗的组,HI抗体效价均值从4.67log2上升到10log2,接种后第5d开始上升,接种后第11d达到峰值,持续6d保持高滴度抗体水平。接种系疫苗的组,HI抗体效价均值从4.67log2上升到7log2,接种后第4d开始上升,接种后第9d达到峰值。接种油乳剂灭活苗的组,HI抗体效价均值从4.67log2上升到9.33log2,接种后第5d开始上升,接种后第11d达到峰值,持续16d保持高滴度抗体水平。系疫苗HI抗体效价上升快,效价高,较适合于紧急接种,油乳剂灭活苗HI抗体效价可在高水平维持较长时间,较适合于预防接种。     

蛋鸭卵黄HI试验不同样品制备方法的比较

试验选用氯仿、PBST、PBS、生理盐水等不同试剂制备蛋鸭卵黄样品,在相同条件下进行禽流感HI试验,并与对应血清进行比对。结果表明,4种制备方式的卵黄HI抗体效价与血清HI抗体效价的差异均不显著,其中氯仿萃取法的样品性状最为稳定,且抗体效价与血清抗体效价差异最小,但操作繁琐;生理盐水直接稀释法结果较为准确,且简单易行,适合基层大样本检测。     

不同佐剂制备的H9N2亚型禽流感(SS株)灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性评价

利用8种不同佐剂制备了16种H9N2亚型禽流感(SS株)灭活疫苗,对疫苗的物理性状、安全性、免疫效力及疫苗吸收情况进行检验,结果表明:疫苗外观、剂型、黏度均符合国家标准,物理性状稳定;接种SPF鸡后3周,16种疫苗HI抗体效价均超过11log2;剖检显示,大多数疫苗残留较少.     

H9亚型禽流感病毒油乳苗免疫SPF鸡后HI抗体效价与保护关系

以H9亚型低致病性禽流感病毒（AIV）的LG1株第20代种毒接种10日龄SPF鸡胚，收获尿囊液，经浓缩制成常规灭活疫苗。用浓缩疫苗及其不同稀释度的疫苗对12日龄的SPF鸡颈部皮下注射0.2ml/只.SPF动物隔离罩内饲养21d后采集血清,随即用此病毒的第8代进行攻毒.结果表明,该浓缩疫苗及其1:1稀释后的疫苗对12日龄SPF鸡具有较好的免疫原性,平均HI滴度均达到9.4log2.并且各免疫鸡只血清中HI抗体大于7log2,但稀释至1/4的疫苗免疫后平均HI滴度只有5.log2.在人工攻毒后3d和7d,对照组有7/10和1/10分离到病毒,但3个试验组免疫后均未分离到病毒.     

新疆和田县2011～2013年禽流感血清学调查与分析

和田地区动物卫生监督所从2011年开始与自治区畜牧科学院进行合作，用3年时间对和田县养禽场进行禽流感H5、H7、H9HI抗体效价的测定，以掌握和田县禽流感免疫效果及存在的风险。结果表明，和田鸡H5禽流感血清HI抗体效价〈70％，免疫效果达不到有效保护，H7禽流感血清HI抗体感染率在4％，2013年共抽检规模户11户，一户未免H9禽流感血清HI抗体感染率35．29％，在没有免疫的情况下有感染抗体存在，存在发病风险。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M41株和Conn株的血清交叉血凝抑制试验

本试验用系统血凝抑制(HI)交叉试验,对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M41株和Conn株进行抗体区分。结果表明,M41株和Conn株标准抗原与M41阳性血清HI抗体效价在免疫后21 d分别为8 log2、5 log2,相差3 log2;免疫后28 d分别为8 log2、5 log2,相差3 log2;免疫后35 d分别为8 log2、5 log2,相差3 log2。M41株和Conn株标准抗原与Conn阳性血清HI抗体效价在免疫后21 d分别为4 log2、8 log2,相差4;免疫后28 d分别为4 log2、8 log2,相差4 log2;免疫后35 d分别为4 log2、9 log2,相差5 log2。因此,用血清HI交叉试验能够将抗M41株和Conn株抗体区分开来。     

抗鸡新城疫卵黄抗体IgY的研制

产蛋母鸡经新城疫灭活抗原重复免疫后，所产生的高免卵黄中，特异性抗体的HI效价可达到12log2以上。从高免卵黄中分离提纯的特异性新城疫抗体，病毒中和试验结果表明，具有明显的中和病毒的作用，特异性病毒中和指数可达到630957以上。使用纯化后的高免卵黄抗体(IgY)安全、高效、无任何不良反应。     

禽流感疫苗对禽类免疫效果的检测与分析

禽流感大流行时，在非疫区对禽类用H5亚型和H5、H9二价禽流感油乳苗进行免疫接种试验，并对其结果进行比较和分析。得出不同日龄的蛋鸡免疫接种20d后其HI抗体效价不同，不同的饲养方式、不同种类的家禽及不同种类疫苗的免疫效果均不同。85日龄蛋鸡产生的HI抗体效价达到7log2，鸡、鸭、鹅混养HI抗体效价低于平养和笼养，H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫鸡和鸽其HI抗体效价达到了5log2以上，而对鹌鹑和鸭为1log2和3．2log2；单价禽流感疫苗和二价苗对鸡群免疫的效果不同，二价苗的免疫效果不如单价苗。     

水禽禽流感H5N1亚型改良HI抗体检测方法的研究

鉴于在采用1％鸡红细胞悬液作为指示细胞检测水禽血清的HI抗体效价水平过程中常出现非病毒性凝集情况,亟需要建立一种快速简便经济的适合水禽血清抗体效价检测的方法。本研究通过对未经处理与采用不同红细胞吸附处理被检水禽血清以1％鸡、鸭或鹅红细胞悬液进行测定其HI抗体效价的结果对比,结果表明建立采用1％与待检水禽血清同源1％红细胞悬液做指示细胞的改良HI试验比采用鸡红细胞悬液测定结果高1～1．5 log2,且可以有效避免非病毒性凝集情况的出现。     

惠州市鹌鹑新城疫HI抗体的初步监测

采用微量HI的检测方法,对惠州市10个乡镇58个鹌鹑场的311份血清进行了新城疫HI抗体的检测,结果：47个鹌鹑场的HI抗体为阴性,占被检场的80．13％;25份血清检测出新城疫HI抗体,检出率为8．04％;其中HI抗体≥5log2份数为13份,HI抗体≥5log2样品百分率为4．18％。     

The effect of including anti-Ig sera in the haemagglutination inhibition test forMycoplasma gallisepticum

Addition of anti-immunoglobulin M (anti-IgM), G (anti-IgG) and A (anti-IgA) sera to the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test (anti-Ig HI test) forMycoplasma gallisepticum resulted in 2- to 8-fold increases in the HI titres. On investigating the anti-Ig HI reaction using IgM and IgG antibodies separated by affinity chromatography, it was confirmed that, in the enhanced HI titres, specificity existed between the chicken Ig classes having antibody activity and the antisera used in the test. Four days after inoculation ofM. gallisepticum, the anti-Ig HI reaction was markedly enhanced by anti-IgM antiserum in the intravenously inoculated chickens and by anti-IgA serum in the nasally inoculated chickens. Ten days after inoculation ofM. gallisepticum marked enhancement of the reaction was produced by anti-IgG serum in both intravenously and nasally inoculated chickens, but the enhancement of the anti-Ig HI reaction diminished from the second week after inoculation.     

Use of egg yolk to determine antibody levels in chickens inoculated with a hemagglutinating duck adenovirus (adenovirus 127-like)

Chickens were experimentally infected with a duck adenovirus that has been shown to be serologically indistinguishable from Adenovirus 127. Sera and eggs were collected at intervals after exposure for antibody determination by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the immunodiffusion (ID) test. Egg yolks were processed for use in the serological tests by (a) dilution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), (b) extraction of the water-soluble fraction with chloroform, or (c) freezing and thawing PBS-diluted yolks and testing the supernatant fluid. HI antibody titers from serum and extracted yolk were similar except during the initial 2 weeks, when yolk antibody levels were low or absent. Chloroform-extracted yolks were suitable material for the HI, ELISA, and ID tests. Heat inactivation of the chloroform-extracted yolk had no effect on titers.     

Neutralizing antibodies to CELO and avian adenovirus-associated viruses in the albumen of chicken eggs

Neutralizing antibodies to CELO virus and to avian adenovirus-associated virus (A-AV) were detected in the albumen of eggs from four hens inoculated with these viruses. The antibody concentrations of serum, yolk, and albumen were determined before inoculation and at various times postinoculation (PI) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus-neutralization (VN) tests. The antibody concentration in albumen was 0.3% to 1.0% of that detected in serum and yolk. Uninoculated hens showed no detectable antibody in serum, yolk, or albumen. It is suggested that the presence of antibody in the egg albumen may play a role in egg-transmission of viruses.     

Immune responses in chickens against Salmonella typhimurium monitored with egg antibodies

Three mature hens were immunized with an Aro- mutant of Salmonella typhimurium beginning with a subcutaneous dose in adjuvant followed by two oral boosters. Isotype-specific antibodies were measured in the white and yolk eggs collected weekly over a period of 230 days. Two hens showed a memory response to the first oral booster, with large increases in egg yolk IgG and smaller increases in IgA and IgM antibodies in egg whites. Smaller amounts of IgA and IgM antibodies were found in egg yolks, and a slight increase in IgG occurred in the whites. One hen showed an increase in serum titers of all isotypes against S. typhimurium. The second hen had high serum titers before immunization was started which did not change. The third hen had a high level of IgM in the white of eggs before immunization was started. This hen showed erratic responses in egg white antibodies following immunization, no increase in IgA or IgM in yolks and only a slight increase in IgG, no increase in serum IgG, and was the only hen with a high level of IgM antibody against S. typhimurium in the bile, conditions reflecting a state of oral tolerance. With the exception of this hen, the results showed that IgA and IgM antibodies were aroused in hens by immunization with an avirulent mutant of S. typhimurium, and that these antibodies were present in the white of eggs from immunized hens.     

Indirect method for prediction of hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus in chickens by titration of antibodies in egg yolk.

Attempts were made to establish methods for indirect prediction of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in sera of laying hens and day-old chicks by determining if these are correlated to HI titers in egg yolks. For this purpose, geometric means of HI antibody titers in sera from 60 hens, yolks from 60 matched eggs, and sera from 180 day-old chicks of an identical vaccination program were measured and plotted. There was a significant correlation between HI antibody titers in yolks (X) and hens (Y), with a linear regression of Y = 23.24 + 0.47X and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.65. The linear regression between HI antibody titers in yolks (X) and chicks (Y) was Y = 6.33 + 0.36X (r = 0.58). Immunity to NDV in hens and their offspring can be maintained effectively, and the proper time for the vaccination or booster can be determined by reference to HI titers predicted from the linear regression in the present study. The approach of testing egg yolk for HI titers provides a feasible alternative to determining HI titers from blood samples and eliminates stress in birds during blood sampling.     

Chicken egg antibodies for prophylaxis and therapy of infectious intestinal diseases. III. In vivo tenacity test in piglets with artificial jejunal fistula

Large quantities of specific egg antibodies can be produced with little effort by immunization of laying hens. Several antibody containing egg preparations were subjected to a tenacity test against digestive activity taking piglets with artificial jejunum fistulas as a model. Even with high doses of orally administered yolk lyophilisate no antibody activity could be found in the distal jejunum. The additional feeding of egg white, however, showed a significant protective effect on the yolks antibodies during the digestive act. No difference between egg white of immunized hens and egg white of unimmunized hens could be detected. Buffering the acidic gastric environment with sodium bicarbonate increased the antibody activity in the intestine by an average of 40%. Eggs administered in hot (70 degrees C) beef stock had higher antibody titers than eggs that were boiled for 4 minutes. Tenacity in antibodies fed in pellets was significantly lower than in powdered feed.     

Protection of neonatal calves against fatal enteric colibacillosis by administration of egg yolk powder from hens immunized with K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

The protective effects of egg yolk powder prepared from hens vaccinated with heat-extracted antigens from K99-piliated enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strain 431 were evaluated in a colostrum-fed calf model of ETEC-induced diarrhea caused by a heterologous strain (B44). The antibody powder was obtained by spray-drying the water-soluble protein fraction of egg yolks after removing the lipid and fatty components by precipitation with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate. A total of 16 colostrum-fed calves were studied to determine whether the orally administered antibody powder would prevent fatal bovine colibacillosis caused by a virulent ETEC strain. Clinical response of individual calves was monitored and evaluated in the context of these variables: fecal consistency score, intestinal colonization, weight loss, and mortality. Control calves that were treated with vehicle (milk with egg yolk powder from nonimmunized hens) had severe diarrhea and dehydration and died within 72 hours after infection was manifested. In contrast, calves fed milk containing egg yolk powder with antipili agglutinin titers of 1:800 and 1:1,600 had transient diarrhea, 100% survival, and good body weight gain during the course of the study. Results indicate that the orally administered egg yolk powder protected against ETEC-induced diarrhea in neonatal calves and that the protective components may have been the antibodies raised by vaccination of chickens against ETEC.     

Production of antibodies to canine distemper virus in chicken eggs for immunohistochemistry

The present study describes the application of egg yolk antibodies in immunohistochemistry. In order to obtain specific antibodies against canine distemper virus (CDV), chickens were immunized with attenuated virus. Distinct antibody titres in serum and yolk could be detected by means of a modified plaque/focus immunoassay (ELISA) two weeks after a second immunization. The lower concentrations in corresponding yolk globulin preparations are attributed to the loss of antibodies caused by the isolation procedure (dextran and ammonium sulfate precipitation). After verification of the antibody specificity by indirect immunofluorescence technique high titred globulin fractions were employed in immunohistochemistry using the Avidin-Biotin-Complex method. A specific and distinct immunostaining in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded brain sections of CDV-infected dogs was obtained. The advantages of egg yolk antibodies for immunological purposes are discussed in detail.     

Seroprevalence of egg drop syndrome - 76 virus as cause of poor egg productivity of poultry in Nsukka,South East Nigeria

To determine if egg drop syndrome 76 virus infection is among the causes of lowered egg productivity in commercial poultry farms in South Eastern Part of Nigeria and to know the prevalence of the infection, ten farms with history of lowered egg production in Nsukka local government area of Enugu State were randomly selected. Sera from ten hens in each of the selected farms were assayed for antibodies against EDS 76 virus by the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The mean HI titre of the ten hens in each of the farms was recorded as EDS - 76 antibody titre for the farm. Nine out of the 10 farms tested were positive for EDS - 76 antibodies with HI titres ranging between 16 and 256. Out of 10 flocks with production of 65% and above 9 were EDS-76 HI negative.     

犬瘟热病毒免疫蛋鸡血清抗体与卵黄抗体消长规律的研究

试验旨在了解产蛋鸡对犬瘟热病毒(canine distemper virus,CDV)抗原的免疫反应及其血清抗体和卵黄抗体的消长规律,为制备卵黄抗体提供依据。将CDV接种Vero细胞和DF1细胞进行传代并测定其病毒滴度,选取细胞病变出现早、病毒滴度高的Vero细胞毒作为接种病毒抗原免疫蛋鸡。每10 d免疫蛋鸡1次,第4次免疫后每30 d加强免疫1次。免疫前及免疫后每10 d采血分离血清,每5 d收集鸡蛋提取卵黄抗体,用琼脂扩散法和间接ELISA法测定其抗体水平。结果显示,血清抗体比卵黄抗体的滴度高,两者呈正相关性,卵黄抗体出现较血清抗体迟3~5 d,卵黄抗体在第3次免疫后3~5 d就已达到较高水平,此时即可开始收集鸡蛋制备卵黄抗体。