鸡传染性支气管炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的初步建立

鸡传染性支气管炎(Avian Infectious Bronchitis,IB)是由鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(Infectious Bronchi-tis Virus,IBV)引起的一种急性、高度接触传染性呼吸道疾病。该病给养禽业造成了巨大的经济损失,使感染的肉鸡被淘汰,产蛋鸡产量下降。该病在流行病学、临床症状、病理变化等方面与新城疫等禽病存在着一些相似的地方,有时会给临床诊断带来了一定的困难。目前使用传统方法(如病原分离及血清学方法)进行实验室诊断不仅耗时     

应用进口鸡传染性支气管炎ELISA试剂盒检测鸡传染性支气管炎抗体

鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)是由传染性支气管炎病毒引起鸡的一种急性高度接触性的呼吸道传染病,是严重危害我国乃至世界养鸡业的重要疾病之一。已有多种血清学方法可用于IB抗体检测,我国目前常用的方法有琼脂扩散试验(AGP)、血清中和试验(SN)、间接血凝试验(IHA)等。国内很多学者先后建立了ELISA方法检测IB抗体均取得理想结果,但仅限于实验室检测,在基层推广应用还有一定困难。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1蛋白截短表达及间接ELISA抗体检测方法的建立与应用

参照IBV S1基因序列,RT-PCR扩增长约867bp的S1基因主要抗原区域,将目的片段定向克隆到pET30α原核表达载体,转化Rossetta表达菌,经IPTG诱导后获得了以包涵体形式表达的重组S1蛋白。重组蛋白纯化后,经免疫印迹检测证明具有良好的免疫活性。以该蛋白作为包被抗原,经间接ELISA反应条件的优化,建立了检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)抗体的间接ELISA检测方法。该方法与其他6种常见禽病病毒(H5亚型禽流感病毒(H5-AIV)、H9亚型禽流感病毒(H9-AIV)、新城疫病毒(NDV)、减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)、鸡法氏囊病毒(IBDV))阳性血清不发生交叉反应;批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数分别小于5%和10%;相对于HI试验的符合率、敏感性、特异性分别为91.58%、91.24%和92.31%;相对于IDEXX ELISA的符合率、敏感性、特异性分别为94.55%、95.42%和92.96%;应用该方法检测山东及周边地区2 685份免疫鸡和168份未免疫鸡血清样品,免疫合格率和阳性感染率分别为85.25%和17.26%。本试验截短表达的S1蛋白具有良好的免疫活性,建立的间接ELISA抗体检测方法具有良好的敏感性、特异性、重复性和临床适用性,将为IBV的免疫抗体监测、临床野毒感染快速诊断和流行病学调查提供了一种新的血清学诊断技术,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

禽传染性支气管炎概述

禽传染性支气管炎（IB）是由传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）引起的一种禽类传染病,主要造成禽呼吸系统和泌尿生殖系统病变。IBV具有高度传染性,可引起雏鸡死亡,肉鸡增重减缓,蛋鸡产蛋下降。IBV易发生变异,血清型和基因型众多,不同基因型毒株之间存在较大的抗原差异,导致疫苗及药物研发存在较大难度,给该病防治带来一定挑战。多种血清学和分子生物学技术已用于IBV检测,如酶联免疫吸附试验、反转录聚合酶链式反应、重组酶介导扩增技术等。针对新型IBV仍需研究敏感性、特异性好的检测方法及开发安全性高、免疫效果好的新型疫苗。本文围绕IB的病原学、流行病学以及病毒分型方法、变异机制及检测方法等进行综述,以期为该病后期研究提供参考。     

猪传染性胃肠炎分子生物学诊断方法研究进展

检测TGEV的方法主要有病毒的分离鉴定、免疫荧光抗体试验、病毒中和试验、电镜观察、免疫电镜观察、ELISA方法、核酸探针杂交技术、限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析,RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR等,伴随着对TGEV基因组分子生物学的深入研究,一系列分子生物学诊断技术不断出现,现对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒的分子生物学诊断方法的研究进展作以综述。     

北京地区鸡肾型传染性支气管炎病毒株的分离鉴定及血清分型

鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)是由鸡传染性支气管炎病毒所引起的一种急性、高度接触传染性病毒性疾病,以呼吸道症状、产蛋下降或肾病变为主要特征.早期报道,IB主要危害幼龄鸡,后来发现IB还感染育成鸡及正在产蛋的鸡群,导致产蛋下降.40年代分离的M41是IBV的呼吸型,60年代Winterfield报道了IBV的肾病变型.我国从1978年开始,有关IB发生的报道逐年增多,80年代以后开始发现肾病变型的传染性支气管炎,进入90年代以来,人们对IBV从分子生物学方面进行了大量研究,但利用经典的方法进行血清分型还少有报道,为此,作者在系统鉴定IBV分离株的基础上,进一步利用等量病毒等量血清的交叉中和试验对3株分离毒进行了血清分型,旨在能为肾病变型IB的诊断和防治提供依据,并有针对性的制定一些有效的措施.     

鸡传染性支气管炎和鸡新城疫混合感染的诊断

某养鸡场28~43日龄的肉鸡临床出现呼吸道症状,通过鸡胚接种、血凝及血凝抑制试验,进行实验室病毒分离鉴定,本病确诊为鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)和鸡新城疫(ND)混合感染。对混有IB病毒和ND病毒的鸡胚尿囊液进行酸处理,去除ND病毒,获得纯IB病毒。分离的传染性支气管炎毒株,体外和体内试验表明该传染性支气管炎病毒株对鸡新城疫病分离毒株的血凝性有强的干扰作用,对鸡新城疫的疫苗Lasota株干扰作用不明显。     

鸡传染性支气管炎分子生物学研究进展

鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)是由鸡传染性支气管炎病毒引起的一种急性、高度接触性传染病，是严重危害我国养鸡业的重要疾病之一。笔者综述了IBV的基因组结构、蛋白组成以及分子生物学诊断技术，为传染性支气管炎的研究提供资料。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒地方流行株的分离与鉴定

从山西各地区疑似鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)的病料中,分离到5株鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)分离株,并对分离病毒进行了病毒形态观察、对鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)的干扰、鸡胚致病性试验、动物回归试验、血凝特性试验、病毒理化特性测定等生物特性鉴定及IBV N基因特异性片段的检测.电镜观察,可见直径为60～120 am,有囊膜及纤突呈冠状排列的病毒粒子;对NDV有明显的干扰作用;分离株的传代物均有明显的致鸡胚矮小化作用;动物回归感染死亡鸡肾脏病变明显,表现肾脏肿大、花斑肾现象,输尿管内充塞大量尿酸盐;无直接血凝性,经1%胰酶处理后可凝集鸡红细胞;分离株对乙醚和氯仿敏感;采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)对分离毒株进行扩增,结果均扩增出特异N基因核酸片段.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒实验室检测方法研究进展

鸡传染性支气管炎(IB)是鸡的一种急性、高度接触性、呼吸道传染病,严重危害着养禽业的健康发展。为有效地控制本病的流行,建立快速准确的检测方法具有重要意义。本文从该病的病原分离和鉴定、血清学及分子生物学等方面对IB的实验室检测方法最新研究进展进行了综述。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.