肉兔血浆酶活性比较及其与生产性能关系的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ,♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) 10 0日龄血浆碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)、谷草转氨酶 (GOT)、谷丙转氨酶 (GPT)活性 ,及其与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重和料重比的相关性进行了研究。结果表明 :齐卡兔 (G系 )、齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×新西兰白兔 (♀ )、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 )血浆AKP活性显著高于新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔 (A系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ )(P <0 .0 5 )。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性之间没有显著差异。加利福尼亚兔血浆GPT活性显著高于齐卡兔 (G系 ) (♂ )×加利福尼亚兔 (♀ ) ,其它 6个品种 (或组合 )兔之间差异不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆AKP活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重均呈正相关 ,总相关系数均达极显著水平 (P <0 .0 1) ,与料重比呈负相关 ,相关不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GOT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重、料重比相关趋势不一致 ,总相关系数不显著。 8个品种 (或组合 )兔血浆GPT活性与 10 0日龄体重、平均日增重基本上呈负相关 ,?     

四种肉兔及杂交兔屠宰性能和肉品质的研究

对新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、布列塔尼亚兔(A系)、齐卡兔(G系)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)、齐卡兔(G系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)100日龄屠宰性能和肉品质进行了研究.结果表明8个品种(组合)兔的屠宰率在52.76%～55.37%之间,其中加利福尼亚兔的屠宰率最高;肉骨比在4.65～6.53之间,以布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)肉骨比为最高;净肉率在82.25%～86.64%之间,亦是布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)净肉率最高.8个品种(组合)兔背最长肌pH值在6.33～6.88之间,差异不显著;背最长肌失水率在17.43%～20.26%之间,其中布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×加利福尼亚兔(♀)失水率最低;腿肌的失水率在16.31%～18.00%之间,其中新西兰白兔失水率最低;8个品种(组合)兔腿肌的失水率比背最长肌的失水率要低;背最长肌的熟肉率在60.56%～66.81%之间,以布列塔尼亚兔(A系,♂)×新西兰白兔(♀)熟肉率为最高;腿肌的熟肉率在61.84%～66.54%之间,其中新西兰白兔熟肉率最高;背最长肌嫩度剪切值在2.18～3.96kg之间,其中加利福尼亚兔嫩度剪切值最低,嫩度最好;腿肌嫩度剪切值在2.59～3.64kg,其中新西兰白兔腿肌剪切值最低,嫩度最好.     

哈尔滨白兔产肉性能和杂交试验

<正> 哈尔滨白兔已被全国家兔育种委员会确认为新品种,为了进一步充实依据,进行了产肉性能和杂交试验.本试验于1987年3月至1987年9月在江苏省溧水县家畜改良种兔场进行。 材料和方法 一、测定试验兔组合 1.新西兰白兔纯繁组(简称新纯组)2.哈尔滨白兔纯繁组(简称哈纯组)3.加利福尼亚兔纯繁组(简称加纯组)4.哈尔滨白兔×加利福尼亚兔(简称哈×加组)5.哈尔滨白兔×新西兰白兔(简称哈新组)     

种兔的品种、选择及引种注意事项

1品种 肉兔,一类是国外引入品种有新西兰兔、加利福尼亚兔、丹麦兔、比利时兔、青紫蓝兔、日本大耳白兔等;另一类是国内培育的品种有虎皮黄兔、塞北兔、安阳灰兔、哈白兔等;还有一类是从国外引进的配套系生产的肉兔有齐卡兔、布列塔尼亚兔、伊普吕兔等。毛兔,比较知名的有镇海系巨型长毛兔、唐行长毛兔、皖系长毛兔、南汇系长毛兔、莱芜系粗毛型长毛兔、珍珠系长毛兔、烟台长毛兔和泰山系长毛兔。     

无公害肉兔养殖新技术

1 肉兔品种选择 肉兔品种有伊拉兔、布列塔尼亚兔、齐卡兔、新西兰兔、加利福尼亚兔、日本大耳白兔等。在引种的时候，种兔应来自有种兔生产经营许可证的种兔场，生长发育正常，健康无病；引进的种兔应隔离30天，经观察无病后方可人生产群；不要从疫区引兔；肉兔场要逐渐做到自繁自养。     

晋阳肉兔配套系杂交效果研究

对以新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔为基础群经过 3个世代纯种选育的父系 (晋 系 ) ,母系(晋 系 )进行配合力测定 ,结果表明 :在 CP1 6.1 3%、CF1 4.57%的中等偏下营养条件下 ,晋 系×晋 系、晋 系×晋 系、晋 系×晋 系 ,42～ 77日龄平均日增重分别为 2 6.62 g、2 6.1 0 g和30 .2 3g,日增重的杂种优势率为 1 4.68%( P<0 .0 1 ) ;料肉比分别为 3.1 6∶ 1、3.37∶ 1和 2 .82∶ 1 ,料肉比的杂种优势率为 1 3.63%( P<0 .0 1 ) ;屠宰率分别为 54.1 2 %、56.2 1 %和 55.79%,屠宰率的杂种优势率为 1 .1 3%( P>0 .0 5)。     

六个肉兔杂交组合筛选试验

为了提高商品肉兔的日增重和成活率,试验采用比利时兔分别与新西兰兔、加利福尼亚兔和齐卡兔组成6个正反交杂交组合,进行品种间杂交组合筛选试验。结果表明:试验组在日增重、料重比和成活率方面的杂交优势较明显,其中比利时兔(♂)×新西兰兔(♀)组与双亲对照组相比在日增重、料重比、28日龄成活率和90日龄成活率上的优势更为明显。     

饲养家兔失败的原因分析及对策

1 选好品种饲养肉兔不要一味追求大型品种，因为从成年时绝对重量看，大型品种虽然体重高，但饲养期长，饲料消耗多，肉的品质差。应选择早期生长速度快，3月龄以前体重即可达2.5千克标准体重的中型品种如新西兰白兔、布列塔尼亚兔(法国配套系)、齐卡兔(德国配套系)等饲养。另外，在选择品种时还应考虑到自身饲养管理条件，因为早期生长速度快的品种，往往对饲养管理条件要求较高。在一般饲养条件下，可选择青紫蓝兔(该兔为皮肉兼用品种，适应性较好)、加里福尼亚兔、丹麦兔、塞北兔和杂种兔等。2 饲养方式2.1 集约化生产所谓集约化生产，可…     

引入西藏高原的家兔血液生化参数的比较研究

对引入西藏高原多年的加利福尼亚兔和中国白兔的12项血清生化指标进行测定,并与SPF新西兰兔进行比较。结果显示：①3个品种公兔之间,加尼福利亚兔与中国白兔比较,AST、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、GLU、CRE、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,TG、BUN差异显著（P〈0．05）,其中TP、ALB、A／G、CRE、CHOL、LDH表现极强的公兔特征,而ALT、GLU母兔明显高于公兔;加利福尼亚兔与SPF新西兰兔比较。ALT、A／G、CRE、TG、BUN差异显著（P〈0．05）,AST、CHOL、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）;中国白兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、AST、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、CRE、CHOL、TG差异极显著（P〈0．01）;②3个品种母兔之间,加利福尼亚兔与中国白兔比较,ALT、GLO、CRE、TG差异显著（P〈0．05）,AST、TP、BUN、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,加利福尼亚兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、BUN、CRE、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,AST、TG差异显著（P〈0．05）;中国白兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、CRE、CHOL、TG、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,BUN、AST差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

提高母兔春季繁殖力的技术措施

母兔是兔群的基础,春季又是家兔繁殖的好季节。加强母兔饲养管理,缩短母兔繁殖周期,确保仔幼兔有较高的成活率,是春季养兔的工作重点。那么,怎样才能抓住时机,充分发挥母兔的生产优势,提高母兔繁殖力,加快兔群数量增长呢?在生产实践中应主要采取以下技术措施。1 引进良种与自繁自养相结合,充分利用杂种优势生产商品兔 北方以饲养肉兔为主,在生产上适宜规模养殖的品种主要有新西兰白兔、加利福尼亚兔、伊普吕兔和布列塔尼亚兔,这些品种的优点是生长发育快、繁殖性能好、饲料报酬高、适应性强,屠宰率都在50％以上。进行不同品种间杂交,可获得较高的杂种优势,如加利福尼亚兔×新西兰白兔,在增重、     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.