鸡新城疫-传染性支气管炎-禽流感(HH9亚型)-传染性法氏囊病四联灭活疫苗的研究

为研制鸡新城疫(ND)-传染性支气管炎(IB)-禽流感(AI,H9亚型)-传染性法氏囊病(IBD)四联灭活疫苗,用易感鸡胚增殖NDV La Sota株、IBV M41株及AIV H9亚型WD株,用DF-1细胞增殖IBDV BJQ902株,收获病毒液,经浓缩、灭活后,制成3批油乳剂灭活疫苗。按照《中国兽药典》对疫苗进行检验。结果显示:3批疫苗的性状检验、装量检验、无菌检验、甲醛、汞类防腐剂残留量测定和安全性检验均合格。效力检验显示:NDV血凝抑制(HI)效价为6.0～6.2 log2;IBV HI效价二免是首免的8.00～13.92倍;AIV(H9)HI效价8.8～9.1 log2;IBDV中和抗体效价15.7～16.1 log2。攻毒后免疫鸡均100%保护(10/10),对照鸡全部发病(5/5)。研究结果表明制备的四联苗安全有效、免疫效力高,为该疫苗的产业化开发提供了依据。     

鸡传染性支气管炎微量血凝抑制试验方法的研究

用胰酶处理鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)制成血凝(HA)抗原,HA＝1:16384,用此抗原建立了微量血凝抑制试验(HI)方法检测IBV阳性血清。IBV阳性血清鸡胚病毒中和试验(NT)结果与HI效价呈正相关,相关系数r＝0.29,HI效价达1:8以上可保护鸡胚抵抗200个MLD的IBV攻击,表明HI抗体是保护性抗体,该方法具有较大的实用价值。     

呼吸型IBV-M41血凝抗原的研制与应用

利用A型魏氏梭菌滤液处理100倍浓缩的IBV-M41株病毒液,成功研制出IBV血凝抗原,HA效价为1∶256～1∶1024,且仅与IBV阳性血清发生反应,而不与其它标准阳性血清反应。建立了IBV的血凝抑制(HI)反应条件,以梅里亚公司和荷兰GD公司生产的IBV商品血凝抗原作为对照,对免疫鸡和SPF鸡血清进行了抗体测定,检测结果无明显差异,且HI检测结果与IDEXX诊断试剂盒的结果符合率为94.2%。研究表明:本实验所建立的方法敏感性高、特异性强,适合于SPF鸡监测和IB疫苗免疫效果检测。     

鸡新城疫-传染性法氏囊病-禽流感(H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗的研究

为研制鸡新城疫(ND)-传染性法氏囊病(IBD)-禽流感(AI,H9亚型)三联灭活疫苗,用新城疫病毒(NDV)La Sota株及H9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)WD株分别接种易感鸡胚培养,用传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)BJQ902株接种DF-1细胞培养,收获病毒液,经超滤浓缩、甲醛灭活后,加入油佐剂乳化制成3批疫苗。对3批制品进行了检验,其性状检验、装量检查、无菌检验、甲醛、汞类防腐剂残留量测定均符合要求,鸡对疫苗无任何不良反应。效力检验结果显示:ND部分以20μL/只剂量免疫,血凝抑制(HI)效价达5.6~6.1 log_2,攻毒后均能提供100%保护;IBD部分以0.5 mL/只剂量免疫,中和抗体效价达16.0~16.4 log_2,攻毒后均能提供100%保护;AI(H9亚型)部分以0.3 mL/只剂量免疫,HI效价达8.7~9.0 log_2,攻毒后均能提供100%保护。试验结果证实,研制的疫苗安全、免疫效力高。     

传染性支气管炎病毒(M41株)HI试验抗原的特异性和敏感性试验

采用本研究室制备的3批传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV,M41株)HI试验抗原,分别对100份和80份不同鸡血清进行IBV HI抗体检测,同时用IBV ELISA抗体检测试剂盒进行检测,比较两种不同方法检测的特异性和敏感性。结果显示,特异性试验中80份SPF鸡血清,自制抗原检测均为阴性,IBV ELISA检测79份为阴性,10份其他鸡病血清,两种方法检测9份均为阴性,10份IBV阳性血清两种方法检测均为阳性;敏感性试验中,74份已知IB疫苗免疫或IBV M41株感染鸡血清IBV HI检测72份为阳性,阳性检出率为97.3%(72/74),IBV ELISA检测74份均为阳性,阳性检出率为100%(74/74),SPF鸡血清及其他鸡病血清,两种方法检测均为阴性,两种检测方法总符合率为97.5%,差异不显著(P0.05)。试验结果证明,本研究室自制抗原具有良好的特异性,特异性为100%,抗原同时具有良好的敏感性,但IBV ELISA方法的敏感性要高于IBV HI方法。     

一株H3N2亚型犬流感病毒的分离鉴定

从北京市延庆区某疑似发生犬流感的德国牧羊犬采集犬鼻拭子,采用鸡胚接种、传代、HI试验、HA和NA基因扩增和序列同源性分析及比格犬回归试验等方法对病毒进行分离鉴定。结果表明,分离的病毒具有HA活性,且HA活性可被H3亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清所抑制(HI抗体效价为1∶160),与H1、H5、H7亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清和犬流感阴性血清HI试验均为阴性反应(HI抗体效价1∶10)。分离病毒HA基因、NA基因与A/canine/Georgia/89750.1/2017(H3N2)毒株HA、NA基因的同源性均为99.8%。攻毒后第4天开始,2只犬均出现体温升高、咳嗽、流鼻和精神沉郁等临床症状,并从鼻拭子中分离到病毒,该病毒是一株H3N2亚型的犬流感病毒,将其命名为A/canine/China/Huabei-170607/2017(H3N2)。     

进口法国种鸽新城疫病毒的分离和鉴定

用鸡成纤维细胞和鸡胚从30只进口法国种鸽中分离出一株病毒,细胞培养物的HA效价为3log2,尿囊液的HA效价为4log2,新城疫阳性血清能抑制这种血凝作用,HI效价均为7log2,禽流感阳性血清不能抑制这种血凝作用.通过透射电镜观察、毒力测定等最终确认,分离出的病毒为新城疫病毒.     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒血凝抑制试验抗原的研制

为应用血凝抑制(HI)试验检验鸡传染性支气管炎疫苗免疫效力(血清、卵黄抗体水平),建立了鸡传染性支气管炎病毒HI试验抗原的制备方法。该方法是通过选取抗原谱最广的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M41株,经SPF鸡胚增殖培养36h后无菌收取鸡胚尿囊液,4℃、12 000r/min离心10min,上清用聚乙二醇(PEG)20000浓缩100倍;兔源A型产气荚膜梭菌中国标准株(C57-1株)37℃增殖培养18h,4℃、12 000r/min离心10min取上清,经PEG 20000透析袋浓缩5倍后通过0.20μm滤膜过滤除菌,然后将IBV液和A型产气荚膜梭菌菌液(含α毒素)二者按一定比例混合后经37℃恒温振荡感作2h,4℃经48h后制成。经大量试验表明,制备的IBV HI试验抗原效价高、稳定性好,可替代进口抗原应用于鸡群IBV疫苗免疫后血清抗体及卵黄抗体的HI效价检测。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒M41株鸡胚增殖工艺研究

为研究鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M41标准毒株在鸡胚上的最佳生产工艺,试验用IBV M41株分别以不同剂量接种同一胚龄不同鸡胚、不同胚龄普通鸡胚,以及IBV M41株接种普通鸡胚后不同培养时间收获鸡胚尿囊液,比较不同培养条件下制备病毒液的产量及病毒效价。结果显示:IBV M41株接种无传染性支气管炎病毒母源抗体的SPF鸡胚最佳病毒接种剂量为104.5EID50,接种含有IBV母源抗体的普通鸡胚最佳病毒接种剂量为105.1EID50,最佳接种胚龄为11日胚龄,最佳收毒时间为48 h。按照此工艺制备疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,IBV抗体效价均符合规程标准。研究结果为用鸡胚高效、大量生产IBV M41株病毒抗原进而生产合格的IB疫苗提供了数据支持。     

2017年盐田区禽流感预警监测结果与分析

一、样品采集与检测项目共进行了4次检测样品采集,共采集鸡喉拭子109份分别进行禽流感病毒分离,具体情况见表1。二、检测内容及结果将鸡喉拭子样品做10000xg,4℃,15min离心处理,经0.45μm过滤器过滤除菌,经尿囊腔接种9日龄SPF鸡胚,3枚/份,0.1ml/枚,置37℃孵化机孵化。弃24h内死亡的鸡胚,收集并检测24h至72h的鸡胚尿囊液,进行血凝试验(HA),对HA价达2log以上胚液,分别用H5亚型禽流感HI标准血清、H7亚型禽流感HI标准血清、H9亚型禽流感HI标准血清进行血凝抑制试验(HI)。对HA检测阳性样品鸡胚尿囊液进行RNA抽提,经禽流感(H5、H7、H9)特异性引物进行RT-PCR扩增,检测结果具体情况见表2。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.