双价抗虫植物表达载体p3300-bt-pta转化苜蓿的初步研究

以中苜1号无菌苗子叶为外植体,采用农杆菌介导的叶盘法,将含有CryIA(a)/CryIA(c)基因、半夏凝集素(pta)基因和bar基因的双价抗虫植物表达载体p3300-Bt-pta导入苜蓿子叶中,在含除草剂的筛选培养基中连续筛选,获得抗性转化植株.研究了农杆菌菌液浓度、浸染时间、共培养时间等因素对苜蓿转化效率的影响,结果表明:各因素对苜蓿转化率均有不同程度的影响,当转化的菌液浓度OD600为0.6、浸染时间为10min、共培养时间为3d时转化效率较好.载体的抗性基因为除草剂草丁膦抗性的Bar基因,对子叶外植体的最佳筛选浓度为8mg/L;抑制农杆菌所用Carb的有效工作浓度为400mg/L,以后继代逐次减少用量到100mg/L;按此方法以根癌农杆菌菌株EHA105介导,将双基因Bt和pta导入紫花苜蓿品种"中苜1号",最终获得122棵除草剂草丁膦(ppt)抗性的植株,经过初步的PCR及RT-PCR分子生物学检测,有30棵检测到特异性条带,表明外源基因已成功整合到苜蓿基因组中,并在转录水平得到表达.     

农杆菌介导的smt1富硒基因转化紫花苜蓿研究

利用遗传转化,将硒富基因转入紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）是提高苜蓿富硒能力,解决当前硒不足问题的有效途径之一。本研究以“中苜1号”紫花苜蓿为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法将来自硒超富集植物二沟黄芪(Astragalus bisulcatus)的硒代半胱氨酸甲基转移酶基因(smt1)转入苜蓿,并以3 mg·L-1潮霉素进行筛选,获得转化植株10株。结果表明,5株均能扩增出与smt1基因大小相符的条带。RT PCR检测结果表明,2株目的基因表达呈阳性,这表明smt1基因已成功转入紫花苜蓿基因组中,且可以在植株中正常表达。     

Transformation of alfalfa with smtl gene mediated by agrobacterium

利用遗传转化,将硒富基因转入紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）是提高苜蓿富硒能力,解决当前硒不足问题的有效途径之一。本研究以＂中苜1号＂紫花苜蓿为受体材料,通过农杆菌介导法将来自硒超富集植物二沟黄芪（Astragalus bisulcatus）的硒代半胱氨酸甲基转移酶基因（smt1）转入苜蓿,并以3mg.L-1潮霉素进行筛选,获得转化植株10株。结果表明,5株均能扩增出与smt1基因大小相符的条带。RT-PCR检测结果表明,2株目的基因表达呈阳性,这表明smt1基因已成功转入紫花苜蓿基因组中,且可以在植株中正常表达。     

东方山羊豆GoGID基因表达载体构建及紫花苜蓿转化

根据已经克隆得到的东方山羊豆赤霉素受体(GoGID)基因,扩增编码区cDNA.以pBI121为基础载体,采用酶切连接法,构建植物超表达载体pBI121-GoGID.酶切鉴定表明:目的基因已经正确插入载体中,超表达载体构建成功.采用CaCl₂冻融法将重组载体转入农杆菌菌株中.以叶片为外植体,采用农杆菌介导的愈伤组织培养法,转化紫花苜蓿(Medicage sativa),得到抗性苗.对载体携带的nptⅡ基因、GUS基因进行PCR检测均成阳性,表明目的基因已成功导入紫花苜蓿基因组中.同时对转基因植株进行Southern-blot及RT-PCR检测,并均得到目的条带.本研究为进一步分析GoGID基因对紫花苜蓿生物量影响奠定了基础.     

紫花苜蓿MsZFN基因超表达载体的构建及对烟草的转化

对紫花苜蓿一种新的CCCH类型锌指蛋白基因进行克隆及转化到烟草中,为研究该基因的功能提供依据。将紫花苜蓿锌指蛋白MsZFN基因(EU624138)连接到载体pBI121上,构建成植物表达载体pBI-ZFN。将表达载体转化到感受态农杆菌株LBA4404中,利用农杆菌介导的方法,以烟草无菌苗叶片为外植体,转化烟草,经卡那霉素筛选获得十几个烟草再生植株。对其中四个再生植株进行PCR和Southern检测,证明目的基因已经整合到烟草基因组中,通过RT-PCR检测,初步证明目的基因在烟草中可以表达。     

水稻金属硫蛋白基因(rgMT)遗传转化的紫花苜蓿耐盐性分析

采用根癌农杆菌介导法将从水稻(Oryza sativa)中克隆出的一个金属硫蛋白基因(rgMT)转化到紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种"农菁1号"中,经PCR和Northern blot技术对获得的抗性植株进行了检测,证明rgMT基因已整合到苜蓿基因组中并在转基因植株中转录表达。以野生型苜蓿为对照,对获得的转基因苜蓿株系在不同浓度NaCl、NaHCO3胁迫下的表型和生理指标测定发现,NaCl、NaHCO3胁迫处理后,野生型苜蓿受胁迫严重甚至死亡,转基因苜蓿受胁迫较轻。转基因苜蓿的脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于野生型(P0.05),细胞膜透性显著低于野生型,野生型苜蓿叶片中积累的过氧化氢高于转基因苜蓿的叶片中积累的过氧化氢。研究结果表明,rgMT基因已在苜蓿中表达,并且提高了转基因苜蓿的耐盐性。     

DREB2A基因对苜蓿遗传转化的研究

以黑龙江紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa主栽品种:肇东苜蓿、敖汉苜蓿、公农1号和公农2号为受体材料,系统地探讨了除菌剂种类和浓度以及卡那霉素筛选浓度等,建立了高效的苜蓿再生体系和遗传转化体系;分别构建了由诱导型启动子rd29A和组成型启动子E12调控的DREB2A基因的2个植物表达载体pB2A29A和pB2AE12;采用农杆菌介导法进行遗传转化,获得大量转基因抗性植株并进行了分子生物学(PCR和Southern blot)检测.结果表明,DREB2A基因已整合到苜蓿基因组中.     

BADH/pepB双价基因无选择标记表达载体转化苜蓿的初步研究

选用公农1号紫花苜蓿,以5～7d莆龄的无菌子叶为外植体,通过农杆菌介导法将含有甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)和酸性蛋白酶(pepB)双价基因的无选择标记表达载体导入苜蓿子叶中,并用含有Na2CO3和NaHCO3碱性盐溶液的培养基进行筛选,得到抗盐碱转化植株.碱性盐浓度48mmol/L宜于子叶愈伤诱导,有利于转化植株的获得.对转化植株进行PCR检测,初步证明目的基囚序列已经整合剑苜楷基因组中.移栽成活的13棵碱性盐抗性植株经PCR检测有3棵植株呈阳性.     

GFP基因在苜蓿转化组织中的荧光表达量分析

利用农杆菌介导法将溶菌酶(Lyz)与绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因转入"甘农3号"紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)中,获得含有双元基因的紫花苜蓿转基因植株。在荧光显微镜下对不同处理、不同培养时期的苜蓿转化愈伤组织及再生转化植株进行荧光检测和荧光表达量的对比分析。结果表明:经预培养的转化愈伤组织中的荧光表达量明显高于未经预培养的转化子;3 d为共培养的最佳时间;侵染时经过摇床上摇动的负压处理,荧光表达量高于静止状态;共培养3 d后的转化荧光表达量达最强,随培养时间延长,表达量少量减少,但能够稳定表达。     

紫花苜蓿MsCOL1基因RNAi表达载体的构建及转化

根据紫花苜蓿CONSTANS类似基因MsCOL1基因(登录号:DQ661682)序列,设计含有酶切位点的两对特异性引物,以紫花苜蓿cDNA为模板,分别合成用于构建干扰载体的正反义片段,将正反义片段分别插入表达载体pART27的相应位置,构建含有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-S-A.利用农杆菌介导方法,将pART-S-A转化到紫花苜蓿中,经PCR检测,获得了7株转基因植株.经RT-PCR检测,证明转基因植株中MsCOL1基因表达量有所下降,其中5株的表达量明显的降低.结果表明,已构建成功具有发夹结构的RNAi载体pART-S-A,它可有效的抑制紫花苜蓿MsCOL1基因.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。