油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培技术规程的编制

根据多年的试验总结,研究油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培的要求,以及油葵栽培、饲用谷子栽培等技术要求,明确了该技术规程的具体措施与技术指标,旨在提供油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化的技术支撑。     

油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培技术规程的编制

根据多年的试验总结,研究油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培的要求,以及油葵栽培、饲用谷子栽培等技术要求,明确了该技术规程的具体措施与技术指标,旨在提供油葵—饲用谷子复种栽培规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化的技术支撑。     

山西省大同市早播饲用燕麦叶部真菌病害病原鉴定及影响因素分析

山西省大同市是我国饲用燕麦的主产区之一，叶部真菌病害已成为限制其生产的主要因素，但目前尚不清楚病害种类及病原。此外，早播燕麦罹患病害产生的侵染源可能增加复种植物病害流行风险，阻碍燕麦可持续生产，迫切需要明确影响早播燕麦病害发生程度的主要因素，有针对性地制定防治措施。鉴于此，利用形态学特征和致病性测定对大同市天镇县的早播饲用燕麦种植田发现的叶部真菌病害进行鉴定，并且分析了收获期病情指数和病害影响因素之间的关系。结果表明：早播饲用燕麦共发现3种由真菌引致的叶部病害，分别为禾谷炭疽菌（Colletotrichum cereale）引致的叶枯病，燕麦内脐孺孢（Drechslera avenacea）引致的条斑病和禾柄锈菌燕麦转化型（Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae）引致的秆锈病。不同种植和管理方式下，饲用燕麦叶枯病、条斑病和秆锈病均有不同程度发生，病情指数均值分别在1.9~5.6，1.0~6.2和0~0.9。相关性分析表明：喷灌是导致条斑病发病严重的主要因素，豆禾混播能降低饲用燕麦叶枯病的发生程度。此外，土壤速效N和速效K含量也能影响叶枯病和秆锈病的发生。建议牧草种植者在生产饲用燕麦时，采用合理的灌溉和施肥模式，推广牧草混播等种植技术，使用低毒高效杀菌剂对早播饲用燕麦进行病害防治，保证饲用燕麦产业的可持续发展。     

饲用燕麦莫妮卡在黔南州地区的生产性能评价

黔南州饲用燕麦种植试点项目是2020年贵州省优质饲草生产试点建设项目的子项目,是为了监测饲用燕麦莫妮卡黔南州种植的生产性能和饲喂效果。项目通过在黔南州荔波县和独山县2个县开展试点种植,在9个养殖场采用单播种植方式共种植26.67 hm~2,对其中2个养殖场进行了产量、高度和饲喂家畜效果等监测记录分析。结果表明,饲用燕麦莫妮卡是肉牛养殖在冬春补饲中的一种很好的粗饲料,提升了冬闲田的产值,同时饲用燕麦具有很好的采食量和转化率,从而降低了草食畜养殖成本,提高了肉牛养殖经济效益,具有很好的推广利用价值。     

饲用谷种生产技术规程

根据多年的试验总结,研究饲用谷种生产技术规程的适用范围、定义、基地选择、播前准备、播种要求、田间管理、收获、检验、贮存等技术要求,明确了该技术规程的具体措施与技术指标,旨在提供饲用谷种在大田种植规范化、标准化、产业化方面的技术支撑。     

影响酶制剂发挥作用的主要因素

一、饲粮类型 根据不同的饲粮类型,选用不同的酶制剂。Friesen等(1992)在含35％的大麦、燕麦、黑麦的肉用雏鸡饲粮中分别添加β-葡聚糖酶,发现大麦、燕麦组的日增重和饲料转化率显著提高(P<0.01),而黑麦组效果不明显。分析测定表明,大麦、燕麦中的β-葡聚糖含量较高,而小麦、黑麦中主要是阿拉伯木聚糖。因此,在含小麦、黑麦的饲粮中应添加木聚糖酶,而在含大麦、燕麦的饲粮中应添加β-葡聚糖酶。     

无公害饲用甜高粱种植技术规程

根据多年的试验总结,研究饲用甜高粱种植技术规程的适用范围、种植基本要求、播前准备、播种要求、田间管理、刈割收获、运输和贮藏以及台账管理等技术要求,明确了该技术规程的具体措施与技术指标,旨在为无公害饲用甜高粱种植提供规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化的技术支撑。     

绿色富硒饲用谷子种植技术规程探讨

根据多年的试验总结,研究富硒饲用谷子种植技术规程的适用范围、种植要求、播前准备、播种要求、田间管理、刈割、运输和贮藏以及台账管理等技术要求,明确了该技术规程的具体措施与技术指标,旨在提供富硒饲用谷子种植规范化、标准化、产业化、市场化的技术支撑。     

瓜州县饲用燕麦生产技术要点

燕麦为禾本科燕麦,属一年生植物,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量较高,富含多种维生素和矿物质,是一种营养价值很高的粮草兼用的作物。本文介绍了饲用燕麦的生产技术,包括燕麦的生物学特性、种植技术、田间管理、病虫害防治及收获等内容,希望能为广大种植户提供参考。     

饲用燕麦育种研究进展与展望

燕麦是一种一年生禾本科作物，具有耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、抗旱耐寒、适应性广等特性，可广泛种植于欧洲、北美洲和亚洲的北纬40°以北的温带地区。同时，燕麦产草量高、营养价值高、适口性好、消化率高、适于青贮和调制干草，因此，燕麦是一种粮饲兼用的重要杂粮作物。根据燕麦籽粒是否被麸皮包裹可分为皮燕麦和裸燕麦。目前，我国多种植不带麸皮的裸燕麦，主要用于食用，而国外以种植带麸皮的皮燕麦为主，主要用于饲喂牲畜。在大力发展畜牧业的今天，我国的饲用燕麦品种是严重不足的。因此，我国制定并实施了“草牧业”“粮改饲”“引草入田”等系列政策，促进了饲用燕麦产业的快速发展。在国家政策和产业需求的大力支持和引导下，饲用燕麦的种植面积不断扩大，对新品种的需求也日益迫切，对饲用燕麦的育种工作也提出更高的要求。本研究综述了国内外饲草燕麦的：1）种质资源收集、整理和鉴定评价；2）常规育种的4个发展阶段；3）分子技术在燕麦科研与育种中的利用。基于以上研究的梳理总结，明确当前饲用燕麦的育种需求，分析饲用燕麦育种的重点、难点和热点问题，为我国饲用燕麦育种的现代化发展提供重要参考。     

青海省农区种草及复种饲草初探

通过连续四年对青海省农区种草及复种饲草项目进行技术指导服务工作,对青海省农区种草及复种饲草发展现状及前景进行了总结探讨,并有针对性提出一些意见建议。     

吉林地区麦后复种饲用油菜与燕麦混播效应研究

旨在探讨适合吉林地区麦后复种饲用油菜与燕麦混合播种方案。试验以单播油菜（15 kg·hm^-2）和燕麦（220 kg·hm^-2）为对照组，按照播种量占单独播种量50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%的比例进行组合混播，以A~F顺序标记燕麦播种率，以1~6顺序标记油菜播种率，设定3次重复，共计108个试验小区。播种后分别在油菜抽薹期、盛花期、结荚期取样，对作物的生产性能进行评价，并采用灰色系统理论对结果进行分析。结果表明：抽薹期试验组干草产量范围是3999.89~5367.28 kg DM·hm^-2，粗蛋白质含量范围是10.16%~13.99%，中性洗涤纤维含量范围是49.88%~64.51%，酸性洗涤纤维含量范围是36.88%~41.52%。盛花期试验组干草产量范围是5102.35~6453.52 kg DM·hm^-2，粗蛋白质含量范围是11.28%~16.01%，中性洗涤纤维含量范围是57.99%~69.37%，酸性洗涤纤维含量范围是33.88%~48.80%。结荚期试验组干草产量范围是5737.16~6988.16 kg DM·hm^-2，粗蛋白质含量范围是9.25%~13.12%，中性洗涤纤维含量范围是57.10%~68.88%，酸性洗涤纤维含量范围是32.99%~41.01%。表明混播处理C₁在油菜抽薹期和盛花期的综合评价最高，干草产量分别为5281.23及6152.52 kg DM·hm^-2。混播处理C₂在结荚期综合评价最优，干草产量为6988.16 kg DM·hm^-2。     

陇东黄土高原饲草作物生产力研究

针对陇东黄土高原作物-家畜系统中家畜饲草质量和供给数量不足的现状,对饲草作物的生产力进行了研究。试验种植了8种饲草作物包括饲料玉米（Zea mays)、苏丹草（Sorghum sudanense)、湖南稷子(Echinochloa crusgalli var.frumentacea )、谷子(Setaria italica)、箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa cv.6625 )、燕麦（Avena sativa）和多年生饲草紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）,以及玉米、高粱和谷子混合后种植的和草（当地传统的饲草作物,是家畜的主要饲草来源,以收获植物营养体为主）。饲草作物采用轮作序列：玉米－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（MVO）、苏丹草－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（SVO）、湖南稷子－箭筈豌豆－燕麦轮作（PVO）、谷子－箭筈豌豆－和草轮作（MVM）和多年生苜蓿连作。结果表明,玉米的产量最高,达到9.5 t·hm-2·a-1,苏丹草（5.8 t·hm-2·a-1）次之,燕麦（5.4 t·hm-2·a-1）和湖南稷子（4.0 t·hm-2·a-1）的产量依次降低,谷子的产量是3.7 t·hm-2·a-1,苜蓿为3.4 t·hm-2·a-1,和草的产量最低,是2.1 t·hm-2·a-1;轮作系统中,产量顺序依次为MVO轮作系统（7.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞SVO轮作系统（5.6 t·hm-2·a-1）＞PVO轮作系统（4.8 t·hm-2·a-1）＞苜蓿（3.4 t·hm-2·a-1）＞MVM轮作系统（2.9 t·hm-2·a-1）。在生产实践中,春季饲草作物饲料玉米、苏丹草和湖南稷子适合在当地生长,夏季饲草作物燕麦在当地表现良好,值得大面积推广种植。     

Effects of cereal grain supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients and concentrations of fermentation end-products in the feces and serum of horses consuming alfalfa cubes

Twenty geldings (five groups; similar age and BW) were used in a completely randomized design experiment to determine effects of grain supplementation of an alfalfa-cube diet on apparent nutrient digestibility and hindgut fermentation. The geldings were housed individually, fed their diets in two equal meals (0600 and 1800), and adapted to five dietary treatments over 6 wk. The treatments were alfalfa cubes (1% of BW; DM basis) without (control) or with one of four rolled cereal grains (i.e., barley, corn, naked oats, or oats) to provide a target level of 0.4% of BW as total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). Due to acute laminitis, three geldings (one in the control group and two in the barley group) were excluded. Because of this and multiple incidents of gas colic, TNC level was decreased to 0.2% of BW to ensure the geldings' health throughout the adaptation (7 d) and sample collection (5 d) periods. Grain intakes varied (P < 0.05) and reflected the different TNC concentrations. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and cellulose were not affected (P > 0.05) by grain supplementation and averaged 63.2, 63.1, 79.5, 42.7, 39.9, and 50.3%, respectively. Regardless of the source, grain supplementation increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility of TNC (from 85.6 to 94.6%) and decreased (P < 0.05) fecal pH (from 7.04 to 6.74). Fecal concentrations of total VFA (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley and naked oats diets (averaging 11.73), intermediate for the oats diet (8.00), and least for the control and corn diets (averaging 5.00; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of lactate (microg/g of DM) were greatest for the barley diet (254), intermediate for the oats diet (138), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 100; P < 0.05). Fecal concentrations of NH3 N (mg/g of DM) were greatest for the naked oats diet (1.68), intermediate for the barley and oats diets (averaging 0.86), and least for the remaining diets (averaging 0.63; P < 0.05). Serum concentration of lactate was 46% higher (P < 0.05) for the control than for the grain diets (averaging 0.05 mg/100 mL). Feeding barley, corn, naked oats, and oats contributed to 13, 15, 8, and 20% higher (P < 0.05) serum NH3 N concentrations than the control diet (0.25 mg/100 mL). Higher (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of urea N (mg/100 mL) were detected for the control, barley, and naked oats diets (averaging 25.28) than for the corn or oats diets (averaging 22.21). Results suggest that horses consuming alfalfa cubes could be supplemented with rolled barley, corn, naked oats, or oats at levels not exceeding 0.2% of BW as TNC without affecting nutrient digestion or overall health negatively.     

黑龙港地区晚春播青贮玉米品种的生产性能及适应性评价

在河北省黑龙港地区选择深州市护驾迟、威县赵村和沧县前营3个试验点,对14个青贮玉米品种的生育期、农艺性状、抗逆性、生物产量和饲用品质等指标进行综合评定,旨在筛选出晚春播条件下适宜和饲用小黑麦搭配种植的青贮玉米品种,为该地区"粮改饲"及草牧业发展提供技术支撑。结果表明:北农青贮2932、北农青贮208和辽单青贮625与饲用小黑麦搭配种植较好。3个品种生物产量均超过1 300kg/hm~2,一致表现为抗病、抗倒,生长期适中、叶量丰富、饲用品质优,适宜在黑龙港地区晚春播条件下和饲用小黑麦复种,形成饲用小黑麦-青贮玉米复种模式。     

不同耕作方式对麦茬复种饲草干草产量的影响

在山西小麦主产区临汾市、晋中市采用免耕和传统耕作方式,麦茬复种饲用玉米、高丹草及饲用高粱等10个品种,通过其生产性能分析确定麦茬饲草的种植模式。结果表明,利用麦茬休闲地种植饲料作物,其生育期一般都较春播的时间短,且各个生育期间隔时间也缩短。在免耕条件下,10种饲草的平均干草产量显著高于传统耕作的干草产量,临汾试验区和晋中试验区其干草产量分别增产1747kg/hm2和2939kg/hm2。     

Feed preference in pigs: effect of cereal sources at different inclusion rates

The palatability of different cereals was studied in 2 two-way choice (preference) experiments using pigs of 56 d of age and 17 kg of BW. In Exp. 1, the effect of 24 cereals vs. a common reference diet containing white rice on feed preference in pigs was studied. Pigs were offered free choice between the reference diet and a diet with the cereal under study for 4 d. Barley, corn (2 sources), wheat, cassava meal, biscuit meal, rye, sorghum, and 1 source of oats were tested at inclusion rates of 300 and 600 g x kg(-1). Short-grain rice (whole, brown, or extruded white), long-grain white rice (raw and cooked), extruded barley, extruded corn, extruded wheat, oats (2 sources), thick rolled oats, cooked oats, and naked oats (raw, extruded, or micronized) were tested at inclusion rates of 150, 300, and 600 g x kg(-1). Relative preference of cereals (% of total feed intake) was affected by type of cereal and by rate of inclusion. The diets containing extruded rice (150 g x kg(-1)), extruded naked oats (150, 300, and 600 g x kg(-1)), or naked oats (150 and 300 g x kg(-1)) were preferred (P < 0.05) by pigs to the reference diet. However, the reference diet was preferred (P < 0.05) to the diets containing 150, 300, and 600 g x kg(-1) of cooked long-grain rice, oats, or cooked oats, 300 and 600 g x kg(-1) of extruded wheat, wheat, corn, sorghum, or unhulled short-grain rice, and 600 g x kg(-1) of thick rolled oats, extruded corn, rye, extruded barley, micronized naked oats, barley, cassava, or biscuit meal. Extrusion improved (P < 0.05) preference values for corn and naked oats by pigs, but had no effect on barley, rice, or wheat. In Exp. 2, the preferences of pigs for oats and barley were studied using mash and pelleted diets. Diet form did not affect preference in oats diets. However, for barley, greater preference values were obtained when measured in pelleted form compared with mash form. Additionally, direct 2-way choices were also performed between oats and barley diets and between diets presented in mash and pelleted forms. Pigs preferred barley to oats, and preferred diets presented in pelleted form to those presented in mash form. In conclusion, cereal type, inclusion rate, and diet form affected feed preference in pigs. Using cereals with greater preference values may contribute to the formulation of more palatable feeds, which enhance feed intake of piglets at critical stages such as weaning time.     

追氮时期对饲用燕麦茎秆理化特性和抗倒性的影响

为了明确不同追氮时期对燕麦茎秆形态学特征、理化物质构成的影响及其与倒伏性的关系,本研究以2个饲用燕麦（Avena sativa L.）品种为材料,在大田条件下设置不同追氮时期处理,测定燕麦植株形态学、茎秆理化特性、抗倒性和产量指标。结果表明：随追氮时期后移,2个品种株高、基部节间和穗下节间长度、重心高度和倒伏率呈降低趋势,植株茎粗、茎秆鲜重、机械强度、茎秆中钾、硅、木质素含量在孕穗期追氮达到最高,可溶性糖含量在抽穗期追氮达到最高。与不施氮处理比较,孕穗期追氮处理‘蒙燕1号’和‘蒙特’品种的植株茎秆机械强度提高62.29%和42.72%,茎秆抗倒指数分别提高59.18%和45.58%,干草产量分别提高40.85%和19.22%（P<0.05）。综上,茎秆钾和硅元素、木质素及可溶性糖含量与燕麦抗倒伏性密切相关,在孕穗期追施氮肥有利于提高燕麦抗倒性能并获得较高饲草和种子产量。