鸡蛋胆固醇的沉积机制

本文综述了鸡蛋胆固醇的沉积机制。蛋黄胆固醇主要来源于肝脏合成的蛋黄前体—极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)和卵黄蛋白原(VTG) ,蛋黄胆固醇含量主要取决于VLDL进入卵母细胞的数量。载脂蛋白 -B、载脂蛋白 -Ⅱ(apo -B、apo -II)和卵母细胞原生质膜的受体在VLDL代谢中起着重要作用。通过降低胆固醇合成或替代蛋黄胆固醇来降低蛋黄胆固醇含量作用有限 ,并可能影响卵巢的正常功能和产蛋率等。可望通过调控apo -II和VTG的基因表达来降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。     

家禽卵泡发育与调控机制研究进展

禽蛋的主要营养都集中在蛋黄,而蛋黄在禽类体内由卵泡发育而来,形成过程分为多个阶段,主要包括前期卵母细胞的激活以及后期的卵黄快速沉积。从卵母细胞到成熟卵泡的发育过程中,需要吸收大量卵黄蛋白原(VTG)和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)等营养物质,以保障卵泡的正常发育,期间主要受到性腺激素、日粮以及相关通路的调节。文章阐述了家禽卵泡的发育过程、营养物质沉积、发育影响因素以及主要调控通路,为改善家禽生产性能奠定理论基础。     

产蛋鸡血浆卵黄前体物及其受体研究进展

在雌激素作用下,产蛋鸡肝脏合成卵黄前体物,即极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)和卵黄生成素(VTG),二者分别为卵母细胞生长发育提供能量和营养物质.血浆卵黄前体物水平与蛋鸡生产性能密切相关.卵母细胞卵黄生成受体(OVR)介导卵黄前体物被产蛋鸡吸收,转运到生长中的卵母细胞,是卵黄前体物进入卵母细胞的瓶颈,其内吞VLDL的数量是蛋黄胆固醇含量的决定因素.本文综述了卵黄前体物及其受体类型、结构及其与产蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的关系.     

卵母细胞脂肪酸β-氧化及其对卵母细胞成熟发育的影响研究进展

动物卵母细胞含有大量的脂肪酸,脂肪酸通过β-氧化能够为卵母细胞成熟发育提供能量。许多研究表明,脂肪酸β-氧化促进了卵母细胞成熟和受精后早期胚胎发育。基于此,本文综述了卵母细胞内脂肪酸的种类、来源,脂肪酸β-氧化和调控及其对卵母细胞成熟发育的影响。     

肝脏极低密度脂蛋白合成和分泌的研究进展

肝脏中极低密度脂蛋白(very low-density lipoprotein,VLDL)的过量沉积是引起脂质代谢紊乱进而形成脂肪肝的主要原因.本文综述了VLDL组装过程的最新特点以及肝脏中VLDL合成和分泌的影响因素,包括与VLDL合成相关的载脂蛋白B- 100( apoB-100)的结构和功能、微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋...     

动物脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因表达的调控

脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)催化乙酰辅酶A和丙二酸单酰辅酶A合成脂肪酸 ,从而在动物体脂沉积中发挥重要作用。动物体内脂肪酸合成酶受激素和日粮因素的调控。本文介绍了几种激素及日粮营养成分对脂肪酸合成酶的活性和基因表达调控的影响及其可能的作用机理 ,并就脂肪酸合成酶基因表达调控在实际生产中的应用进行了探讨。     

营养在保证禽产品质量中的作用

1　禽产品的组成肉和蛋都是蛋白质和氨基酸的极好来源 ,是消费者日常饮食的重要组成部分。从营养上讲 ,禽肉和禽蛋都是必需氨基酸的丰富来源 ,1 0 0 g禽肉或 1个鸡蛋就可以满足成年人的氨基酸需要 (表1 )。禽肉和禽蛋在大部分矿物质和维生素方面都是缺乏的。禽产品中的脂肪酸组成有回报饲料脂肪酸的趋势 ,可以利用这一特点来调控禽蛋和禽肉中的脂肪酸组成。表 1　禽肉和禽蛋中几种营养物质的含量与人的日常需要量营养物质 成年人日需要量能供给量10 0 g熟肉 1个鸡蛋蛋白质 ( g) 5 2 2 7 8能量 ( kcal) 2 3 5 0 2 3 910 0钙 ( mg) 75 0 15 3 …     

脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)基因的研究进展以及日粮成分对其表达的调控

脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase,FAS)是一种基本的代谢酶类,催化乙酰CoA和丙二酸单酰CoA合成软脂酸(16:0),脂肪酸合成酶的多少和活性的高低对动物体脂沉积具有重要意义,从而在动物体脂沉积中发挥重要作用。文中对脂肪酸合成酶基因的研究作了简单的介绍,并就日粮(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪和微量元素)和激素对脂肪酸合成酶的活性和基因表达调控的影响进行了论述。     

脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白的生理功能及在禽类中的研究进展

脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A-FABP)又称为脂肪酸结合蛋白4(FABP4)或A-FABP,是脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABPs)家族中的一员,能结合多种疏水性化合物,在脂肪和卵巢组织中分布广泛,参与脂肪酸的合成代谢,作用于卵巢组织中,对于禽类产蛋中脂肪酸的沉积会起到关键的作用,调控禽类产蛋过程中蛋的脂肪酸营养沉积,提高产蛋优良性能。该蛋白又与肌间脂肪(IMF)含量有关,保证了肉质的良好品质,这让AFABP在禽类养殖中的研究逐渐成为热点。论文就该蛋白的生理功能和在禽类中的研究进展做一介绍。     

家禽脂蛋白代谢的研究

脂肪酸的从头合成发生在肝脏,脂肪组织的生长以及后来的肥胖依赖于以脂蛋白形式转运的血浆甘油三酯。在生长禽VLDL(极低密度脂蛋白)是甘油三酯的主要运输形式,要降低肥胖程度就要通过调节VLDL代谢。现在以腹部脂肪含量和血浆VLDL浓度为标准对脂肪品系和瘦肉品系家禽进行选择,而肝脏的生脂作用和脂肪组织中LPL活性在这两个品系中的差异不显著。当肝脏脂肪合成量大于V.LDL的分泌,甘油三酯就会在肝脏中积聚,导致脂肪肝。尽管脂肪肝能降低产蛋量,使母鸡的死淘率升高,但对填鸭和鹅脂肪肝的生产是有利的。VLDL合成和分泌的平衡是调节家禽肝脏和肝外组织肥胖的关键因素。     

Nutritional and management strategies for the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cattle

Fatty liver occurs in dairy cattle during periods of elevated blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Elevated blood NEFAs are associated with hormonal changes at parturition and negative energy balance. Approaches for preventing fatty liver include inhibition of fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissues and altering hepatic metabolism to enhance fatty acid oxidation or export as a constituent of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Nutritional and management strategies to implement these approaches have been examined. Increasing energy density of diet, either by increasing non-fiber carbohydrate or fat, has failed to prevent fatty liver. Two nutritional supplements, ruminally-protected choline and propylene glycol, have proven effective at preventing fatty liver. Choline probably enhances hepatic VLDL secretion. Propylene glycol most likely reduces fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. Shortening or eliminating the dry period is a management strategy that reduces the magnitude of negative energy balance after calving and triglyceride accumulation in the liver.     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on the distribution of fatty acids in serum lipoprotein fractions and different tissues of growing pigs

The effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on blood lipids [total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerols (TAG)] and the fatty acid distribution of the lipoprotein fractions, backfat, muscle fat, and liver lipids were examined in an experiment with two groups of 40 pigs [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)] each. The 20 female and 20 male castrated pigs of each group were fed with isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with either 20 g/kg rapeseed oil (control) or 20 g/kg CLA-TAG. The CLA preparation contained 54.2% pure CLA consisting of approximately two-thirds cis,trans/trans,cis-isomers and one-third trans,trans-isomers. The fatty acids of lipoproteins, backfat, muscle lipids and liver lipids were analysed by gas chromatograph (GC). CLA supplementation did not significantly influence blood lipids and the LDL to HDL ratio. In the CLA-fed pigs the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) contained higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations at the cost of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) remained unchanged. The highest CLA content was analysed in VLDL (4.00%) followed by LDL (2.78%) and HDL (1.45%). The ratio of cis,cis to trans,trans isomers increased from VLDL over LDL to HDL. The content of SFA, probably in backfat and muscle lipids, increased whereas the part of MUFA decreased as a result of reduced Delta9-desaturase activity. The percentage of PUFA (without CLA) was higher in backfat of the control group in accordance with the dietary PUFA supply. This shift in the fatty acid distribution was not observed in the liver lipids. In all the three tissues analysed, the CLA-fed pigs had a significantly increased CLA content: the highest increase was in the backfat (5.65%), followed by liver lipids (2.41%), and muscle lipids (1.47%). An isomer-specific accumulation was observed for cis,cis-CLA isomers in muscle, and for trans,trans-CLA isomers in backfat. We conclude that CLA supplementation results in a higher SFA content in backfat and muscle lipids but not in liver lipids. There is a discrimination of the trans-10, cis-12 isomer and the trans,trans isomers in the formation of the cell membranes.     

Efficacy of sodium borate in the prevention of fatty liver in dairy cows

The effects of sodium borate (100 mg/kg body weight, p.o., 15 days) from a month before expected calving until a month after calving were evaluated in dairy cows susceptible to fatty liver. Cows received either sodium borate (n = 13) or no treatment (n = 10). All cows had mild fatty livers and increased plasma triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations at the beginning of the experiment. The control group of cows developed significant fatty liver after calving, and 2 of them had severe fatty liver associated with clinical and biochemical abnormalities. There were no clinicopathological signs related to sodium borate administration. Serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations before calving decreased significantly at calving and after calving in controls, and they were within the normal range only after calving. There were significant alterations during the experiment in some hematological and chemical variables between groups, within period, but they were within the normal range. Unlike treated cows, serum triglycerides and VLDL concentrations correlated with liver fat content after calving in untreated cows. Our results document that sodium borate decreases the degree of fatty liver in dairy cows during early lactation.     

杜仲叶对绵羊脂肪代谢的影响及其机理

为研究杜仲叶对绵羊脂肪代谢和肉品质的影响,本研究随机选择70~80日龄、体重25~30 kg的绵羊(湖羊)30只,平均分为3组,分别为对照组(CTL组,饲粮中不含杜仲叶)、低水平杜仲叶组(EUL1组,饲粮含10%杜仲叶)和高水平杜仲叶组(EUL2组,饲粮含20%杜仲叶),每组10只。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。采集血液,测定血浆脂质代谢分析指标;采集背最长肌,测定营养物质含量;采集肝脏组织,测定脂肪代谢相关酶和核转录因子的mRNA表达水平和蛋白水平。结果表明:1)各组干物质采食量EUL1组EUL2组CTL组,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)与CTL组相比,EUL2组血浆极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著升高(P0.05),EUL1和EUL2组血浆低密度脂蛋白(LDL)(0.05≤P0.10)、总胆固醇(TC)(P0.05)含量降低。3)与CTL组相比,EUL1组肌肉粗蛋白质含量、EUL2组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),EUL1组肌肉剪切力显著减小(P0.05)。4)与CTL组相比,EUL1组和EUL2组肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量略有降低(P0.05),肌肉不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著升高(P0.05),其中,EUL2组肌肉MUFA、PUFA含量及UFA/SFA显著升高(P0.05)。5)与CTL组相比,杜仲叶能够显著下调肝脏脂肪合成相关酶硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)和核转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)、过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达水平(P0.05);显著上调肝脏脂肪酸分解相关酶肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1A(CPT1A)、脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)mRNA表达水平显著上调(P0.05);与CTL组相比,EUL2组肝脏SCD1蛋白水平显著下降(P0.05)。结果提示,杜仲叶通过调节脂肪合成和分解相关基因的表达,显著影响绵羊脂肪的代谢和肌肉脂肪酸的组成。     

Changes of very low-density lipoprotein concentration in hepatic blood from cows with fasting-induced hepatic lipidosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) components in hepatic blood (HB) from 5 nonlactating nonpregnant cows fasted from days 0 to 3 and subsequently refed to day 10 and, in addition, to assess those of other lipoproteins. Increased phospholipid concentrations in each lipoprotein after the start of fasting suggested their availability for the surface lipids of lipoproteins. Although the VLDL-triglyceride (TG) concentration in HB from all cows increased on day 1, the value on day 4 became similar to that on day 0. However, the concentration on day 10 was significantly increased. In all cows, the decreased ratio of the VLDL-TG concentration in HB to the non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in portal blood (PB) on day 4 appeared to reflect relatively decreased secretion of TG as VLDL by NEFA excessively mobilized to the liver via PB. The markedly increased ratio on day 10 was considered to contribute to the improvement of hepatic lipidosis.     

Decrease in stearic acid proportions in adipose tissues and liver lipids in fatty liver of dairy cows

Samples of liver and perirenal, mesenteric and subcutaneous fat were collected from 16 sick necropsied dairy cows to evaluate the fatty acid profiles in the hepatic and adipose tissues associated with advanced fatty liver or hepatic lipidosis. Hepatic triglyceride and eight fatty acids were measured in the hepatic and adipose tissues. Six cows had more than 3% triglyceride on fresh weight in their livers and were classified as having fatty liver. Stearic and linoleic acid proportions in the liver decreased markedly with increased hepatic triglyceride levels, while the proportion of palmitic and oleic acids increased. The most striking fluctuations in hepatic lipidosis were manifested as decreased stearic acid in the adipose tissues including subcutaneous fat with the trend of decreasing stearic acid. Palmitic acid was elevated in hepatic and perirenal fat in fatty liver cows. In instances of advanced hepatic lipidosis, palmitoleic acid increased in only subcutaneous fat and not in perirenal or mesenteric fat. In addition to the proportions of hepatic fatty acids in fatty liver, this study also clarified the fluctuations observed in the profiles of fatty acids of the adipose tissues in cows with advanced hepatic lipidosis, particularly the decline in the proportions of stearic acid.     

Relationship between overfeeding and overconditioning in the dry period and the problems of high producing dairy cows during the postparturient period

Summary

In dairy cows, overfeeding during the dry period leads to overcondition at calving and to depression of appetite after calving. As a consequence, at calving overconditioned high‐producing dairy cows inevitably go into a more severe negative energy balance (NEB) postpartum than cows that have a normal appetite. During the period of NEB, the energy requirements of the cow are satisfied by lipolysis and proteolysis. Lipolysis results in an increased concentration of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood. In the liver, these NEFA are predominantly esterified to triacylglycerols (TAG) that are secreted in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In early lactation in cows with a severe NEB, the capacity of the liver to maintain the export of the TAG in the form of VLDL in balance with the hepatic TAG production is not always adequate. As a result, the excess amount of TAG accumulates in the liver, leading to fatty infiltration of the liver (hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver). The NEB and/or fatty liver postpartum are frequently associated with postparturient problems. In general, a severe NEB induces changes in biochemical, endocrinological, and metabolic pathways that are responsible for production, maintenance of health, and reproduction of the postparturient dairy cow. These changes include a decrease in blood glucose and insulin concentrations, and an increase in blood NEFA concentrations. High NEFA concentrations caused by intensive lipolysis are accompanied by impairment of the immune system, making the cows more vulnerable to infections. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum are related to overcondition at calving. The changes in biochemical, endocrinological, and metabolic pathways are associated with delay of the first visible signs of oestrus, an increase in the interval from calving to first ovulation, a decrease in conception rate, and a prolonged calving interval. It is possible that the increased blood NEFA concentration directly impairs ovarian function.     

Relationship between overfeeding and overconditioning in the dry period and the problems of high producing dairy cows during the postparturient period.

In dairy cows, overfeeding during the dry period leads to overcondition at calving and to depression of appetite after calving. As a consequence, at calving overconditioned high-producing dairy cows inevitably go into a more severe negative energy balance (NEB) postpartum than cows that have a normal appetite. During the period of NEB, the energy requirements of the cow are satisfied by lipolysis and proteolysis. Lipolysis results in an increased concentration of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the blood. In the liver, these NEFA are predominantly esterified to triacylglycerols (TAG) that are secreted in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In early lactation in cows with a severe NEB, the capacity of the liver to maintain the export of the TAG in the form of VLDL in balance with the hepatic TAG production is not always adequate. As a result, the excess amount of TAG accumulates in the liver, leading to fatty infiltration of the liver (hepatic lipidosis or fatty liver). The NEB and/or fatty liver postpartum are frequently associated with postparturient problems. In general, a severe NEB induces changes in biochemical, endocrinological, and metabolic pathways that are responsible for production, maintenance of health, and reproduction of the postparturient dairy cow. These changes include a decrease in blood glucose and insulin concentrations, and an increase in blood NEFA concentrations. High NEFA concentrations caused by intensive lipolysis are accompanied by impairment of the immune system, making the cows more vulnerable to infections. Metabolic diseases such as ketosis, milk fever, and displaced abomasum are related to overcondition at calving. The changes in biochemical, endocrinological, and metabolic pathways are associated with delay of the first visible signs of oestrus, an increase in the interval from calving to first ovulation, a decrease in conception rate, and a prolonged calving interval. It is possible that the increased blood NEFA concentration directly impairs ovarian function.