仔猪猪瘟母源抗体消长规律研究

为探索猪瘟疫苗首次和二次免疫的最佳时间,对淮阳某规模化猪场7头母猪及其各自哺乳仔猪的猪瘟抗体水平进行检测.通过猪瘟IHA试验,发现试验母猪和仔猪的猪瘟抗体水平均较高,仔猪到42日龄时猪瘟母源抗体水平才不能有效保护仔猪.因此,35日龄左右时对仔猪进行猪瘟首免,可以有效减少猪瘟母源抗体对疫苗免疫的干扰,为猪场免疫程序的制订提供参考.     

金华猪仔猪猪瘟母源抗体衰减规律初探

仔猪吸吮经猪瘟疫苗免疫的母猪的初乳后,对10头母猪和各所产仔猪中的任意2头在14、21、28、35日龄分别采血,采用正向间接血凝试验检测猪瘟抗体水平,监测母源抗体在仔猪体内的消长规律,以探索金华猪仔猪猪瘟疫苗最佳首免时间;检测母猪抗体水平以探索对仔猪母源抗体的影响。结果发现,仔猪母源抗体水平随着日龄增大而逐级降低,半衰期为17d左右;仔猪母源抗体水平与母猪抗体水平成正比,随着日龄的增加母猪对仔猪母源抗体影响越来越低。     

川藏黑猪与长白猪仔猪猪瘟母源抗体消长规律比较研究

为探索川藏黑猪和长白猪的猪瘟免疫方法,本研究采用猪瘟阻断ELISA对0、1、4、7、10、20、25、30、35日龄时川藏黑猪与长白猪仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体水平进行了检测。结果显示,川藏黑猪仔猪和长白猪仔猪出生后哺母乳前的猪瘟母源抗体均为0,哺母乳后d1,猪瘟母源抗体分别为210和28.2,合格率分别为100%和87%。4日龄和7日龄时,川藏黑猪仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体仍为≥210,合格率100%;长白猪仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体为28.4和27.4,合格率100%和83%;随后川藏黑猪仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体呈下降趋势,35日龄达到保护临界值(24.0);长白猪仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体下降更迅速,25日龄时其母源抗体水平已达临界值(24.0)。检测结果表明无论是母源抗体水平还是母源抗体持续时间,川藏黑猪与长白猪仔猪之间有较大差异,川藏黑猪仔猪猪瘟疫苗的首免时间应为35日龄,而长白猪仔猪猪瘟疫苗的首免时间应为25日龄。     

仔猪猪瘟母源抗体的消长规律及免疫程序制定

选择广东梅州地区3个规模化猪场A、B、C场,通过采用ELISA抗体检测法对产后母猪进行0、7、14、21 d猪瘟抗体检测,对新生仔猪进行0、1、7、14、21、28、35、42、49日龄猪瘟母源抗体检测,研究其消长规律,据此确定仔猪的首免日龄,通过二免后免疫效果的观察,制定有针对性的免疫程序。结果表明:未吃初乳的0日龄仔猪无母源抗体,7日龄仔猪母源抗体较高,之后逐渐降低,A猪场猪瘟母源抗体对21日龄仔猪仍有保护,随后母源抗体水平骤减;B猪场和C猪场猪瘟母源抗体对35日龄仔猪仍有保护,随后母源抗体水平骤减;而且母源抗体对仔猪保护持续时间和母猪自身的抗体呈正相关。确定3个猪场不同的首免时间,首免后30 d进行二免,其较高的免疫抗体水平可以维持到二免后4个月,因此生产中建议应根据科学的监测跟踪依据,制定合理的首免日期,以有效保护仔猪免受猪瘟的威胁。     

不同年龄猪群中猪瘟抗体监测及免疫效果分析

为制订合理的猪瘟免疫程序,本研究采用正向间接血凝试验(IHA)对某规模化猪场进行猪瘟免疫监测和分析。结果表明:猪瘟母源抗体的合格率、抗体效价平均值均存在随着仔猪日龄的增长而呈逐渐下降的趋势;35 d～40 d仔猪母源抗体的合格率达78.79%、抗体平均效价为5.97 Log2;仔猪35 d～40 d实施猪瘟首免,其一免抗体合格率和抗体效价均比20 d首免有所提高;同一窝仔猪的猪瘟母源抗体,有11%窝次的猪差距在3个～8个滴度;母猪猪瘟免疫抗体的合格率,一胎母猪稍低,其它经产母猪基本接近;猪瘟抗体效价的平均值随胎龄增加而升高,并且抗体的离散度则随胎龄增加而缩小。因此,在母猪实施与仔猪同时免疫的猪场,40日龄左右是较佳的首免日期。     

某规模化生猪养殖场种猪猪瘟抗体水平和仔猪母源抗体消退情况的检测分析

调查某规模化生猪养殖场种猪猪瘟抗体水平和仔猪母源抗体消退情况,为评估猪瘟疫苗的免疫效果和确定仔猪猪瘟疫苗的首免日龄提供科学参考。本试验使用猪瘟病毒阻断ELISA抗体检测试剂盒对某规模化生猪养殖场种猪及3头抗体水平合格母猪所产并且未经过猪瘟疫苗免疫的仔猪进行抗体检测。结果显示:公猪和后备母猪的猪瘟抗体合格率均为100%;经产母猪的猪瘟抗体合格率为98%。5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40日龄仔猪抗体合格率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%、100%、96%、68%、20%。根据母源抗体的消退情况,仔猪猪瘟的最佳首免时间为35日龄。     

淮安区仔猪猪瘟最佳初免时间探讨

在仔猪去势时进行猪瘟初免,这是我地区生猪养殖户多年来习惯猪瘟免疫程序,为了了解这种免疫程序的实际效果,以探索我地区猪瘟最佳初免时间,我们在3个规模养殖场选择了12头母猪,对其所产仔猪,通过猪瘟抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),测定其母源抗体维持时间.结果发现仔猪到21日龄时,其母源抗体仍维持较高水平;到35日龄时,仍有一定保护作用.因此可以适当推迟猪瘟初免时间[1].     

猪瘟母源抗体在仔猪体内持续时间的研究

仔猪吮吸免疫猪瘟疫苗母猪的初乳后,监测母源抗体在仔猪体内的消长规律,以探索仔猪猪瘟疫苗最佳首免日龄.试验选择3个场共12头母猪,产前136～140天进行猪瘟兔化弱毒(细胞苗)疫苗接种,4毫升/头.通过猪瘟抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(竞争性ELISA)检测其所产仔猪7、14、21、28、35和42日龄时血清中抗体水平.结果发现,3个猪场试验仔猪母源抗体下降幅度不一,甲场第28天降到最低,丙场第21天降到最低,之后其抗体水平均出现升高现象.但3个猪场之间不同日龄仔猪抗体水平差异较大.     

商品猪猪瘟疫苗免疫程序研究

为了找到适合本场合理的商品猪猪瘟疫苗免疫程序,通过测定21日龄保育猪猪瘟母源抗体水平,再根据保育猪猪瘟母源抗体水平高低进行分组。低抗体水平组(试验组)在35日龄进行首次免疫加56日龄第二次免疫,并在二免之后21 d(77日龄)再补免一针;高抗体水平组(对照组)则在42日龄首次免疫加63日龄第二次免疫。通过ELISA方法对一免后15 d,二免后15 d、30 d、45 d、60 d及150日龄试验猪群进行猪瘟特异性抗体监测。结果显示,试验组和对照组猪瘟疫苗二免之后抗体水平均较好,但是试验组的猪瘟抗体相对比对照组好。由此得出,猪瘟整体抗体水平较低的场可将商品猪猪瘟首免时间提前,抗体水平较高的场可将猪瘟首免时间推后,即21日龄仔猪猪瘟母源抗体平均阻断率低于32%的仔猪群可将首免时间提前至21日龄至35日龄,进行3针免疫,猪瘟免疫效果更好。21日龄仔猪猪瘟母源抗体平均阻断率在44%以上,可将首免时间推迟至42日龄,免疫两针,到出栏前150日龄猪瘟阳性率能达到68%。     

农六师垦区规模场和散养户猪瘟母源抗体消长试验

为制定科学的仔猪猪瘟免疫程序,以规模化养猪场和散养户中经猪瘟疫苗免疫后母猪所产仔猪为研究对象,利用正向问接血凝试验对其猪瘟母源抗体消长情况进行检测。结果表明：仔猪通过母乳获得被动免疫保护,在7日龄母源抗体达到高峰;规模场仔猪7-28日龄保护率在70％以上,35日龄保护率下降到63．2％,42日龄时仍然有7头仔猪有保护力;散养户仔猪7～21日龄保护率在70％以上,到28日龄下降至60％,42日龄时基本无保护。因此,规模化猪场仔猪猪瘟疫苗的最佳首免时间为28～35日龄,散养户仔猪的最佳首免时间为2l～25日龄。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.