实验感染肝片吸虫对水牛肝脏药物代谢酶的损伤作用

4头 2～ 3岁健康、体重 30 0～ 40 0kg雄性去势水牛 ,经粪便检查和Dot ELISA检测确认无肝片吸虫感染后 ,一次性经口感染肝片吸虫囊蚴1 60 0个 ,研究肝片吸虫 (1次大剂量 )感染对水牛肝药酶的影响。测定血清门冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、谷氨酰转肽酶 (GGT)活性及肝微粒体蛋白质、细胞色素 (Cyt)P 450、Cytb5 含量及氨基比林N 去甲基酶 (AND)、苯胺羟化酶 (AH)、UDP 葡萄糖醛酸转移酶 (UGT)和谷胱甘肽 S 转移酶(GST)等肝药酶的活性。结果表明 :肝片吸虫感染可引起AH、UGT活性下降 ,造成肝损伤。     

实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学.血液生理生化指标及抗体动态

给山羊分别实验感染肝片吸虫囊蚴 2 0 0、50 0个 /只 ,感染后每周颈静脉采血 1次 ,测定血液生理生化指标和抗体动态的变化。结果表明 ,山羊实验感染肝片吸虫后 ,血液中 RBC、Hb明显下降 ;WBC和嗜酸性粒细胞数显著增加 ;血清中谷 -草转氨酶 ( AST)从第 2周开始上升 ,第 8周和第 9周达到峰值 ;γ-谷氨酰转肽酶( GGT)于感染后第 7周和第 8周开始升高 ,第 1 0周和第 1 1周达高峰 ;以 ELISA检测抗体表明 ,2个试验组山羊感染后血清中 Ig G分别在第 9周和第 6周达峰值 ,随后均稍有下降 ,一直呈波动趋势 ,但在整个试验期内 ,一直高于对照组 ( P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1 )。分析认为 ,山羊感染肝片吸虫后表现的贫血是正细胞正色素型 ,伴有低白蛋白性 ,肝脏损伤明显 ,体液免疫反应增强     

应用肝片吸虫ES抗原检测实验感染山羊IgG的动态水平

用肝片吸虫排泄分泌抗原 ( ESA g)的酶联免疫吸附试验 ( ELISA)检测人工感染肝片吸虫的山羊血清中特异性 Ig G抗体动态变化。ESAg用量为 13.8μg/孔 ,抗体稀释 10 0 0倍 ,二抗 1∶ 2 0 0 0稀释 ( 3.5μg/孔 ) ,HRP标记的葡萄球菌 A蛋白 ( SPA* )工作浓度为 1∶ 4 0。检测结果表明 ,2组实验山羊 (第 1组每只羊口服2 0 0个囊蚴 ,第 2组每只羊口服 50 0个囊蚴 )在感染后第 3周血清中的特异 Ig G即开始升高 ,呈现动态变化趋势 ;第 2组于第 6周 ( 42 d) Ig G水平升到高峰 ,随后稍有下降 ,第 1组于第 9周 ( 6 3d) Ig G水平升到最高峰 ,随后又稍有下降 ,一直呈波动趋势 ;在试验的 3～ 17周期间 ,总体上虽第 2组抗体水平比第 1组高 ,统计分析无显著差异 ( P >0 .0 5) ,但均比对照组保持较高的水平 ,有显著差异 ( P <0 .0 5或 P <0 .0 1) ,表明山羊在肝片吸虫入侵后 ,很快产生了高水平的体液免疫 ,而 Ig G的波动可能与虫体的移行有关 ,与虫卵数量则无关。     

实验感染肝片吸虫水牛和山羊的细胞免疫反应

为评价肝片吸虫病的细胞免疫反应，选用８头雄性去势水牛和６只雄性山羊，经粪便检查和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ检测确认无肝片吸虫感染。经２周适应性饲养后，随机将水牛分成试验组（ｎ＝５）和对照组（ｎ＝３）。试验组水牛每天每头经口感染６０个囊蚴，连续２０ｄ，共接种１２００个囊蚴。山羊分成试验１组、实验２组和对照组，每组２只。试验１组和２组每只山羊分别一次性口服接种５００个和２００个囊蚴。水牛在感染前５周和感染后２６周内，山羊在感染前１周和感染后１６周内，每周颈静脉采血１次，测定外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应和／或白细胞介素－２水平。结果表明，水牛在感染后１～６周，Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应有上升趋势，而在感染后１３～１７周低于对照组；血清白细胞介素－２水平有类似于淋巴细胞增殖反应的变化。实验１组山羊血清白细胞介素－２水平低于对照组，而实验２组在感染后２～１１周有上升的趋势，以后下降。     

实验肝片吸虫感染对大鼠机体自由基代谢影响的研究

通过大鼠感染肝片吸虫复制感染模型 ,研究肝片吸虫感染后血清抗氧化功能的变化。 60只大鼠随机分成感染组和对照组 ,每组 30只。感染组大鼠一次口服 2 5个囊蚴 ,对照组不感染。于感染前 (0周 )和感染后 (1 ,3,5,7,9周 )采集血样 ,检测感染后谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH Px)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (CAT)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量的变化。结果表明大鼠感染肝片吸虫后 ,感染组血清中GSH Px先升高后下降 ,SOD活性无明显变化 ,CAT活性在感染后下降 ,MDA含量在前 5周变化不明显 ;说明自由基参与了肝片吸虫病的发病过程     

实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学——Ⅲ.细胞因子水平的变化

试验选择6只健康白山羊（经粪便学检查和Dot-ELISA检测，确认无肝片吸虫感染）随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ组山羊每只分别1次口服接种200、500个肝片吸虫囊蚴，Ⅲ组作为不感染对照组，每周颈静脉采血1次，连续11周，检测肝片吸虫感染后山羊血清中IL-2、TNF-α水平的变化和外周血淋巴细胞分泌IL-2的能力。结果表明，山羊试验感染肝片吸虫后，Ⅰ组山羊血清IL-2水平在感染后有所下降，而Ⅱ组山羊血清IL-2水平在感染后有所升高；感染不同剂量肝片吸虫的山羊血清TNF-α水平和淋巴细胞IL-2分泌水平均有不同程度的升高，在感染后第1周淋巴细胞就有反应，并且对非特异性刺激原和特异性刺激原的应答都有显著升高。这一结果提示，TNF-α可能参与肝片吸虫对肝的损伤过程，肝片吸虫感染剂量对宿主的IL-2含量影响较大，同时IL-2在宿主防御免疫中有重要作用。     

水牛实验感染大片吸虫及ELISA检测特异性抗体的变化

目的　本试验为了对水牛感染大片吸虫的情况进行了解。方法　选 10头 6月龄水牛 ,分成 2组 ,每组 5头 ,A组对照 ,B组试验 ,每头经口感染 2 5 0个大片吸虫囊蚴。结果　水牛感染大片吸虫后的收虫率为 16 .2± 8.0 % ,在感染后第 13～ 14周检出虫卵。抗大片吸虫分泌排泄产物 Ig G水平从感染后第 2周明显升高 ,17周时达到高峰。结论　试验证实水牛对大片吸虫感染很敏感 ,EL ISA检测特异性抗体用于片形吸虫病的早期诊断有一定的意义     

水牛感染肝片吸虫后肝脏组织的病理学变化

15 头水牛在人工感染条件下进行肝片吸虫感染, 慢性感染组水牛每天口服60 个囊蚴, 20 d 总共口服1 200 个囊蚴。急性感染组水牛1 次口服1 600 个囊蚴。慢性感染的水牛于感染后第26 周宰杀。急性感染的水牛分别于第10 , 13 , 16 和22 周宰杀。肝脏的组织病理学显示, 肝片吸虫幼虫可引起肝脏一系列炎症反应。急性感染后第10 周和13 周肝细胞变性、坏死, 肝小叶内淤血, 大量淋巴细胞浸润, 继而发展为肝索萎缩。急性感染后第22 周及慢性感染后第26 周, 汇管区内有大量结缔组织及新生的小胆管增生。实验表明慢性感染和急性感染肝片吸虫的水牛均可导致肝脏典型的病理学变化。     

山羊感染肝片吸虫后血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α和花生四烯酸代谢物动态变化初探

选用 6只健康雄性山羊 ,经粪便检查和 Dot- ELISA检测确认为无肝片吸虫感染。随机分成感染 组、感染 组和对照组 ( 组 ) ,每组 2只。 、 组山羊分别一次口服接种 2 0 0和 50 0个囊蚴 ,实验连续 1 7周。每周定时由颈静脉采血样 ,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子 - α(TNF- α)和花生四烯酸代谢物水平动态变化及相互关系。结果表明 :山羊从感染后第 5周开始 TNF- α和 PGE2 逐渐上升 ,高于或极明显高于对照组直至 1 7周。山羊感染后第 3周 组 TXB2 明显高于对照组 ,以后呈波动性上升趋势直至第 1 7周的最大值 ,感染 组没有类似 组的表现 ,与对照组相近。在整个实验期里 ,感染组山羊血浆 6- keto- PGF1α水平低于对照组 ,但差异不显著。检验感染组的 TNF-α与几种花生四烯酸代谢物水平间的相关性发现 :感染 和 组的 TNF- α均与 PGE2 呈显著正相关。提示山羊急性感染肝片吸虫后 ,体内 TNF- α和一些花生四烯酸代谢物明显参与了山羊肝片吸虫病的发生发展过程 ,表现出山羊对肝片吸虫感染的耐受力和抵抗力较弱的特点     

实验感染肝片吸虫山羊的病理生理学Ⅰ．血液生理生化指标及抗体动态

给山羊分别实验感染肝片吸虫囊蚴200、500个／只，感染后每周颈静脉采血1次，测定血液生理生化指标和抗体动态的变化。结果表明，山羊实验感染肝片吸虫后，血液中RBC、Hb明显下降；WBC和嗜酸性粒细胞数显著增加；血清中谷－草转氨酶（AST）从第2周开始上升，第8周和第9周达到峰值；γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）于感染后第7周和第8周开始升高，第10周和第11周达高峰；以ELISA检测抗体表明，2个试验组山羊感染后血清中IgG分别在第9周和第6周达峰值，随后均稍有下降，一直呈波动趋势，但在整个试验期内，一直高于对照组（P＜0．05或P＜0．01）。分析认为，山羊感染肝片吸虫后表现的贫血是正细胞正色素型，伴有低白蛋白性，肝脏损伤明显，体液免疫反应增强。     

Echinococcus granulosus in animals in northern India

The prevalence of larval Echinococcus granulosus in buffaloes, sheep and goats and in adult stray and shepherd dogs was studied in northern India. A total of 48.1% of 754 buffaloes, 30.5% of 1215 sheep and 21.0% of 447 goats were found to be infected with this parasite. The prevalence of infection in buffaloes was higher in older animals than in younger animals. The lungs and livers appeared to be the sites of predilection. A high percentage of cysts from buffaloes (71.1%) were sterile, whereas a high percentage (90.0%) of cysts from sheep and goats were fertile. Shepherd dogs showed a higher prevalence of infection than stray dogs and the latter examined near the vicinity of slaughter houses had a higher prevalence of infection than those examined in other parts of the city.     

Susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with different stocks of Trypanosoma vivax transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis

A comparison was made of the susceptibility of buffaloes, cattle and goats to infection with Trypanosoma vivax transmitted either by Glossina morsitans centralis or by syringe inoculation. Three different isolates of T vivax (two from East Africa, one from West Africa) were used to compare skin reactions, parasitaemia, anaemia and the development of trypanosome-specific antibodies in buffaloes, cattle and goats. African buffaloes reared in captivity in an area free from trypanosomiasis proved to be highly resistant to infection with the three stocks of T vivax tested, irrespective of whether infection was by tsetse transmitted metacyclic forms or by intradermal or intravenous inoculation of bloodstream forms of the parasite. The bites of 19 tsetse infected with a West African T vivax stock did not cause local skin reactions, detectable bloodstream infections or antibody responses in two buffaloes. Following the bites of 120 tsetse flies infected with the same stock, two different buffaloes showed no local skin reactions, but had detectable bloodstream infections without showing signs of anaemia. Cattle and goats infected in a similar way showed severe local inflammatory skin reactions, high levels of parasitaemia and severe anaemia. The two East African stocks of T vivax caused no local skin reactions and only a transient parasitaemia in buffaloes following tsetse-transmitted infection or intradermal inoculation of bloodstream forms. On the other hand, cattle and goats infected with the East African stocks showed high parasitaemias but local skin reactions only occurred in the goats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Liver pathology and immune response in experimental Fasciola hepatica infections of goats

The relationship between the immune response and the pathogenesis of the disease was studied in different primary and secondary experimental Fasciola hepatica infections of goats. The establishment of the infection, measured as percentage of recovered flukes at the necropsy, was similar in primarily and secondarily infected animals (between 19.7% and 24.3%), but the hepatic damage was much more severe in secondarily infected goats, as revealed by the levels of serum hepatic enzymes GGT and LDH. Primary infection evolves to chronic fasciolosis that did not induce the development of resistance, since goats were highly susceptible to secondary infection, showing severe acute and chronic hepatic lesions that led to the death of some animals in each group. The immune response to the infection was proved by the production of specific IgG antibodies to ESP of F. hepatica and the involvement of CD3+ T lymphocytes and lambda IgG+ plasma cells in the hepatic infiltrate. Secondary infection did not induce any difference in either IgG response or in the cellular composition of the infiltrate of hepatic lesions, although this was much more extended. However, neither antibodies nor cell-mediated response were protective: there was no correlation between IgG levels and fluke burden and there was no evidence of cell-mediated killing of the parasite. This suggests the existence of some immune evasion mechanisms in goat infection with F. hepatica. The parasite may depress the local inflammatory and immune response, as suggested by the scarcity of CD3+ T cells in the infiltrate surrounding acute migratory tunnels. Moreover, in secondary infected goats can be suspected an immunological damage of the liver, since a very severe infiltrate of immune cells replaced wide areas of hepatic parenchyma and an immune-mediated damage of hepatocytes could occur.     

Closantel缓释剂驱除山羊实验感染肝片吸虫的效果

选用 5只实验感染肝片吸虫山羊进行 Closantel(氯氰碘柳胺 )缓释剂驱虫试验。试验用山羊每只一次性口服肝片吸虫囊蚴 15 0个 ,感染后第 15周随机将山羊分成对照组 (n=2 )和驱虫组 (n=3) ,驱虫组每只羊口服 2丸 Closantel缓释剂 (含 15 .5 % Closantel,每丸 7.6 g) ,每周定时采集颈静脉血和进行粪便检查 ,每月称重 ,试验结束时剖检测量肝重和计数肝内虫体数 ,以驱虫前后山羊的红细胞、白细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、血清抗体和一氧化氮的变化、体重变化、剖检时肝重 /体重之比、虫卵的变化以及虫体减少率作为衡量驱虫效果的指标。结果表明 ,投药后嗜酸性粒细胞在第 1、2、3周与对照组相比有显著下降 ,其他各项指标与对照组相比虽有一定差异但不显著。虫体减少率为 4 1.2 2 %。提示Closantel缓释剂对驱除实验感染肝片吸虫有一定效果 ,在虫体感染前投药会起到预防作用。     

Glomerulonephritis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) naturally infected by Fasciola hepatica

Glomerulonephritis caused by Fasciola hepatica was observed in buffaloes. Renal biopsies of 20 buffaloes, 11 with F. hepatica and 9 uninfected buffaloes (controls), were examined by light microscopy, direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemical analysis. The biopsies of seven (63.6%) infected buffaloes revealed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, three biopsies (27.3%) showed mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, and one kidney presented normal biopsy specimens. In the control group, seven buffaloes (77.8%) presented normal biopsy specimens, while two (22.2%) revealed glomerulonephritis-one with a membranoproliferative pattern, and the other with a mesangioproliferative pattern-with extensive inflammatory cell infiltrate. Our conclusion is that glomerulopathy is associated with fascioliasis and that buffaloes are suitable as a naturally existing experimental model of renal injury by circulating immune complexes.     

两种片形吸虫感染家兔的试验比较

用大片形吸虫和肝片形吸虫感染家兔以便选择大片形吸虫对动物的最佳感染量,及明确肝片形吸虫和大片形吸虫的生物学和对动物宿主的致病力的差别。结果显示肝片形吸虫虫体在兔体内发育成熟的时间早于大片形吸虫,感染成活率更高,对动物的病理损害明显比感染大片形吸虫兔的病变要轻。本试验证实这两种片形吸虫除了形态学的差异外,在对动物致病力、病理损害等方面确实存在差别。     

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran

In the present study, 115 stray dogs (56 males and 59 females, mixed breed), 86 golden jackal (Canis aureus, 42 males and 44 females), 60 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 33 males and 27 females), and three female wolves (Canis lupus) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection, as well as, 32,898 sheep, 10,691 goats, 15,779 cattle and 659 buffaloes for hydatid infection from five provinces in western Iran during 3 years (1997-2000). Meanwhile fertility rates of different types and forms of cysts isolated from infected animals and the viability of protoscolices were also determined. Results indicated that 19.1% of the dogs, 2.3% of the golden jackals and 5% of the red foxes were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. 11.1% of the sheep, 6.3% of the goats, 16.4% of the cattle and 12.4% of the buffaloes were also found to be infected with hydatid cyst. The cysts isolated from liver and lungs of the sheep show higher fertility rate than the cysts of liver and lungs of goats, cattle and buffaloes.