草原革蜱体内驽巴贝斯虫发育形态观察

将实验室培育的“清洁”草原革蜱（Ｄｅｒｍａｃｅｎｔｏｒｎｕｔｔａｌｌｉ）饥饿成虫，饲喂在人工感染驽巴贝斯虫（Ｂａｂｅｓｉａｃａｂａｉｌｉ）的驴体上，俟雌虫饱血脱落后，置２８℃、相对湿度约９０％的培育箱中产卵孵化；再将次代幼虫和若虫饲喂在健康驴体上，待饱血脱落后仍置培育箱中蜕化。观察了各发育阶段蜱的血淋巴、肠管、唾液腺以及卵内驽巴贝斯虫的发育形态。在饱血雌虫的血淋巴中发现２种不同类型的裂殖体，即大裂殖体和小裂殖体。成熟的游离大裂殖子大小为（５．０～１６．０）μｍ×（２．０～４．５）μｍ，平均９．８５μｍ×３．Ｏμｍ；小裂殖子的大小约１．２μｍ×０．５μｍ。在肠管中见到红细胞性虫体和直径４．０～６．μｍ的球形体。在卵巢中观察到梭形、球形体及梨籽形小裂殖子。卵内发育的驽巴贝斯虫呈多形性：卵圆形、圆形、椭圆形、梭形、梨籽形、棍棒形、逗点形、半月形以及难以形容的奇形古怪的形态。次代幼虫、饥饿若虫、饱血若虫和饥饿成虫的血淋巴及肠管中所见到的都是小裂殖子（幼虫的肠管中也见到大裂殖子），唾液腺中都有子孢子存在。     

犬巴贝斯虫病

本病由犬巴贝斯虫引起。犬的巴虫斯虫病报道极少 ,其临床特征为体温升高达 41℃ ,鼻镜干裂 ,常见化脓性结膜炎 ,有的拉稀或血便 ,可视粘膜苍白、贫血、黄疸、血尿、呼吸困难、发病快、死亡率高。1　病原形态　犬巴贝斯虫的虫体较长 ,一般长 4～5μm,呈多形性 ,有的虫体为双梨籽形 ,两虫尖端以锐角相联 ,每个红细胞内的虫体数目为 1～ 1 8个。巴虫斯虫体主要由原生质和染色质 (核 )组成 ,血片用姬姆萨液染色 ,原生质染成淡蓝色 ,染色质呈紫红色。虫体多寄生在红细胞内或血浆中 ,呈椭圆或梨籽形。2　发病原因　犬巴虫斯虫病的传播必须经蜱 ,即…     

寄生于中国水牛Bubalus Vbubalis的巴贝斯虫一新种(梨形虫目:巴贝斯科)

经作者等深入研究，发现湖北省水牛巴贝斯虫病病原不是牛巴贝斯虫Ｂａｂｅｓｉａｂｏｖｉｓ与双芽巴贝斯虫Ｂ．ｂｉｇｅｍｉｎａ，而是一新种——东方巴贝斯虫Ｂａｂｅｓｉａｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。病牛红细胞中的虫体呈梨形（单梨形多于双梨形）、椭圆形、指环形、边虫形及杆状。以梨形虫体居多，病的初期其长度均小于红细胞半径，其平均大小为２．２×１．３μｍ，双梨形虫体尖端相连多排列成钝角或一字形，位于红细胞偏中央处。病的后期（出现虫血症后５～６ｄ）及体外培养７２ｈ，有少部份（１～２％）虫体直径大于红细胞半径。新种的传播者为镰形扇头蜱Ｒｈｉｐｉｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｈａｅｍａｐｈｙｓａｌｏｉｄｅｓｈａｅｍａｐｈｙｓａｌｏｉｄｅｓ经卵传递（由第二代成蜱传给健康牛）。在成蜱的血淋巴中的虫样体（裂殖子）呈圆锥状、一端钝圆、尾部直而尖，不形成钩。新种对黄牛不能感染致病，只能使水牛致病。以１９９培养基加黄牛血清进行体外培养（微气静相培养技术）不能生长繁殖     

犬巴贝斯虫病的预防与治疗

犬巴贝斯虫病是经蜱传播的血液原虫病,是巴贝斯虫寄生于犬红细胞内引起的一种血液寄生虫病,呈全球性分布。临床上以高度贫血、消瘦为特征。急性病例还可见黄疸、血红蛋白尿及呼吸困难等症状。1病原及流行病学各种巴贝斯虫在红细胞中的形态均呈多样性,有梨籽形、圆形、卵圆形、环形、阿米巴形等形态,其中以梨籽形虫体的大小、     

莫氏巴贝斯虫和羊巴贝斯虫在我国的分离及形态学观察

在甘肃省庆阳地区的发展及病愈的小尾寒羊血液中分离出２种巴贝斯虫并进行了形态学观察，初步证实该地区“坏肠子”病的病原为巴贝斯虫。一种小型虫体鉴定为羊巴贝斯虫，另一种为大型虫体，鉴定为莫氏巴贝斯虫，含羊巴贝斯虫的血液注射给除脾羊后，第１４ｄ血涂片中红细胞的染虫率达最高点（为０．５％），之后逐渐下降，感染羊自然耐过，含有混合虫种的血液注射给易感除脾羊后，红细胞染虫率迅速上升到３０．０％，感染后第６ｄ羊因     

从日本牛体分离的卵形巴贝斯虫新种

从日本牛体分离的卵形巴贝斯虫新种译者白启作者南,哲郎,石原忠雄除冲绳本岛而外,对从日本牛体分离的巴贝斯虫未定种作了鉴定。与双芽巴贝斯虫（Ｂａｂｅｓｉａｂｉｇｅｍｉｎａ）、牛巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｂｏｖｉｓ）、分歧巴贝斯虫（Ｂ．ｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｓ）和大巴贝斯虫...     

牛焦虫病的诊断与治疗

<正>在基层临床诊疗实践中,经常遇到牛焦虫病,该病是由焦虫寄生在牛红细胞或血浆内引起的血液原虫病,多发生于4~9月龄,以发热、贫血、黄疸和血红蛋白尿为特征,对养牛业的危害很大。1病原体1.1双芽巴贝斯虫双芽巴贝斯虫寄生于红细胞中,是一种大型的虫体,虫体大于红细胞半径,其形态有梨籽形、圆形、椭圆形及不规则等,典型的形态是成双梨籽形,尖端以锐角相连,每个虫体内有一团染色质块。虫体多位于红细胞中央,虫体数目为1~2个。     

牛巴贝斯虫病的诊治

正牛巴贝斯虫病在兽医临床上一般习惯称为"焦虫病",通常是由蜱传播的,所以又称为"蜱热"。本病是由巴贝斯科巴贝斯属的原虫寄生于牛红细胞内引起的疾病。其临床特征表现为高热、贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿等症状。1病原特点巴贝斯虫种类很多,我国已经报道牛有3种,羊有1种。均具有多形性的特点,有梨籽形、圆形、卵圆形及不规则形等多种形态。虫体大小也存在很大差异,长度大于红细胞半径的称为大型虫体,长度小于红细胞半径     

马类家畜驽巴贝斯虫病的诊断及防治

马类家畜驽巴贝斯虫病是由梨形虫纲、驽巴贝斯虫(Basia caballi)寄生于马类家畜的红细胞内而引起的一类血液原虫病。虫体大于宿主红细胞半径,典型虫体为双梨籽形,尖端相连成锐角形,每个虫体有两团染色质。该病主要的传播者是硬蜱。笔者自1999年5月开始,先后参与天水市秦州区、武山县、清水县、张川县等地发生的大家畜驽巴贝斯虫病的诊治,并取得了良好效果,现将诊断及防治体会总结如下。1流行特点1.1具有地域性特征。从村民居住较为集中村庄的牲畜发病情况看,如果有一家的牲畜发病,该村其它人家就会陆续零星出现发病情况,但不一定是与之相邻…     

犬巴贝斯虫的诊治与预防

正犬巴贝斯虫病是一种经硬蜱传播的血液原虫病,呈全球性分布。蜱是一种会吸血的小昆虫,平时常在草木丛生的地方生存。犬被蜱叮咬后,一方面要被蜱吸血,另一方面还会得巴贝斯虫病。一、病原(一)犬巴贝斯虫病的病原有3种:1.犬巴贝斯虫:虫体较大,一般长4～5微米,最长可达7微米。典型虫体为双梨籽形,两虫尖端以锐角相连,每个红细胞内的虫体数目为1～16个。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。