一株丁酸梭菌的分离鉴定及其益生特性研究

本研究探索了丁酸梭菌分离株的益生特性,旨在为其在仔猪日粮中的应用提供理论依据。利用常规方法分离丁酸梭菌并进行纯培养,经生化检测和16S rRNA基因测序,对分离菌株进行鉴定;采用活菌计数法和牛津杯法研究分离株培养上清对3种致病菌的抑制作用、分离株黏附猪小肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)的特性及其对致病菌黏附细胞的抑制作用;采用细胞计数法研究分离株对IPEC-J2生长的影响;采用ELISA检测分离株处理细胞后培养上清液中细胞因子水平。结果表明,本研究成功分离到一株丁酸梭菌。与对照组相比,丁酸梭菌培养上清对3种致病菌生长抑制效果均显著(P0.05);丁酸梭菌可黏附于IPEC-J2,并且黏附效果最佳的感染复数(MOI)为50,最适处理时长为3 h;丁酸梭菌对3种致病菌黏附IPEC-J2均具有显著抑制作用(P0.05);丁酸梭菌MOI为1、10和50时细胞生长正常、形态完好,MOI为100时IPEC-J2生长受到显著抑制,同时出现部分细胞死亡;MOI为1时细胞因子水平无差异,MOI为10、50和100时细胞因子水平均显著增高(P0.05)。综上所述,本研究分离的一株丁酸梭菌具有较好的益生特性,为其在生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

丁酸梭菌对蛋用仔公鸡肠道菌群、形态结构及黏膜免疫相关细胞的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌对蛋用仔公鸡肠道菌群、形态结构及黏膜免疫相关细胞的影响。试验选择240只1日龄健康海兰褐蛋用仔公鸡,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只鸡,各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照组)和150 mg/kg金霉素(抗生素组)以及250、500、750、1 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌,试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)750 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组与1 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组的盲肠内大肠杆菌数与对照组和抗生素组相比显著降低(P<0.05),除250 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组外,其他各丁酸梭菌组盲肠内乳杆菌数量均显著高于对照组和抗生素组(P<0.05)。2)1 000mg/kg丁酸梭菌组小肠各肠段的绒毛高度显著高于对照组和抗生素组,绒毛长度/隐窝深度(V/C)值显著高于对照组(P<0.05),空肠的黏膜厚度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)1 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组的空肠与回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与抗生素组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),杯状细胞数量显著高于对照组与抗生素组(P<0.05)。1 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌组的十二指肠和空肠的免疫球蛋白A(IgA)阳性物质有效数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),与抗生素组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,丁酸梭菌能够促进生长发育,维持肠道健康,在本试验条件下,最适宜的添加水平为1 000 mg/kg。     

丁酸梭菌对慢性肾衰竭犬肠道菌群及血清小分子尿毒素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究丁酸梭菌对慢性肾衰竭(CRF)犬肠道菌群及血清小分子尿毒素含量的影响。选取20条2岁左右的雄性贵宾犬,随机分成4组:假手术对照组(CL组)、模型组(MD组)、低剂量丁酸梭菌组(LCB组)和高剂量丁酸梭菌组(HCB组),每组5只。CL组只做腹腔打开手术,其余3组肾动脉结扎制作CRF模型。造模成功后,LCB组和HCB组分别按每天0.5、1.0 g/kg BW的剂量灌喂丁酸梭菌,进行为期4周的干预。检测血清和粪便尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(Cr)和硫酸吲哚酚(IS)含量,并对肠道菌群16S rDNA进行高通量测序。结果表明:1)试验结束时(第4周),LCB组和HCB组的血清UN、Cr和IS含量极显著低于MD组(P<0.01),但极显著高于CL组(P<0.01);与LCB组比较,HCB组的血清UN、IS含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清Cr含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。试验结束时,HCB组的粪便UN、Cr含量均显著低于MD组(P<0.05),CL组的粪便UN、Cr含量均显著低于MD组、LCB组和HCB组(P<0.05)。2)饲喂丁酸梭菌均降低CRF犬肠道菌群的α多样性,HCB组的Chao1指数、Shannon指数显著低于MD组(P<0.05)。主坐标分析(PCoA)结果显示4组样本间发生明显聚类。3)在门水平上,MD组的肠道放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度显著高于CL组(P<0.05),LCB组和HCB组的肠道Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria的相对丰度均显著低于MD组(P<0.05);在属水平上,饲喂丁酸梭菌可降低CRF犬肠道变形杆菌属(Proteus)、埃希氏菌属(Esche-richia)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、普氏菌属(Prevotella)、放线菌属(Actinomyces)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(Nesterenkonia)的相对丰度。LEfSe分析发现,CRF犬肠道菌群有19个具有差异的生物标志物,主要集中于Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria,饲喂丁酸梭菌可减少CRF犬生物标志物的差异。4)Spearman相关性分析显示,血清UN、Cr和IS含量与Enterobacter、Proteus和Escherichia相对丰度存在较强的正相关关系,与乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)相对丰度存在较强的负相关关系。由此可见,CRF犬肠道菌群紊乱与血清小分子尿毒素含量之间存在相关性,丁酸梭菌可通过调节CRF犬肠道菌群结构,促进血清小分子尿毒素的清除,以每天1.0 g/kg BW添加量为宜。     

丁酸梭菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道结构和免疫功能的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加丁酸梭菌对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道结构和免疫功能的影响。选取(25±1)日龄、体重(6.24±0.32)kg的健康"杜×长×大"杂交仔猪360头,随机分为5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复18头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250、500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌的试验饲粮。试验期30 d。结果表明:1)250和1 000 mg/kg丁酸梭菌添加组断奶仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)显著低于对照组(P<0.05);250和500 mg/kg丁酸梭菌添加组的腹泻率较对照组分别显著降低了40.99%和44.32%(P<0.05)。2)丁酸梭菌添加组断奶仔猪的空肠绒毛高度较对照组分别显著提高了32.23%、35.71%、33.59%和47.36%(P<0.05),空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度较对照组分别显著或极显著提高了47.24%(P<0.01)、48.03%(P<0.01)、19.69%(P<0.05)和22.83%(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加丁酸梭菌显著提高断奶仔猪的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量(P<0.05),各组的血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、补体3(C3)和补体4(C4)含量则无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果提示,25~55日龄断奶仔猪饲粮添加250~500 mg/kg丁酸梭菌可改善断奶仔猪肠道结构,增强机体免疫功能。     

饲粮中添加不同益生菌对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、回肠黏膜免疫指标和盲肠发酵指标的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同益生菌对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、回肠黏膜免疫指标和盲肠发酵指标的影响,为益生菌在肉兔生产中应用提供理论参考。选用28日龄断奶、体重相近、健康状况良好的商品伊拉肉兔400只,随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加108CFU/kg植物乳杆菌(Lactiplantbacillus plantarum)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)和丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)。预试期7 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:1)饲粮中添加不同益生菌对肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能和内脏器官发育指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加不同益生菌有降低肉兔腹泻率的趋势(P=0.0595),有提高肉兔成活率的趋势(P=0.0603)。2)各试验组的空肠绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丁酸梭菌组的空肠隐窝深度显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。3)试验组的回肠分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的回肠肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。4)试验组的盲肠内容物pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的盲肠内容物乙酸和总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),丁酸梭菌组的盲肠内容物氨态氮含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加不同益生菌均能够改善肠道形态结构,改变盲肠内容物挥发性脂肪酸组成,提高机体肠道黏膜免疫性能,对维持肉兔肠道健康具有一定促进作用。综合本试验结果,丁酸梭菌对维持肉兔肠道形态结构效果较好。     

一株丁酸梭菌的分离鉴定及其益生特性研究

本研究探索了丁酸梭菌分离株的益生特性，旨在为其在仔猪日粮中的应用提供理论依据。利用常规方法分离丁酸梭菌并进行纯培养，经生化检测和16S rRNA基因测序，对分离菌株进行鉴定；采用活菌计数法和牛津杯法研究分离株培养上清对3种致病菌的抑制作用、分离株黏附猪小肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）的特性及其对致病菌黏附细胞的抑制作用；采用细胞计数法研究分离株对IPEC-J2生长的影响；采用ELISA检测分离株处理细胞后培养上清液中细胞因子水平。结果表明，本研究成功分离到一株丁酸梭菌。与对照组相比，丁酸梭菌培养上清对3种致病菌生长抑制效果均显著（P<0.05）；丁酸梭菌可黏附于IPEC-J2，并且黏附效果最佳的感染复数（MOI）为50，最适处理时长为3 h；丁酸梭菌对3种致病菌黏附IPEC-J2均具有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）；丁酸梭菌MOI为1、10和50时细胞生长正常、形态完好，MOI为100时IPEC-J2生长受到显著抑制，同时出现部分细胞死亡；MOI为1时细胞因子水平无差异，MOI为10、50和100时细胞因子水平均显著增高（P<0.05）。综上所述，本研究分离的一株丁酸梭菌具有较好的益生特性，为其在生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

丁酸梭菌对商品肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、免疫器官指数和经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究丁酸梭菌在商品肉鸡上的替抗和应用效果。选用1日龄罗斯308商品肉鸡720只，随机分为3组，对照组饲喂无抗基础日粮，抗生素组在基础日粮中添加75 g/t的广谱抗生素（金霉素），丁酸梭菌组在基础日粮中添加丁酸梭菌50 g/t。试验分1～21日龄和22～42日龄两个阶段进行。结果表明：(1)与对照组相比，抗生素组和丁酸梭菌组肉鸡21日龄和42日龄的体重、各阶段的平均日增重（ADG）和欧洲效益指数（EPI）显著提高（P<0.05）,22～42日龄的平均日采食量（ADFI）和各阶段的料重比（F/G）显著降低（P<0.05）。(2)与对照组相比，抗生素组和丁酸梭菌组肉鸡21日龄的半净膛率、42日龄的屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率显著提高（P<0.05）,21日龄的腹脂率显著降低（P<0.05）；同时，丁酸梭菌组21日龄的腹脂率显著低于对照组和抗生素组（P<0.05）。(3)与对照组相比，抗生素组和丁酸梭菌组肉鸡42日龄的脾脏指数、胸腺指数和法氏囊指数显著提高（P<0.05）；丁酸梭菌组肉鸡42日龄的脾脏指数和胸腺指数显著高于抗生素组（P<0.05）...     

丁酸梭菌及其代谢产物对畜禽肠道健康影响的研究进展

丁酸梭菌是一种专性厌氧菌,能通过竞争、排斥及替代等作用抑制大肠杆菌等致病菌在肠道中的黏附作用,并由Toll样受体(TLR)介导免疫应答,增强机体免疫力。其主要代谢产物——丁酸是结肠上皮细胞的主要能量物质,能促进结肠上皮细胞增殖,增强肠道屏障功能;其代谢产生的其它物质可以补充机体所需的营养素和提高肠道对饲料中营养物质的消化、吸收与利用率,改善畜禽生产性能。本文就丁酸梭菌及其代谢产物对畜禽肠道屏障和免疫功能的影响及其机制作一综述,旨在为丁酸梭菌新功能的挖掘及调节肠道健康的生产应用提供参考。     

丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和体液免疫应答能力的影响

文章旨在研究丁酸梭菌对肉鸡生长性能和体液免疫应答能力的影响,试验将90只1日龄麻黄鸡苗随机分成3组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只,所有鸡于第1和21日龄分别用同种疫苗同样方式进行二次免疫。对照组饲喂基础日粮,丁酸梭菌低剂量组在基础日粮中添加2×10⁵CFU/g丁酸梭菌,高剂量组在基础日粮中添加5×10⁵CFU/g丁酸梭菌,定期测量免疫器官指数、肠道指数、平均日增重、饲料转化率、新城疫抗体效价和禽流感抗体效价。结果表明,对42日龄内的肉鸡,丁酸梭菌高剂量组肉鸡的肠道指数、日增重和饲料转化率略高于对照组(P> 0.05);对42日龄以上的肉鸡,丁酸梭菌高剂量组的日增重和饲料转化率显著高于对照组(P <0.05),但与丁酸梭菌低剂量组相比无显著差异,而丁酸梭菌低剂量组鸡的饲料转化率和禽流感抗体效价最高值显著高于对照组(P <0.05),丁酸梭菌高剂量组鸡的新城疫和禽流感抗体效价低于对照组(P> 0.05)。综合考虑,在肉鸡饲料中添加2×10⁵CFU/g的丁酸梭菌可以改善肠道指数,提高日增重和饲料转化率,...     

甜菜碱对奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响

选用20头体重(597±11.8)kg、泌乳天数(88±4.5)d、日产奶(26.3±0.5)kg的经产奶牛,随机分为4组,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究甜菜碱(0、50、100和150g/d)对泌乳早期奶牛采食量、泌乳性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明:日粮添加甜菜碱对奶牛的采食量、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和血糖浓度无显著影响,100g/d组和150g/d组鲜奶产量显著高于对照组和50g/d组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组4%乳脂校正乳、能量校正乳和乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);100g/d组和150g/d组血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。根据以上结果推断,甜菜碱的适宜添加水平为100g/d。     

miRNA对干细胞重编程的影响

miRNA在胚胎干细胞(ES)细胞的自我更新及多能性中扮演重要角色,国内外研究结果表明,在体细胞形成诱导性多能干细胞(IPS)的过程中,许多miRNA与Sox2、Oct4和Nanog等调控因子组成调控网络。miRNA在细胞周期、重编程及表型建立过程中也起着重要的调控作用。另外,在IPS细胞形成中,miRNA很有可能代替关键转录因子。     

Early Tumor Response to Intraarterial or Intravenous Administration of Carboplatin to Treat Naturally Occurring Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma in Dogs

Background

Survival times and tumor responses associated with malignant neoplasia of the lower urinary tract are poor despite the vast array of current treatments. Therefore, the evaluation of alternative treatments, such as intraarterial administration of chemotherapy (IAC) should be considered.

Objective

To describe a technique for superselective catheterization for IAC and to evaluate initial tumor response by ultrasonography after both IAC and intravenous administration of chemotherapy (IVC).

Animals

Client‐owned dogs with lower urinary tract neoplasia treated with either IVC (n = 15) or IAC (n = 11).

Methods

Retrospective study. An arterial approach via the carotid or femoral artery was utilized to obtain superselective access and administer chemotherapy in the IAC cases. Medical record review was performed, data were recorded, and recorded variables were evaluated statistically.

Results

Intraarterial chemotherapy was successfully administered in all cases. There was a significantly greater decrease in longest unidimensional measurement in the IAC group as compared to the IVC group (P = .013). The IAC group was also significantly more likely to have a tumor response as assessed by modified RECIST guidelines (P = .049). Dogs in the IAC group were significantly less likely to develop anemia (P = .001), lethargy (P = .010) and anorexia (P = .024).

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

This study demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of performing IAC for lower urinary tract neoplasia. Further investigation is necessary as the follow‐up time was short and the impact on long‐term outcome and survival was not determined.     

大豆凝集素对小肠上皮细胞和红细胞凝集能力的研究

本文旨在测定纯化的大豆凝集素对兔和鸡小肠上皮细胞和红细胞的凝集活性。测定大豆凝集素对红细胞的凝集能力时,采用2%兔红细胞悬液,测定了使兔红细胞50%凝集的蛋白质浓度。测定对兔小肠上皮细胞的凝集能力时,采用荧光标记SBA与新鲜小肠上皮细胞结合后,观察荧光显微镜下荧光结合细胞比例的方法定量。经血凝试验结果表明,使兔红细胞50%凝集的SBA蛋白质浓度为2.50~3.69μg/mL,而SBA对鸡的红细胞没有凝集作用。SBA对兔小肠上皮细胞有结合能力,结合率为30%左右。试验结果说明大豆凝集素的血凝活性具种属特异性,用SBA与小肠上皮细胞的结合率作为评价其抗营养活性的指标具一定可行性。     

用单抗研究T细胞与牛流行性白血病发生的关系

本试验对10头患流行性白血病病牛的不同器官的肿瘤组织，用8种单克隆抗体（McAb),TH14B、BAQ44A、PIg45A、BIg715A、PIg501E、cAct105、MM1A、AHCC125染色进行了观察。结果：病牛经临床病理学和免疫琼扩试验而诊断为EBL，通过免疫组织化学检测，在10个病例中发现有9个病例的肿瘤组织对B细胞属性的McAb有很强的染色反应，证明其来源于B细胞。仅有1个病例对B细胞属性的McAb着色很淡，而对T细胞属性的McAb着色很深，呈强阳性反应，说明其来源可能与T细胞有关。     

Immune defense of wild‐caught Norway rats is characterized by increased levels of basal activity but reduced capability to respond to further immune stimulation

Studies of wild animals' immunity often use comparison with laboratory‐raised individuals. Using such an approach, various data were obtained concerning wild Norway rat's immunity. Lower or higher potential of immune system cells to respond to activation stimuli were shown, because of analysis of disparate parameters and/ or small number of analyzed individuals. Inconsistent differences between laboratory and wild rats were shown too, owing to great response variability in wild rats. We hypothesized that wild rats will express more intense immune activity compared to their laboratory counterparts which live in a less demanding environment. To test this, we analyzed the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a mediator which has a central role in host immune defense. In addition, we examined the activity of the central immune organ, the spleen, including cell proliferation and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), which are major effectors of cellular adaptive immune response. In order to obtain reasonable insight into the immunity of wild Norway rats, analysis was conducted on a much larger number of individuals compared to other studies. Higher levels of plasma IL‐6, higher spleen mass, cellularity and basal IFN‐γ production concomitantly with lower basal production of anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) revealed more intense immune activity in the wild compared to laboratory rats. However, lower responsiveness of their spleen cells' proinflammatory cytokine production to concanavalin A (ConA) stimulation, along with preserved capacity of IL‐10 response, might be perceived as an indication of wild rats' reduced capability to cope with incoming environmental stimuli, but also as a means to limit tissue damage.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒适应于Vero细胞的初步研究

将国内６个省市（广东、巾东、河北、辽宁、、新疆和北京）的７株鸡传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）的法氏囊组织处理后，直接在Ｖｅｒｏ细胞上盲传３～４代，均能不同程度的产生特征性细胞病变效应（ＣＰＥ），并通过选用具有广谱性的抗法氏囊病病毒的单克隆抗体（ＩＢＩ）Ｖ－ＭｃＡｂ）采用间接免疫荧光（ＩＦＡ）和碱性磷酸酶—抗碱性磷酸酶桥联酶显色技术（ＡＰＡＡＰ）的方法对７株分离毒的Ｖｅｒｏ第８代细胞进行鉴定，又用逆转—聚合酶链式反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）对７株分离毒的第１４代Ｖｅｒｏ细胞毒进行进一步证实，结果表明这７株ＩＢＤ囊毒均适应于Ｖｅｒｏ细胞上，这是国内首次报道将组织毒直接适应于Ｖｅｒｏ传代细胞上。     

MDCK细胞悬浮驯化及对H9亚型禽流感病毒敏感性的研究

为获得对H9亚型禽流感病毒敏感的纯悬浮MDCK细胞株,通过逐渐降低血清的方法对贴壁依赖的MDCK细胞进行了无血清纯悬浮驯化,最终获得了一株对H9亚型禽流感病毒敏感的纯悬浮细胞株MDCK-sus。通过测定表明,该细胞株能够迅速增殖,倍增时间为24h,使用H9亚型禽流感病毒BX13株感染该细胞,培养72h,培养液的病毒HA价可达到1∶512,每0.1mL病毒含量达到108.5EID50,为利用生物反应器大规模悬浮培养制备H9亚型禽流感病毒抗原奠定了基础。     

From viruses to cancer stem cells: dissecting the pathways to malignancy

Cancer is a disease of all vertebrate species and has been well documented throughout history with fossil records indicating that dinosaurs of the Jurassic period suffered from the disease. The Greek physician, Galen is accredited with describing human tumours as having the shape of a crab, with leg like tendrils invading deep into surrounding tissues--hence the term cancer. Today cancer can be defined as any malignant growth or tumour caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division that is able to invade tissues locally and spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. This is obviously a simplistic attempt at describing a complex disease that can utilize a myriad of biological pathways to sustain growth and proliferation. Dissecting these pathways has been the challenge of cancer researchers for decades in the search for new treatment strategies. This review attempts to condense our understanding of cancer and to offer insights into an alternative theory regarding the existence of true cancer stem cells and how this will inform the development of new therapeutics.     

Significance of surface epithelial cells in canine cerebrospinal fluid and relationship to central nervous system disease

Background: The term “surface epithelium” is used to describe cells, including meningeal, choroid plexus, ependymal, and endothelial cells, that are found in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and are difficult to distinguish cytologically. We hypothesized that the presence of surface epithelial cells in canine CSF was associated with specific diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Objectives: In this retrospective study the frequency of surface epithelial cells in CSF from dogs with neurologic disease was investigated along with the potential association with age, specific type of CNS disease, and CSF total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and protein concentration. Methods: The frequency of surface epithelial cells in 359 canine CSF samples was analyzed for 5 disease groups: CNS neoplasia, CNS compression, CNS inflammation, idiopathic epilepsy, and miscellaneous diseases. Groups were also combined into those with and without expected meningeal involvement. Association of the presence of surface epithelial cells in CSF with age, disease type, and CSF TNCC and protein concentration was investigated. Results: Surface epithelial cells were found in 27 of 359 (7.5%) CSF samples: CNS neoplasia 2/30 (6.7%), CNS compression 7/64 (10.9%), CNS inflammation 1/39 (2.6%), idiopathic epilepsy 8/124 (6.5%), and miscellaneous diseases 9/102 (8.8%). Significant associations between surface epithelial cell presence in CSF and age, disease type, CSF TNCC, and CSF protein concentration were not found. Conclusions: The presence of surface epithelial cells was not related to a specific disease group or CSF changes in the studied population. Thus, the presence of surface epithelial cells should be interpreted carefully, as it could represent an incidental finding in CSF specimens.     

牦牛颈上神经节对其生境适应的形态学机制

本研究旨在研究牦牛颈上神经节(SCG)对其生境适应的形态学特征,以探讨高原动物交感神经系统对青藏高原生态环境适应的形态学机制.运用常规HE及尼氏染色法,并采用形态计量学和SPSS16.0统计软件,对成年牦牛和黄牛SCG的形态学特征进行比较研究.结果表明:牦牛SCG的长、宽和厚度均显著地小于黄牛的相应数据(P＜0.01);牦牛的SCG主要由表面被膜、神经节单元、神经纤维、血管及结缔组织组成,被膜较黄牛的薄,结缔组织所占比例较黄牛的少,但节内组织较黄牛的致密;牦牛的神经节单元主要包含神经节细胞、卫星细胞、成纤维细胞、毛细血管和神经纤维,该组成特征与黄牛的相似;其神经节单元单个视野内节细胞、卫星细胞及成纤维等细胞与黄牛的基本相同(P=1),但牦牛节细胞间的神经纤维较黄牛的少,而血管数显著多于黄牛的(P＜0.01);牦牛SCG的头部以神经节单元为主,尾部以神经纤维为主,其特征与黄牛的相似.结果提示,在青藏高原高寒、低氧的极端生态环境中,牦牛在半放野、全年放牧的状态下,其SCG经长期进化形成了体积较小,神经节细胞、卫星细胞及其细胞间神经纤维较少,但血管十分丰富等形态学特征以适应极端生境.