多西环素对大肠埃希氏菌的抗生素后效应试验观察

本试验的目的是观察多西环素对大肠埃希氏菌临床分离株的体外抗菌效果,以及其抗生素后效应(PAE)。试验采用标准肉汤二倍试管稀释法测定体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并在MIC的基础上采用菌落计数法分别测定多西环素0.5、1、2、4倍MIC时对细菌的PAE。结果显示,多西环素对临床分离株的MIC为16μg∕m L,在0.5、1、2、4倍MIC时对大肠埃希氏菌临床分离株的PAE分别为0.5 h、1 h、2.5 h和3.5 h。结果表明,多西环素对大肠埃希氏菌临床分离株有明显的PAE,且PAE随药物浓度增大而延长。     

沙拉沙星及与安普霉素联用的体外抗菌后效应研究

本次实验采用试管溶液二倍稀释法测得沙拉沙星对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.25μg/m L和1.0μg/m L,安普霉素对两种菌的MIC值为2.5μg/m L和0.63μg/m L。试验分别以1MIC、2MIC、4MIC并设置一组空白对照组,然后将大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌与不同浓度的抗生素短暂接触后1.5h,采用千倍稀释法清除抗生素,然后与未处理的对照组比较细菌恢复再生长时间,按公式PAE=T-C计算结果。结果显示在1MIC时,单用沙拉沙星对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的PAE分别为0.92士0.28h、1.15士0.31h,而沙拉沙星与安普霉素联合应用在1MIC对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的PAE分别为1.68士0.26h,1.45士0.25h,比较可以得出,两种药联合应用可有效延长PAE。再者,两种药联用对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在药物浓度为2MIC和4MIC的PAE分别为为2.05±0.35h、2.13±0.27h和3.47±0.32h、2.47±0.34h。可得PAE大小与药物浓度呈正相关,并推测其最佳接触时间为4h左右。     

安普霉素及其联合用药对金黄色葡萄球菌体外PAE的研究

本试验采用稀释法去除抗生素。用菌落计数测定细菌生长曲线的方法,分别测定了安普霉素及其与阿莫西林或氨苄西林联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抗生素后效应（PAE）.当药物以2×MIC、4×MIC和8xMIC浓度作用于金黄色葡萄球菌时,安普霉素的体外PAE分别为1．78h、2．49h、3．63h;安普霉素与阿莫西林联用的体外PAE分别为4．13h、6．91h、9．82h;安普霉素与氨苄西林联用的体外PAE分别为3．81h、5．67h、8．45h。结果表明。安普霉素在体外对金黄色葡萄球菌有较长的PAE。且随药物浓度的升高其PAE也相应地延长．呈明显的剂量依赖性;安普霉素与阿莫西林、氨苄西林联用对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外PAE呈现相加或协同作用。     

单诺沙星对大肠杆菌和金葡球菌的体外抗茵后效应

采用菌落计数法测定了单诺沙星在三种不同浓度下对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌 (金葡球菌 )的体外抗菌后效应 (PAE)。当药物浓度为 0 .5MIC、2MIC、4MIC时 ,对大肠杆菌的PAE值为 (0 .6 4 6 4± 0 .0 2 94 )h、(1.2 0 77± 0 .0 2 84 )h、(1.6 5 2 9± 0 .0 4 96 )h ;对金葡球菌的PAE值为 (0 .5 6 6 0± 0 .0 0 75 )h、(1.174 6± 0 .0 0 5 7)h、(1.4 913± 0 .0 2 5 7)h。这表明单诺沙星对大肠杆菌、金葡球菌均有不同程度的较强的PAE ,且PAE值与药物浓度呈正相关     

氟苯尼考对鳗鲡常见致病菌体外抗菌后效应研究

采用试管液体二倍稀释法测定氟苯尼考对鳗鲡养殖中常见主要致病菌（肠杆菌B01、克雷伯氏菌B12、豚鼠气单胞菌B15和嗜水气单胞菌B20）的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）,用菌落计数法分别测定氟苯尼考在0.5、1、2、4倍于各菌MIC时对鳗鲡致病菌株B01、B12、B15、B20体外抗菌后效应（PAE）。结果氟苯尼考在0.5、1、2、4倍MIC值时对鳗鲡致病菌株B01、B12、B15、B20均具有一定的PAE,且PAE与药物浓度在一定范围内（0.5-4倍MIC）呈剂量依赖关系,当药物浓度达4倍MIC时,PAE明显延长,分别为2.5±0.165、3.0±0.038、5.0±0.090和5.0±0.232h;氟苯尼考对B01、B12、B15、B20的PAE值在2倍MIC时差异较显著,在4倍MIC时对致病菌株B15和B20的PAE几乎无差异。相同浓度氟苯尼考对致病菌株B01和B12的PAE值明显低于B15和B20。结果提示在养殖鳗鲡病害防治中设计投药方案时,对常见致病菌B01、B12、B15和B20感染所造成的细菌性败血症、烂鳃、肝胆肿大等疾病,除了考虑药代动力学和MIC指标外,还需考虑PAE因素,可适当延长给药间隔时间,降低药物对鳗鲡的副作用及对其摄食量和生长的负面影响。     

氟苯尼考及其与多西环素联合的体外抗菌作用

对氟苯尼考 (Florfenicol)及其与多西环素 (Doxycycline)联合的体外抗菌活性、杀菌动力学曲线和抗菌后效应(PAE)作了研究。结果表明 :氟苯尼考对鸡大肠杆菌等 9种标准菌株最小抑菌浓度 (MIC)为 0 .2～ 1.6 mg/L ,与氯霉素相似或略低 ,比甲砜霉素低 1/2～ 1/80 ;对耐氯霉素、甲砜霉素的鸡大肠杆菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌和猪大肠杆菌临床分离株仍有较强抗菌作用 ;对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌动力学曲线与甲砜霉素相似 ,表现为低浓度抑菌 (小于 4 MIC值 )、高浓度缓慢杀菌 ;对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的 PAE显著长于甲砜霉素 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,呈浓度依赖性 ,对鸡大肠杆菌的 PAE(1.4 5～ 2 .0 7h)显著长于对金黄色葡萄球菌 (0 .4 8～ 1.18h)。棋盘法测得氟苯尼考与多西环素联合对鸡大肠杆菌、鸡白痢沙门氏菌、猪链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均为无关作用 ,对前 3种菌的部分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数值为 1.5 ,联合时的氟苯尼考 MIC值比其单独时减小了 1/2。氟苯尼考以 1∶ 2与多西环素联合时 ,对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌速率与氟苯尼考单药相比均有所增加 ,当浓度大于或等于 4 MIC时呈现出协同作用 ;对鸡大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的 PAE与单药 PAE的较大值相近 ,与相应浓度的单药相比均表现为无关作用。     

黄连素和黄芪多糖对鸡源大肠杆菌的体外联合抑菌作用

采用倍比稀释法分别测定黄连素和黄芪多糖对4株鸡源大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC），采用棋盘稀释法测定黄连素与黄芪多糖联用对4株鸡源大肠杆菌的MIC，并计算部分抑菌浓度指数（FIC）。结果表明，单独使用黄连素对各菌株的MIC分别为0．75、0．5、0．375、1．0mg／mL；单独使用黄芪多糖对各菌株的MIC分别为15、10、10、15mg／mL；两者联合使用时对各菌株的FIC分别为0．75、0．75、1．5、0．625，平均FIC为0．91。通过联合用药，使黄连素的抗菌潘性提高。T2～8倍，黄芪多糖的抗菌活性提高了1～2倍。黄连素和黄芪多糖联合使用，能够减少药物的使用量，可用于防治鸡大肠杆菌病。     

硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素的体外联合抑菌研究

为了考察硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素的联合抑菌作用，对硫酸黄连素和硫酸粘菌素单一和联合应用分别对仔猪大肠杆菌（C83901），猪多杀性巴氏杆菌（C44—1），鸡白痢沙门氏菌（C79—6），禽多杀性巴氏杆菌（C48-1）进行药物敏感性试验；结果：硫酸黄连素对以上4株茵的MIC值分别为：32，128，64，128μ/mL；硫酸粘菌素对以上4株菌的MIC值分别为：64，128，128，256μg／mL；联合应用对上述4株菌的FIC指数分别为：0．375，0．375，0．25，0．5。结果显示上述4株菌对硫酸黄连素与硫酸粘菌素联用的FIC指数均小于0．5，表现为协同作用。二者最佳比例为1：2—1：4，这为复方制剂的开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌防突变浓度的测定

采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定了头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度;用肉汤法富集了大肠杆菌;用琼脂稀释法测定了头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌的暂定防突变浓度（MPCPr）及防突变浓度（MPC）。结果显示,头孢喹肟对大肠杆菌标准株（ATCC25922）的MIC和MIC99分别为0．125μg／mL和0．1μg／mLMPCPr和MPC分别为0．5μg／mL和0．256μg／mL,MPC／MIC99比值为2．56。头孢喹肟对50株大肠杆菌临床分离株的MIC90和MPC90分别为0．2μg／mL和0．8μg／mL,MPC90／MIC90比值为4。说明头孢喹肟限制大肠杆菌耐药突变的能力很强,ATCC25922的选择指数（SI）仅为2．56,临床分离株的SI为4。     

五倍子对鳗鲡致病性气单胞菌的体外抗菌后效应

采用试管液体二倍稀释法测定中药五倍子对鳗鲡养殖中致病性气单胞菌(威隆气单胞菌K17、肠棕气单胞菌G03、豚鼠气单胞菌R37和嗜水气单胞菌G06)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).然后再采用菌落计数法分别测定五倍子在0.25、0.5、1、2、4倍于各菌MIC时对鳗鲡4株致病性气单胞菌K17、G03、R37、G06的体外抗菌后效应(PAE).结果显示:五倍子在0.25、0.5、1、2、4倍MIC值时对鳗鲡4株致病性气单胞菌均具有一定的PAE,且PAE与药液浓度在一定范围内(0.25～4倍MIC)呈剂量依赖性,当药液浓度达4倍MIC时,PAE明显延长(P＜0.05);五倍子对各致病菌株K17、G03、R37、G06的PAE值在1倍MIC浓度以上差异显著(P＜0.05),在4倍MIC时对于致病菌株K17和R37的PAE之间差异较小.结论:试验结果提示,在养殖鳗鲡病害防治中设计投药方案,选用中药五倍子治疗由致病性气单胞菌感染所造成的烂鳃、肝胆肿大、败血症等疾病时,除了考虑药代动力学和MIC指标外,还应考虑PAE因素,可适当延长给药间隔时间,降低药物对鳗鲡的副作用及对其摄食量和生长的负面影响.     

Antibacterial activity of cefquinome against equine bacterial pathogens

Cefquinome is known for its use as an antibacterial drug in cattle and pigs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of cefquinome against equine pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cefquinome was determined for a total of 205 strains, which had recently been isolated in Europe from diseased horses (respiratory infection, foal septicaemia). The bactericidal activity was tested against 19 strains using the time killing method. The post-antibiotic effect (PAE) and post-antibiotic sub-MIC effect (PA SME) were determined against 12 strains. Cefquinome showed high activity against Actinobacillus equuli and streptococci (MIC(90) of 0.016 and 0.032microg/mL), Enterobacteriaceae (MIC(90)=0.125microg/mL) and staphylococci (MIC(90)=0.5microg/mL). The activity was limited against Rhodococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Cefquinome was shown to be a time dependent bactericidal antibiotic against the target pathogens, killing occurring at a concentration close to the MIC. A PAE of 0.5-10h was calculated against streptococci whereas no PAE was observed for Escherichia coli. A longer PA SME was determined for streptococci (3.3 to >24h with a killing effect) and E. coli (0.5-13.9h). Cefquinome was shown to have a broad spectrum of activity which covers many equine pathogens.     

Pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime after intravenous and intramuscular administration to domestic cats

The pharmacokinetic properties of ceftazidime, a third generation cephalosporin, were investigated in five cats after single intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at a dose rate of 30 mg/kg. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftazidime for some Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, n=11) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus spp., n=10) strains isolated from clinical cases were determined. An efficacy predictor, measured as the time over which the active drug exceeds the bacteria minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC), was calculated. Serum ceftazidime disposition was best fitted by a bi-compartmental and a mono-compartmental open model with first-order elimination after IV and IM dosing, respectively. After IV administration, distribution was rapid (t(1/2(d)) 0.04+/-0.03 h), with an area under the ceftazidime serum concentration:time curve (AUC((0-infinity))) of 173.14+/-48.69 microg h/mL and a volume of distribution (V((d(ss)))) of 0.18+/-0.04 L/kg. Furthermore, elimination was rapid with a plasma clearance of 0.19+/-0.08 L/hkg and a t(1/2) of 0.77+/-0.06 h. Peak serum concentration (C(max)), T(max), AUC((0-infinity)) and bioavailability for the IM administration were 89.42+/-12.15 microg/mL, 0.48+/-0.49 h, 192.68+/-65.28 microg h/mL and 82.47+/-14.37%, respectively. Ceftazidime MIC for E. coli ranged from 0.0625 to 32 microg/mL and for Staphylococcus spp. from 1 to 64 microg/mL. T>MIC was in the range 35-52% (IV) and 48-72% (IM) of the recommended dosing interval (8-12h) for bacteria with a MIC(90)4 microg/mL.     

Evaluation of Petrifilm? Select E. coli Count Plate medium to discriminate antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli

Background

Screening and enumeration of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli directly from samples is needed to identify emerging resistant clones and obtain quantitative data for risk assessment. Aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of 3M™ Petrifilm™ Select E. coli Count Plate (SEC plate) supplemented with antimicrobials to discriminate antimicrobial-resistant and non-resistant E. coli.

Method

A range of E. coli isolates were tested by agar dilution method comparing the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for eight antimicrobials obtained by Mueller-Hinton II agar, MacConkey agar and SEC plates. Kappa statistics was used to assess the levels of agreement when classifying strains as resistant, intermediate or susceptible.

Results

SEC plate showed that 74% of all strains agreed within ± 1 log₂ dilution when comparing MICs with Mueller-Hinton II media. High agreement levels were found for gentamicin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cefotaxime, resulting in a kappa value of 0.9 and 100% agreement within ± 1 log₂ dilution. Significant variances were observed for oxytetracycline and sulphamethoxazole. Further tests showed that the observed discrepancy in classification of susceptibility to oxytetracycline by the two media could be overcome when a plate-dependent breakpoint of 64 mg/L was used for SEC plates. For sulphamethoxazole, SEC plates provided unacceptably high MICs.

Conclusion

SEC plates showed good agreement with Mueller-Hinton II agar in MIC studies and can be used to screen and discriminate resistant E. coli for ampicillin, cephalothin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and gentamicin using CLSI standardized breakpoints, but not for sulphamethoxazole. SEC plates can also be used to discriminate oxytetracycline-resistant E. coli if a plate-dependent breakpoint value of 64 mg/L is used.     

利福昔明对奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌的体外抗菌活性试验

旨在测定利福昔明对奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌的体外抗菌活性。采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定利福昔明对奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌和链球菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果显示,利福昔明对19株大肠杆菌的MIC值为8~16μg/m L,对25株葡萄球菌的MIC值为0.002~0.06μg/m L,对18株链球菌的MIC值为0.06~2μg/m L。大部分临床分离菌的MIC值与标准菌的相近,表明分离菌株对利福昔明较为敏感,提示利福昔明对奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌具有较强的体外抗菌活性。     

不同中药与盐酸恩诺沙星联用对大肠杆菌耐药菌株体外抑菌作用研究

本试验旨在研究不同中药与盐酸恩诺沙星联用对大肠杆菌耐药菌株的体外抑菌作用。采用微量肉汤法测定临床上一种常用药物盐酸恩诺沙星和不同中药对大肠杆菌耐药菌株及其联合使用的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)。结果发现,单味中药水提物中侧柏叶、金樱子和五味子的抑菌效果较好,其MIC值分别为3.91、3.91和7.81 mg/mL;单味中药的醇提物中,侧柏叶、马齿苋抑菌效果较好,其MIC值分别为7.81和3.91 mg/mL。盐酸恩诺沙星分别与五味子和金樱子水提物联合作用后,对大肠杆菌耐药菌株的MIC值分别降低到0.0078和0.0039 mg/mL;与马齿苋、赤芍、侧柏叶和金樱子的醇提物联合后,对大肠杆菌耐药菌株MIC值均明显降低。盐酸恩诺沙星分别与鱼腥草水提物、赤芍水提物、椿皮水提物、马齿苋醇提物、苍术醇提物、三颗针醇提物、赤芍醇提物、薤白醇提物、拳参醇提物、侧柏叶醇提物、金樱子醇提物和败酱草醇提物联合作用后,对大肠耐药菌株呈现相加或协同抑菌作用,其FIC值分别为0.75、0.62、0.62、0.27、0.75、0.75、0.31、0.62、0.50、0.53、0.28和0.62。初步认为不同中药中含有能有效降低大肠杆菌耐药性的中药,也含有与盐酸恩诺沙星组合,具有协同或相加作用的中药,为寻找有效防治大肠杆菌病的药物组合来对抗多重耐药菌提供了可能。     

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Postantibiotic Effect of Amikacin for Equine Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro

Objective— To report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin sulfate for equine clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and characterize the initial kill and duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) for selected strains.
Study Design— Experimental study.
Methods— Isolates of MRSA (n=35) had their amikacin MIC determined using the E-test agar diffusion method. Two isolates with MICs>256 μg/mL limit were further characterized using broth macrodilution. Six distinct isolates with amikacin MICs of 32, 48, 128 (2 isolates) and 500 (2 isolates) μg/mL had PAE determinations made over a range of amikacin concentrations from 31.25–1000 μg/mL using standard culture-based techniques.
Results— Median MIC of the 35 isolates was 32 μg/mL (range 2 to >256 μg/mL). Mean PAE of selected MRSA strains had an overall mean (all amikacin doses) of 3.43 hours (range 0.10–9.57 hours). PAE for MRSA exposed to amikacin at 1000 μg/mL was 6.18 hours (range 3.30–9.57 hours), significantly longer than that for all other concentrations ( P <.0001). There was no statistically significant effect of isolate MIC on PAE.
Conclusions— Isolates had a wide range of MIC; however, growth of all 6 selected strains were inhibited within the range of concentrations tested, including 2 strains with MICs of 500 μg/mL. PAE duration was not influenced by the MIC of amikacin but was significantly longer with treatment at 1000 μg/mL than at lower concentrations.
Clinical Relevance— Clinical isolates of MRSA are susceptible to amikacin at concentrations achieved by regional perfusion: however, the modest duration of PAE observed suggest that further laboratory and in vivo evaluation be conducted before recommending the technique for clinical use.     

Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of G.I.T. disease in pigs

Colistin is an antimicrobial drug of the polymyxin group and COLIVET SOLUTION is an aqueous solution containing colistin sulphate (2 × 10⁶ IU/mL), formulated for oral administration. The target species is the pig, particularly the suckling and post weaning animal. This investigation was undertaken to provide pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on which to base the selection of dosage rate and interval of the solution for the treatment of porcine colibacillosis.Colistin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs, when administered at dosage rates of 25,000, 50,000 and 1,00,000 IU/kg, was slight or absent. The drug was therefore restricted almost entirely to the required site of action. The colistin concentration-time profile within the jejunum and ileum was established, and this enabled determination of the pharmacokinetic variables, maximum concentration (C_max) and area under curve (AUC) and derivation of the surrogate indices of antibacterial activity, C_max/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and AUC/MIC through integration of in vivo data with the results of in vitro potency studies for four strains of Escherichia coli.In the in vitro bacterial growth inhibition studies colistin acted by a concentration-dependent killing mechanism. Numerical values for the surrogate parameter AUC/MIC producing bactericidal and eradication effects of colistin against four strains of E. coli were established by PK-PD modeling based on the sigmoidal E_max equation. These data were used to predict a daily dosage regimen for colistin.     

Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 in raw material and food in Czech Republic

The study was carried out to investigate the incidence of Escherichia coli O157 in raw materials, foodstuffs and the agricultural environment. Of a total of 987 samples examined, 22 strains (2.2%) were identified as E. coli O157 and 10 of them as E. coli O157:H7. Cefixime-Tellurite MacConkey sorbitol agar (CT-SMAC) agar and Biosynth culture medium (BCM) E. coli O157:7 medium were used for the isolation. The virulence factors (stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA genes) were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Most strains were isolated from the mechanically deboned poultry meat (nine), minced meat (six) and raw milk (four). One strain was isolated from beef carcass and two strains from waste water. No strains were were found in mass for sausages, refreshment salads, swabs of pork and poultry carcasses and faeces of cattle and pigs. Ten strains from the 22 identified proved to be positive for all factors of virulence. They were isolated from minced meat (four), raw milk (four), waste water (one) and swab from beef carcass (one). Sensitivity to the antimicrobial drugs ampicillin (AMS), ampicillin-sublactam (SAM), tetracycline (TET), ofloxacine (OFL), cefuroxime (CRX), chloramphenicol (CPM), gentamicine (GEN), colistin (COL), cephalozine (CLZ), cefoxitin (CXT), aztreonam (AZT), and sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim (COT) was tested using the standard dilution technique and disc diffusion test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) characteristics (MIC(50), MIC(90), MIC range) and inhibitory zone diameter were determined for each strain. As determined by MICs, the resistance to tested antibiotics in E. coli O157 isolates was found to AMS (90.9%), CLZ (81.8%), CRX (63.6%), CXT (72.7%), CPM (72.7%), TET (81.8%), SAM (59.1%), COT (9.1%), COL (63.61%), AZT (9%) and GEN (4.5%). The similar results were obtained using the disc diffusion method. The differences were found relating to SAM, CXT, CMO and TET. Resistance against one or more antibiotics was found in 95.4% of E. coli O157. Only one strain was susceptible to all tested antibiotics. Most of the strains were resistant to ampicillin and cephalozine. Eight different resistance phenotypes were demonstrated in E. coli O157.     

中药对鸡致病性大肠埃希菌的体外抑菌试验

为研究25种中药对秦皇岛地区鸡致病性大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)地方流行株QH1(O78)、QH2(O89)、QH4(O1)的体外抑菌效果,以E.coli标准株ATCC25922作为质控菌株。利用水提法制备中药药液,使终浓度为1g/mL;用平板琼脂打孔法和改良微量二倍稀释-平板法分别测定25种中药的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果表明,金银花、黄连、乌梅、五味子4种中药对鸡致病性E.coli地方株极度敏感,抑菌圈直径在20.3mm~22.7mm之间,其MIC在15.65mg/mL~31.25mg/mL之间;其他药物对鸡致病性E.coli地方株有不同程度的敏感性,为鸡致病性E.coli地方株中药防治提供理论基础。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria recovered from feedlot cattle administered chlortetracycline in feed

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate administration of chlortetracycline in feed of cattle as a method to select for tetracycline resistance among enteric bacteria in feedlot settings. ANIMALS: 20 steers. PROCEDURES: Steers were randomly assigned to an exposed cohort (n = 10) or an unexposed cohort (control cohort; 10). Chlortetracycline (22 mg/kg) in cottonseed meal was administered to the exposed cohort on days 0 through 4, 6 through 10, and 12 through 16. The control cohort was administered only cottonseed meal. Fecal samples were collected from 16 steers on days -7, 0, 2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 19, 22, 26, and 33, and Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp were isolated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected antimicrobials was estimated. RESULTS: Overall, 56.0% and 31.4% of E coli and Enterococcus isolates, respectively, were resistant to tetracycline. Exposure to chlortetracycline was associated with a significant temporary increase in log(2) MIC for both genera but returned to preexposure values by day 33. Averaged across time, the proportion of tetracycline-resistant E coli and Enterococcus isolates was significantly greater in exposed than in unexposed steers. Although all ceftiofur-resistant E coli isolates were coresistant to tetracycline, exposure to chlortetracycline led to a significant decrease in the proportion of E coli resistant to ceftiofur during exposure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Exposure to chlortetracycline was associated with a temporary increase in the likelihood of recovering resistant bacteria. Exposure to chlortetracycline decreased the likelihood of recovering ceftiofur-resistant E coli isolates, even though isolates were coresistant to tetracycline. These findings warrant further investigation.