湖南省蜱及5种蜱传病原研究

蜱传病呈全球分布，危害人类和动物健康。为了研究湖南省娄底市现存蜱媒病原体，于2021—2022年在湖南省娄底市采集1 395只微小牛蜱样本，提取蜱样品基因组DNA。选取蜱线粒体COI基因扩增特异性的基因片段，对微小牛蜱进行鉴定。为了对该蜱携带的病原进行检测，采用PCR方法对立克次体ompA和gltA基因，无形体groEL和23S rRNA基因，埃立克体groEL和16S rRNA基因，螺旋体16S rRNA和23S rRNA基因进行扩增，对阳性产物进行克隆测序，测序获得的基因序列进行系统发育分析来确定病原的基因型。结果显示，从蜱样本中检测出5种蜱传细菌病原，包括敬信立克次体(Candidatus Rickettsia jingxinensis)、中央无形体(Anaplasma centrale)、扁平无形体(Anaplasma platys)、米氏埃立克体(Ehrlichia minasensis)和宫本疏螺旋体(Borrelia miyamotoi)。其中敬信立克次体、米氏埃立克体和宫本疏螺旋体阳性率均为2.16%,扁平无形体阳性率为0.30%,中央无形体阳性率为5.79%。本研究利...     

四川石渠县牦牛体表蜱携带无形体和疏螺旋体的分子检测

为了解四川省石渠县牦牛体表寄生蜱携带无形体与疏螺旋体的种类和感染情况。采集牦牛体表寄生蜱,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,确定蜱种类。再采用巢式PCR分别扩增无形体科16S rRNA基因和疏螺旋体属的16S rRNA与flaB基因片段,并对阳性产物进行测序、比对和系统进化树构建,从而确定无形体和疏螺旋体的种类。结果显示,共采集到818只蜱,其中西藏革蜱占78.97%(646/818)、青海血蜱占21.03%(172/818)。所有蜱中有132只检出无形体,阳性率为16.14%;8只检出疏螺旋体,阳性率为0.98%;3只蜱混合感染牛无形体和疏螺旋体。经进一步分析,仅在青海血蜱中检测到牛无形体(Anaplasma bovis)、埃立克体(Ehrlichia)和疏螺旋体(Borrelia),其阳性率分别为6.98%(12/172),2.33%(4/172)和4.65%(8/172);仅在西藏革蜱中检测到绵羊无形体(Anaplasma ovis),其阳性率为17.96%(116/646)。此外,获得的疏螺旋体16S rRNA和flaB基因序列均与分离自日本大刺血蜱中的Borrelia sp.HM菌株亲缘关系最近。结果提示,四川石渠县存在牛无形体、绵羊无形体、埃立克体未定种以及疏螺旋体未定种,存在感染人的风险。     

小亚璃眼蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱和残缘璃眼蜱的分子生物学鉴定

本研究旨在建立小亚璃眼蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱和残缘璃眼蜱的分子生物学鉴定方法,并探讨它们的系统发生关系。在新疆、内蒙古从动物体表采集寄生蜱,形态学鉴定后,PCR扩增测序获得3种璃眼蜱的16S rRNA及线粒体色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因(cytochrome oxidaseⅠ,COⅠ)序列后进行同源性分析。用Mega 5.0和Mrbayes 3.2软件分别构建系统进化树,亚洲璃眼蜱、小亚璃眼蜱样本16S rRNA序列与GenBank中已知相应蜱虫16S rRNA序列聚类,而残缘璃眼蜱COⅠ序列与GenBank中已知残缘璃眼蜱COⅠ序列聚类,与形态学鉴定结果一致。在传统形态学分类的基础上,结合分子生物学鉴定方法能简易、准确鉴定小亚璃眼蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱和残缘璃眼蜱。     

广东省牛体寄生蜱种及携带病原情况调查

为了解广东地区家畜体表寄生蜱的种类及其携带病原情况,评估蜱媒病在广东省的传播风险,对该地区3个生境点(湛江、汕头、清远)的牛体寄生蜱进行了调查。2012年10月—2013年10月采用体表检视法和布旗法分别采集广东省不同地区的牛体表寄生蜱和牛舍环境周围游离蜱样本共109只,并进行实验室鉴定、检测。通过特异PCR方法分别检测无形体、莱姆病、巴贝西原虫、立克次体和Q热5种主要病原携带情况。结果显示:采集到的109只蜱虫样本均为微小牛蜱,其中湛江样品中检出6份无形体阳性样品,阳性率为5.5%(6/109);莱姆病、巴贝西原虫、立克次体和Q热均检测阴性。研究表明,广东省牛体寄生蜱种类相对单一为微小牛蜱,携带有阳性蜱传病原(嗜吞噬细胞无形体)。提示:广东省极有可能存在该病的自然疫源地,需要进一步调查并进行更深入的生态与分子流行病学研究。     

陕西和辽宁部分地区羊源媒介蜱类及其携带病原体调查

为了对陕西省和辽宁省部分地区羊源蜱类及其携带病原体的流行情况进行分析,本试验采集了288份羊源蜱样本,采用形态学观察鉴定蜱种;采用分子生物学方法扩增巴贝斯虫18S rRNA、伯氏疏螺旋体16S rRNA、斑点热群立克次体ompA和无形体16S rRNA的基因序列,并结合核苷酸序列分析,确定所收集蜱样本中各类病原体的流行情况。结果显示,经鉴定288份羊源蜱样本均为长角血蜱。陕西省144份长角血蜱中携带巴贝斯虫、斑点热群立克次体和无形体,感染率分别为0.69%、21.53%和77.78%,且巴贝斯虫和斑点热群立克次体均与无形体复合感染;其中长角血蜱中携带Babesia microti、Candidatus Rickettsia longicornis、Uncultured Rickettsia sp. QH-122、Rickettsia endosymbiont of Haemaphysalis longicornis、Uncultured Anaplasma sp. ZJ06/2009、Anaplasma marginale、Anaplasma capra共7种病原体。辽宁省144份长角...     

巴里坤县双峰驼蜱种类鉴定及其携带病原的检测

为了解巴里坤县双峰驼体表蜱的种类及其携带病原,采集了巴里坤县双峰驼体表寄生蜱样本104只,在形态学分类的基础上,基于蜱的线粒体16S rDNA基因、梨形虫18S r DNA基因和立克次体16S rDNA基因,对48只蜱的DNA样本进行PCR扩增。结果显示,经形态学鉴定,104只蜱均为亚洲璃眼蜱;48个蜱DNA样本经PCR扩增和测序,均鉴定为亚洲璃眼蜱,存在9个基因型,以基因型1(n=24)、基因型2(n=4)和基因型3(n=12)为主要感染基因型,基因型4有2个样本,基因型5～9均有1个样本。48个蜱DNA样本检测出犬埃里克体1份,未发现梨形虫感染。结果表明,巴里坤县双峰驼体表蜱以亚洲璃眼蜱为优势种,存在遗传多样性,并发现亚洲璃眼蜱可携带犬埃里克体。     

新疆南疆部分地区蜱种鉴定及斑点热群立克次体流行病学调查

为了解新疆南疆部分地区不同蜱种携带斑点热群立克次体(spotted fever group Rickettsia,SFGR)情况,采用PCR技术扩增16S rDNA基因和SFGR外膜蛋白A(OmpA)基因,进行蜱种鉴定及SFGR检测。对测序阳性样本进行BLAST序列分析,应用DNAStar和Mega 6.0软件构建遗传进化树。结果显示:从新疆南疆9个县市共采集蜱1 340只,其种类包括3属4种,分别为图兰扇头蜱、边缘革蜱、银盾革蜱、亚洲璃眼蜱;在随机挑选的90份蜱DNA样本中共检测出57份SFGR阳性样本,其中阿拉尔市十一团、七连地区的阳性样本均来自犬体表寄生蜱,其余地区的阳性样本均来自绵羊体表寄生蜱。序列分析及遗传进化树显示,此次检测的亚洲璃眼蜱、边缘革蜱携带的SFGR与GenBank公布的SFGR疆内株Candidatus R.barbariae(登录号为MG668832.1)亲缘关系最近,处于同一分支;图兰扇头蜱携带的SFGR也同疆内株R.massiliae、R.conorii、Candidatus R.barbariae(MG668831.1、KP214024.1、MG668832.1)亲缘关系最近,处于同一分支;而银盾革蜱携带的SFGR与国外株R.raoultii(KT805295.1)亲缘关系最近,处于同一分支,并首次于新疆南疆绵羊寄生银盾革蜱中检出饶氏立克次体。本试验为该地区蜱传立克次体病的研究及防控提供重要依据。     

新疆石河子地区犬源立克次体病流行病学调查

立克次体目(Rickettsiales)中的立克次体属、埃立克体属和无形体属细菌分别能引起立克次体病、埃立克体病和无形体病,硬蜱是其主要传播媒介。在石河子市部分宠物医院及周边地区采集犬血及犬体表寄生蜱,通过PCR技术扩增蜱传立克次体目细菌16S rRNA基因,对所得结果进行测序并做系统进化分析。结果表明,扩增出立克次体345bp特异片段,无形体及犬埃立克体452bp特异片段,测序结果证实这些片段分别为立克次体、无形体和犬埃立克体。遗传进化分析显示,犬源立克次体、埃立克体及无形体石河子流行株分别与Rickettsiales bacterium(EF687768)、Ehrlichia sp.Yonaguni206(HQ697589.1)、Anaplasma(KJ410247.1、KJ410248.1、KJ410249.1)处于同一分支,分别属于立克次体、埃立克体、无形体的保守分支,提示与这些国内外流行株具有较近的亲缘关系。本研究基本理清了石河子地区犬中蜱传立克次体的感染和流行情况,为立克次体的防治提供了流行病学资料。     

新疆小亚璃眼蜱的鉴定及其携带牛环形泰勒虫病原DNA检测

通过对璃眼蜱形态学及璃眼蜱属特异性基因(ITS-2)和其携带病原基因(Tams1)PCR扩增及其PCR产物的克隆、测序、同源性比较等,鉴定和检测采自新疆吐鲁番地区疑似牛体表璃眼蜱(n=50)及其携带病原状况。结果显示,采集的蜱虫经形态学鉴定均为小亚璃眼蜱,PCR扩增的璃眼蜱种属特异性ITS-2基因和环形泰勒虫Tams1基因序列大小分别为491 bp和534 bp。本试验获得的ITS-2序列与Gen Bank中已记载的小亚璃眼蜱ITS-2序列一致,与形态学鉴定结果相符,故这些璃眼蜱属于小亚璃眼蜱种(Hyalomma anatolicum)。在检测的50只璃眼蜱中,携带牛环形泰勒虫的有3只,阳性率为6%(3/50),并发现所扩增的携带病原目的基因序列与已登录记载的牛环形泰勒虫基因序列相似性为99%。结果表明,在传统形态学分类的基础上,借助分子生物学方法对璃眼蜱种属鉴定及无典型硬蜱种的鉴定具有简易、准确度高等特点,而且在璃眼蜱种属确定的基础上分离其携带的病原更有实际意义。     

上海市闵行区宠物犬体表蜱及蜱传病原体初步调查

为调查上海市闵行区宠物犬媒介蜱及蜱传病原体情况,闵行区宠物医院就诊犬2763只,其中57只犬体表检获183只,根据形态学鉴定蜱种类;采用PCR方法筛查采集的蜱类样本和保留的392份犬血液样本,以发现可能的蜱传病原体。研究结果表明,宠物犬带蜱率为2.06%,带蜱指数为0.066,犬体表寄生的蜱宠物种为血红扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus sanguineus,R.sanguineus);病原学检测发现宠物犬携带犬埃立克体(Ehrlichia canis,E.canis),其在蜱和血液样品检出率分别为0.5%和2.29%,其他病原体如螺旋体(Borrelia.spp)和嗜吞噬细胞无浆体(Anaplasma phagocytophilum,A.phagocytophilum)均未有检出。调查结果提示我们闵行区部分宠物犬体表存在血红扇头蜱和蜱传病原体感染,应加强媒介蜱及蜱传病原体的监测与防控。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.     

优质肉鸡S3系体重与体尺性状指标的主成分分析

为研究地方优质肉鸡S3系体重和体尺性状之间的内在相关性,12周龄时选取同一饲养条件下的150只鸡(公母各半)进行体重和体尺性状等7个指标的测定。结果表明:S3系公鸡的体重、体斜长、龙骨长、胸角均显著高于母鸡(P0.05);公母鸡体重、体斜长、胸宽、胫围这4项指标变异系数较大,有较大选育空间;体重与体斜长、龙骨长、胸宽、胸角、胫围呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.57、0.52、0.51、0.49和0.47,与胸深、胫长呈显著相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.44和0.39;其他各体尺指标间也存在不同程度的正负相关性(P0.05或P0.01);体重和7个体尺性能指标综合成5个复合指标,累计贡献率达92.6355%,其中第l、2、3、4、5主成分分别解释总变异的36.5353%、22.8642%、13.3115%、10.4535%和8.4710%;各主成分的特征根分布较广,经统计计算入选的5个主成分所包含信息的侧重点各有相同,分别都在一定程度上反映了S3鸡的体型特征和生长发育规律,为今后选育出更加符合市场需求的屠宰加工优质型肉鸡指明了的方向。     

Efficacy of tropicamide,homatropine, cyclopentolate,atropine and hyoscine as mydriatics in Angora goats

Abstract

AIM: To document the efficacy of five commercially available mydriatics for their potential for diagnostic and therapeutic use in Angora goats.

METHODS: Over 8 weeks, the mydriatic effects of 1% tropicamide, 2% homatropine, 1% cyclopentolate, 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine were evaluated. Given as block treatments, drugs were applied randomly to one eye of 10 Angora goats, and the contralateral eye served as a control. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were measured to document onset ofeffect, time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical/horizontal pupil diameter between eyes, time to maximum pupillary dilation, and duration of mydriatic action.

RESULTS: Onset of mydriasis for all drugs occurred within 15 minutes. Time to reach a difference of 5 mm in the vertical pupil diameter between eyes was shortest for 1% tropicamide and 0.25% hyoscine (0.5 h), then 2% homatropine and 1% atropine (0.75 h), and longest for 1% cyclopentolate (1.5 h). The maximum vertical pupillary dilation occurred earliest with 1% tropicamide and 1% atropine (2 h), followed by 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (4 h), and latest with 1% cyclopentolate (8 h). The duration of vertical dilation of the pupil was shortest with 1% tropicamide (6 h), then 2% homatropine (12 h), 1% cyclopentolate (12 h), 1% atropine (24 h), and longest for 0.25% hyoscine (96 h).

The time to reach maximum horizontal dilation of the pupil in treated eyes was shortest with 1% cyclopentolate (1 h), followed by 1% tropicamide (1.5 h), 0.25% hyoscine (3 h), 2% homatropine (3.5 h), and 1% atropine (4 h). The duration of horizontal pupil dilation was shortest with 1% tropicamide (4.5 h), and longest with 0.25% hyoscine (48 h).

CONCLUSION: All five mydriatics induced clinical dilation. Tropicamide (1%) had the shortest duration of effect, but gave incomplete dilation. Good dilation was achieved with 1% cyclopentolate and 2% homatropine, but took too long to reach maximum dilation for routine mydriasis. The largest vertical dilation of the pupil was achieved with 1% atropine and 0.25% hyoscine, but pupils remained dilated for more than 24 h.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine mydriasis in goats, it is recommended that 1% tropicamide be used, though there may be incomplete dilation. For a longer duration of mydriasis, such as in the treatment of anterior uveitis, 1% atropine or 0.25% hyoscine would be the drugs of choice.