内蒙古巴彦淖尔市绵羊粗饲料GI值测定

为了对内蒙古巴彦淖尔市绵羊常用粗饲料营养价值和粗饲料质量等级进行科学评价,采用我国反刍动物营养学家卢德勋提出的粗饲料分级指数（GI值）评定指数,对该地区的粗饲料营养成分进行了分析,并对饲草质量进行了评价。结果表明,巴彦淖尔市绵羊粗饲料GI值分级结果为：禾本科牧草中,披碱草3级、燕麦3级、赖草4级、无芒隐子草4级、狗尾草4级、高丹草4级、黑麦草4级、湖南稷子5级、甜高粱5级、戈壁针茅4级、稗草5级、冰草5级、画眉草5级、羊草5级、大麦5级、谷草5级;秸秆饲料中,葵花秸秆5级、葵花盘2级、高粱秆5级、玉米秸秆5级、麦秸5级、玉米芯5级;青贮饲料中,玉米全株青贮5级、葵花秸玉米秸混合青贮5级、番茄渣麦秸混合青贮4级。     

应用体外产气与活体外消化法评定不同生育期禾本科牧草营养价值

试验旨在探讨华北农牧交错带羊草、大赖草、扁穗冰草、无芒雀麦、野黑麦和梭罗草6种主要禾本科牧草不同生育期营养价值变化规律。利用常规化学成分分析、活体外消化技术和体外发酵产气技术测定6种禾本科牧草盛花期和结实期的主要营养成分、活体外消化率和瘤胃微生物体外发酵产气量。结果表明:除无芒雀麦外,结实期禾本科牧草粗蛋白(CP)和中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)含量相比开花期显著下降(P<0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量随生育期的延长而增加(P<0.05);6种牧草的干物质活体外消化率(DMD)、NDF活体外消化率(NDFD)、ADF活体外消化率(ADFD)随生育期延长呈下降趋势;除羊草外,5种牧草的2个生育期的24 h和48 h产气量差异显著(P<0.05),6种禾本科牧草2个生育期的理论最大产气量差异显著(P<0.05);随生育期延长,产气速度呈下降趋势,延滞期呈上升趋势。与开花期相比,禾本科牧草结实期的营养显著下降。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区6种禾本科牧草营养成分分析

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔地区种植的6种禾本科牧草为研究对象,测定了牧草的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分等指标,并运用方差分析和聚类分析对牧草的营养成分进行分析。结果表明,6种禾本科牧草营养价值由高至低排列顺序为阿坝垂穗披碱草老芒麦偃麦草蒙农杂种冰草披碱草多花黑麦草;方差分析表明,6种禾本科牧草每个营养成分之间都存在一定的差异;聚类分析表明,在距离T=4.0处,将6种禾本科牧草划分为2种类型:第1类4个,即披碱草、多花黑麦草、蒙农杂种冰草和偃麦草,第2类2个,即老芒麦和阿坝垂穗披碱草。     

山东省羊常用粗饲料营养价值评定

试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。     

呼伦贝尔地区6种禾本科牧草养分对应分析

本研究运用对应分析方法对呼伦贝尔地区种植的6种禾本科牧草营养价值进行综合评定,结果表明:牧草品种间营养成分存在差异,且养分含量与品种间存在一定的相关性。‘阿坝'垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans‘Aba')的粗蛋白与粗脂肪含量最高(P0.05),多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lamk)最低;披碱草(Elymus dahuricus Turcz)的吸附水含量最高,老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn)最低;偃麦草(Elytrigia repens(L.)Nevski.)的粗纤维和粗灰分含量最高,蒙农杂种冰草(Agropyron cristatum×A.desertorum‘Hycrest Mengnong')最低;老芒麦钙和磷的含量最高,蒙农杂种冰草钙含量最低,偃麦草磷的含量最低。     

禾本科牧草与豆科牧草营养成分比较

测试了禾本科(冰草、无芒雀麦、老芒麦、披碱草)和豆科(紫花苜蓿、红豆草、三叶草、扁蓿豆)各4种牧草开花期的营养成分含量,对营养成分含量二级系统分组资料进行方差分析。结果表明,科间科内牧草间F值均达显著或极显著水平,对科间、科内牧草间营养成分含量均值进行了SSR法多重比较。     

干旱胁迫下4种禾本科牧草根系抗旱性比较

为明确禾本科牧草根系生理特性的变化与抗旱性的关系,采用盆栽断水的方式模拟土壤干旱胁迫,测定披碱草、扁穗冰草、细茎冰草、无芒雀麦等4种禾本科牧草的苗期根系相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫强度加剧,4种禾本科牧草根系Pro、SP、REC、MDA含量及SOD活性明显上升。经抗旱隶属度分析,披碱草的综合评价值最高,为0.5006;4种禾本科牧草材料的抗旱性强弱顺序依次为:披碱草细茎冰草无芒雀麦扁穗冰草。     

不同生长阶段的油菜饲用营养价值评价研究

探索不同生长阶段油菜的营养价值,为油菜的饲用提供数据支撑和参考。以同一品种、不同时期(蕾薹期、初花期、盛花期、结荚初期、结荚后期)采集的油菜以及油菜秸秆作为试验素材,通过常规营养成分的检测分析以及随意干物质采食量(DMI)、体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)、粗饲料分级指数(GI和GI’)的预测,分析油菜的饲用价值。结果表明:(1)随着油菜生长阶段的发展,结合常规营养成分、随意干物质采食量(DMI)、体外干物质消化率(IVDMD)以及粗饲料分级指数(GI)分析,油菜饲用的营养价值呈逐渐下降的趋势;(2)油菜生长的不同阶段饲用价值不一样,通过预测分析,应结合生物产量以及饲喂动物,综合营养指标选择合适的生长阶段进行采收、贮存和饲用。     

青海省内国家投资最大的牧草种子繁育基地建设方案通过专家论证并开始实施

《青海省中旱生禾本科 (披碱草 )牧草种子繁育基地建设项目》是 2 0 0 0年国家农业部在我省组织实施的迄今一次性投资最大的牧草种子繁育基地建设项目。项目建设的主要内容有 :新建牧草原种圃 66.67ｈ ,主要繁育垂穗披碱草 ,达吾尔披碱草 ,老芒麦 ,细茎冰草 ,青海鹅观草 ,中华羊茅 ,无芒雀麦 ,新麦草 ,猫尾草 ,草地早熟禾 ,星星草等 1 1个禾本科牧草原种 ,年生产各类原种 2 8ｔ。新建牧草良种基地 1 944.8ｈ ,主要繁育垂穗披碱草 ,达吾尔披碱草 ,老芒麦 ,无芒雀麦 ,星星草等 5个禾本科牧草良种 ,年平均生产各类牧草良种 90 0余ｔ,另外建成…     

雀稗草产草量、营养价值及饲喂效果的研究

连续二年测定雀稗草鲜草、干草、干物质、粗蛋白质和可消化干物质产量,分析各生长阶段常规营养成分;进行饲养肉牛效果试验,同时测定干物质消化率。结果表明,雀稗草具有产草量较高、幼嫩时期营养成分含量丰富、干物质消化率高等优点,但后期老化快,抽穗开花后营养价值急剧下降;相关分析结果表明,粗纤维含量与生长天数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而粗蛋白质含量则呈显著负相关(P<0.05);刈割高度60cm优于50cm;用雀稗草饲喂肉牛有必要补充一定量的精料(5g/kgLW/d)或较多量的豆科牧草。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Prevalence and Intensity of Helminth and Coccidial Infections in Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

A survey of gastrointestinal parasite infections of young (<6 months old), immature (6–12 months old) and adult (>12 months old) dairy cattle on 16 farms in Kiambu District, Kenya was conducted during a dry season (September 1991 to January 1992) and during a wet season (March to July 1992). The survey was based on monthly coproparasitological examination of cohorts and worm counts in tracer calves. The effects of age, sex, farm and season on the prevalence and intensity of helminth and coccidial infections were determined. Faecal egg and oocyst counts revealed that the overall prevalences were: strongyles (including trichostrongyles) (85.5%), liver flukes (Fasciola gigantica) (34.0%), coccidia (30.9%) and tapeworms (9.6%). Eight species of the protozoan Eimeria were identified, the most prevalent species being E. bovis and E. zuernii. The most prevalent nematode genera were Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus. Season, farm and age of the animals had a significant (p<0.05) influence on the intensity of infection with strongyles, liver flukes and coccidia, whereas the sex of the animals had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the prevalence or intensity of infections. A higher intensity of infection with strongyles and coccidia was found in the wet season than in the dry season (p<0.05). The age-specific intensity was in the following order: for strongyles, immature animals of 6–12 months of age had the highest egg counts, followed by young calves and adults. Calves had significantly (p<0.05) higher oocyst counts than immatures or adults. Liver fluke egg counts did not differ significant (p>0.05) between immatures and adult cattle.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。