猕猴不同年龄和性别血糖的初步研究

猕猴是一种非常重要的实验动物，近年来被广泛用于高血压、糖尿病等疾病研究的模式动物。本研究对670只笼养猕猴进行了采样，并分析了不同年龄组、不同性别猕猴的血糖情况，结果表明：（1）2～3岁的猕猴血糖是4mmol／l，左右；（2）随着年龄的增加，雄性猕猴的血糖在4～8岁这一阶段明显下降，而在8～16岁这个阶段已经明显升高，到17岁以后的血糖浓度则显著增加；（3）5岁以后的雌性猕猴数量不足，但4岁雌性猕猴的血糖浓度显著低于2岁和3岁的猕猴。（4）在不同性别之间，发现3岁和4岁的雌性猕猴血糖浓度显著高于对应的雄性猕猴。本研究表明猕猴的血糖浓度与其年龄和性别相关。     

鸳鸯越冬期日活动行为时间分配的研究

越冬期鸳鸯（Ａｉｘｇａｌｅｒｉｃｕｌａｔａ）日活动行为的时间分配有明显规律性。休息（４０％－８０％）是越冬期鸳鸯的主要行为．早晨和傍晚是鸳鸯的取食高峰时间。在下午的取食强度高于上午的取食强度。越冬中期（１２－１月）鸳鸯的游泳时间相对减少，休息时间相对延长。在雌雄个体日活动行为的差别上，雄性个体理羽行为的时间比雌性个体多；警戒活动大部分是由雄性个体担任；雌性个体的休息时间比雄性个体多。季节变化，气候条件，以及温度、时间对鸳鸯的日活动行为都有一定的影响。     

大熊猫肠道菌群年龄演替规律分析

本研究旨在探究不同年龄段大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)肠道菌群多样性、结构及功能的演替规律。于秦岭大熊猫研究中心采集16只不同年龄段大熊猫的新鲜粪便，基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术及层次聚类方法分为5个年龄组进行分析。结果表明，不同年龄段大熊猫共有优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 60.44%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 38.69%),且随年龄增长，厚壁菌门的相对丰度逐渐增加，变形菌门的相对丰度逐渐降低；共有优势菌属为埃希菌属-志贺菌属(Escherichia-Shigella,57.35%)和狭义梭菌属1(Clostridium＿sensu＿stricto＿1,15.17%),且性别差异对大熊猫肠道菌群结构影响不大。不同年龄段大熊猫的肠道菌群Alpha多样性存在显著差异(P<0.05),呈现随年龄增长先增加后降低的趋势，在18～22岁达最高；Beta多样性结果表明，组间差异大于组内差异，不同分组对样品差异的解释具有可信度。13～14岁成年大熊猫特有的优势菌属——魏斯菌属(Weissella,9.975%)为肠道益生菌，34...     

丝毛乌骨鸡和北京油鸡超氧化物歧化酶活性比较研究

采用ＮＢＴ比色法检测了丝毛乌骨鸡和北京油鸡间不同性别、不同组织的超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性。结果表明,两品种各组织ＳＯＤ活性的高低顺序是贤〉肝〉脾〉、胰〉肌肉;雄性个体各组织ＳＯＤ活性略高于雌性个体各相应组织;在雄性个体比较中,北京油鸡各组织ＳＯＤ活性高于丝毛乌骨鸡各相应组织;而在雌性个体比较中,北京油鸡各组织ＳＯＤ活性略低于丝毛乌骨鸡各相应组织。     

麇鹿血清免疫球蛋白含量测定与分析

免疫球蛋白(IG)水平是反映机体免疫状态的重要指标,血清免疫球蛋白水平的变化与疾病密切相关.笔者于2009年12月至2010年8月,应用免疫比浊法测定了78只麋鹿血清免疫球蛋白浓度,比较了不同年龄、性别间免疫球蛋白水平.结果发现雌性麋鹿的IgG含量在不同年龄段均高于雄性个体,雌性个体青年期的最高值为17.14 g/L,...     

不同羽色和性别番鸭屠宰性能及肌肉成分比较研究

研究旨在比较不同羽色及性别番鸭在屠宰性能及肌肉成分上的差别,为选育优良番鸭品种提供依据。试验选取1日龄黑羽番鸭、白羽番鸭及黑白花番鸭公、母共324羽,按羽色、性别分为6个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复9只鸭,各处理饲喂相同日粮,试验期90d。结果表明：雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于雄性白羽及黑白花羽番鸭（P〈0．05）,而雌性黑白花番鸭及白羽番鸭的胸肌率和瘦肉率相近且均显著高于雌性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各处理番鸭肌肉中汞、镉、砷、铅含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）,且均很微量;各同羽色雄性番鸭肌肉水分、无氮浸出物和粗蛋白质含量均基本略高于其同羽色雌性番鸭,而各处理雌性番鸭肌肉粗脂肪、粗灰分含量则高于其同羽色的雄性番鸭;雄性白羽番鸭和黑白花番鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量相近且均显著高于雄性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各同羽色番鸭中基本上肌肉氨基酸含量均以雄性高于雌性,而同性别的番鸭比较,雄性白羽番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸的含量显著高于雄性黑羽及雄性黑白花羽番鸭（P〉0．05）;同时雌性各羽色番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸含量呈现出：黑白花番鸭〉黑羽番鸭〉白羽番鸭,但该趋势不显著（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明,雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰性能有一定优势,白羽番鸭肌肉养分和氨基酸含量优势明显。     

不同年龄大熊猫肠道菌群及其酶活特征分析

旨在探究年龄对大熊猫个体肠道微生态的影响。本研究采集大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）（J₁（亚成年大熊猫个体）、J₂（成年大熊猫个体）、J₃（老年大熊猫个体））的新鲜粪便,基于16S rRNA基因技术,测定不同年龄的大熊猫个体肠道细菌组成,分析其物理和化学特征及酶活特异性,利用冗余分析（redundant analysis,RDA）分析大熊猫肠道微生物菌群丰度与其环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：在门水平上,变形菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而升高,厚壁菌门的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;在属水平上,链球菌属的相对丰度随着年龄的增加而降低;淀粉酶和纤维素酶的酶活力在J₂肠道最高,淀粉酶活力在J₃肠道最低,纤维素酶活力在J₁肠道最低,蛋白酶活力在J₁肠道最高,在J₃肠道最低;厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度均与淀粉酶活力和还原糖含量呈正相关,变形菌门的相对丰度与还原糖含量和氨基酸含量呈负相关。研究表明,不同年龄大熊猫个体的肠道微生物菌群的表现特征不同,其肠道细菌优势菌的相对丰度与其消化酶等环境因子存在相关性;建议需对亚成年大熊猫加强饮食和生活环境管理,并可以通过添加益生菌等方式加强对老年大熊猫肠道健康的管理。     

亚成体大熊猫肠道正常菌群变化的初步研究

对三只处于食性转换期前后的亚成体大熊猫肠道内好氧及兼性厌氧细菌的数量、种类进行了初步研究。研究发现在亚成体大熊猫处于食性转换期前后，肠道内的细菌种类和数量变化比较大。在以高蛋白为主食的食性转换前期，亚成体大熊猫肠道内的细菌含量在１０６～１０７ｃｆｕ／ｇ之间，其中优势菌群为肠杆菌（４２５％）和乳杆菌（３５６％）；而以纤维性食物为主食的食性转换后期，亚成体大熊猫肠道内的细菌含量在１０４～１０５ｃｆｕ／ｇ，其中肠球菌居多，占３８７％。     

蛋用黄羽鹌鹑血液细胞学和血液生理学参数的研究

利用采自纯系蛋用黄羽鹌鹑健康群体的血样，对黄羽鹌鹑的血液细胞学和主要血液生理学参数进行了研究。结果表明，黄羽鹌鹑的血液细胞形态与鸡和其它禽类相似。黄羽鹤鹑的红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容均存在性别差异，其中红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容雄性均显著高于雌性（P〈0．05），凝血细胞数量雌性显著高于雄性（P〈0．01）。凝血细胞长度比红细胞短，其宽度与红细胞差异不显著（P〉0．05）。3周龄和7周龄比较红细胞数量、凝血细胞数量、血红蛋白含量和血细胞比容均无显著差异（P〉0．05），白细胞数量和分类以及各类白细胞的大小在性别和周龄间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。     

东方白鹳国内圈养种群的统计分析

应用种群管理软件SPARKS 1.5及PM 2000 v1.214对东方白鹳的国内圈养种群进行统计分析。在有记录的36 a人工圈养的历史中,野外捕获个体在1975～1999年间是构成圈养种群的主要部分,自1984年首个圈养个体出生后,圈养出生个体数量以年平均增长率15.10%速度增长,至2000年取代野外捕获个体数量,成为目前种群发展的主要力量。截至2009年12月31日,我国共有61家动物园或机构圈养了375只东方白鹳个体。种群周期增长率λ=1.0311,性别比例为雄性：雌性=0.927 8,现有种群中能够繁殖的个体共25只（雄性13只,雌性12只）;种群遗传多样性指标GD=95.44%,平均近亲系数F=0.031 6。为了保证东方白鹳国内圈养种群的自我维持,促进种群的健康发展,建议开展未知性别个体的性别鉴定工作、建立种群发展规划并进行合理的宏观调控。     

Ecological scale and seasonal heterogeneity in the spatial behaviors of giant pandas

We report on the first study to track the spatial behaviors of wild giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) using high‐resolution global positioning system (GPS) telemetry. Between 2008 and 2009, 4 pandas (2 male and 2 female) were tracked in Foping Reserve, China for an average of 305 days (± 54.8 SE). Panda home ranges were larger than those of previous very high frequency tracking studies, with a bimodal distribution of space‐use and distinct winter and summer centers of activity. Home range sizes were larger in winter than in summer, although there was considerable individual variability. All tracked pandas exhibited individualistic, unoriented and multiphasic movement paths, with a high level of tortuosity within seasonal core habitats and directed, linear, large‐scale movements between habitats. Pandas moved from low elevation winter habitats to high elevation (>2000 m) summer habitats in May, when temperatures averaged 17.5 °C (± 0.3 SE), and these large‐scale movements took <1 month to complete. The peak in panda mean elevation occurred in Jul, after which they began slow, large‐scale movements back to winter habitats that were completed in Nov. An adult female panda made 2 longdistance movements during the mating season. Pandas remain close to rivers and streams during winter, possibly reflecting the elevated water requirements to digest their high‐fiber food. Panda movement path tortuosity and first‐passage‐time as a function of spatial scale indicated a mean peak in habitat search effort and patch use of approximately 700 m. Despite a high degree of spatial overlap between panda home ranges, particularly in winter, we detected neither avoidance nor attraction behavior between conspecifics.     

昆明金殿国家森林公园蝶类多样性季节性变化研究

于2010年10月至2011年9月对金殿国家森林公园不同季节蝶类群落的结构数量和多样性进行了调查研究。共采集蝶类标本972只,隶属9科,49属,69种。各季节蝶类属数、种数、个体数量、多样性指数以及均匀度指数大小均为:夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季;优势度指数为春季＞秋季＞夏季＞冬季。秋季和冬季之间的相似性系数最高,夏季和冬季蝶类相似性系数最低,这与季节之间的气候差异性相关。结果显示分布于昆明地区的多数蝶种世代数一年为2代或者2代以上。     

Telemetry research on elusive wildlife: A synthesis of studies on giant pandas

Telemetry studies that track animals through space and time can lead to advances in scientific understanding that are vital in conservation efforts. For example, telemetry studies of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) have shed light on many aspects of panda biology, but small sample sizes in each separate study make it difficult to draw broad conclusions. To overcome this problem we conducted the first synthesis of all 5 panda telemetry studies conducted to date. Using these data we investigated patterns in 6 main topics: home range, space–use interactions, core areas, movement patterns, seasonal migration and natal dispersal. We found that panda home range sizes do not vary between 2 main mountain ranges (Qionglai and Qinling), as was previously believed. Our results also suggest that female pandas increase their movement in the mating season: a behavior typically attributed only to males. We found and summarized telemetry and genetic evidence for female natal dispersal in the giant panda. Our synthesis highlights the need for additional research relating panda behavior to human disturbance factors, and can aid future studies on giant pandas as well as other species.     

Winter pairs of ruddy shelducks at Lashihai Lake,southwest China

It has been suggested that pairing behavior during winter in migratory ducks represents a trade‐off between costs (defense of the female) and benefits (early access to females). To investigate the benefits and costs for both sexes in wintering pairs of ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), we compared time budgets for paired males and females, and surveyed the sex ratio of the birds wintering at Lashihai Lake, southwest China. The behavior of the paired ruddy shelducks was monitored for 5 activity types: feeding, resting (including sleeping), preening, drinking and warning. Feeding was the most dominant activity. The feeding time of both sexes increased as the winter season progressed. However, the paired females always spent significantly more time feeding and less time warning than the paired males. Paired ruddy shelducks had access to better feeding grounds than unpaired individuals, resulting in a food benefit for paired individuals over single individuals. Because the sex ratio of the wintering population was strongly male biased (M:F = 1.44:1.00), the paired male also gained the benefit of accessing a female in advance of the breeding season.     

甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究

为确立高寒地区天然草地欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量的季节动态变化,本试验采用TiO₂外源指示剂法和瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定欧拉型藏羊不同季节排粪量和牧草消化率从而计算放牧采食量。结果表明:玛曲高寒草地牧草干物质消化率(DMD)和粗蛋白(CP)含量夏季显著(P < 0.05)高于冬春季与秋季;欧拉型藏羊各年龄段排粪量3季差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;随着年龄增长,欧拉型藏羊三季牧草采食量均有增大的趋势,同年龄段不同季节的藏羊采食量和代谢采食量(除4岁母羊)差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;各年龄段藏羊累计牧草消耗量(AFC)差异显著(P < 0.05)分别为339.37,757.58,1185.93和1655.61 kg。由此可见,牧草干机物质消化率、排粪量和采食量夏秋季较高、冬春季较低,随着年龄增大排粪量和采食量有增高的趋势。因此,在高寒牧区应提倡草地季节性畜牧业,充分考虑牧草营养与动物营养需求之间的耦合性来提高经济和生态效益。     

阿坝牧区草地不同利用方式与程度对植被碳含量的影响

为探讨不同利用方式与程度对草地植被碳含量的影响,对阿坝牧区不同利用方式草地(封育天然割草地、人工栽培、放牧草地)和植物生长季不同利用程度草地植被的地上部分、地下根系和枯落物的碳含量进行调研。结果表明,1)草地地上植被碳含量在不同利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地、冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地显著高于夏秋放牧草地(P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上冬春和夏秋轻度放牧草地显著高于重度和中度放牧草地(P<0.05)。2)草地枯落物碳含量在不同利用方式与程度上差异均不显著。3)从根系总碳含量来看,不同利用方式上夏秋放牧草地和封育天然割草地显著高于冬春放牧草地和人工栽培草地 (P<0.05);生长季不同利用程度上夏秋中度和轻度放牧草地显著高于夏秋重度和冬春放牧草地(P<0.05),且各种利用方式与程度草地地下根系总碳含量均从表层向下依次显著的递减(P<0.05),0~10 cm 的根系碳含量占总量的65%以上,10~30 cm各草地根系碳含量差异不显著(P<0.05)。通过数量关系得出,草地植被碳含量在利用方式上表现为封育天然割草地(356.509 g/m²)>冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m²)>人工栽培草地(164.953 g/m²)>夏秋放牧草地(137.577 g/m²),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的15.334,17.130,9.167和5.146倍;在生长季不同利用程度上表现为冬春放牧草地(297.780 g/m²)>夏秋轻度放牧草地(217.002 g/m²)>夏秋重度放牧草地(113.849 g/m²)>夏秋中度放牧草地(81.882 g/m²),地上植被碳含量分别为地下根系碳含量的17.130,8.636,4.412和2.430倍。利用方式和放牧强度是影响草地植被碳含量的重要因素。     

Carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) from different sex conditions, raising altitudes and slaughter seasons

This study was carried out to investigate the carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) from different sex conditions, raising altitudes and slaughter seasons. The total number of cattle used in this study was 3608 heads which comprised of 1336 bulls and 1660 steers. The data was analyzed according to sex condition (bull and steer), raising altitude (low: 0–100 m and high: 700–800 m) and slaughter season (spring, summer, autumn and winter). At 24 h post-slaughter, the carcasses were weighed and evaluated for carcass traits according to the Korean carcass grading standard by an official grader. Carcass weight, ribeye area, yield index and grade, and meat color, firmness and maturity scores of carcass from bulls were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those from steers. Inversely, the backfat thickness, marbling score and quality grade of carcass from steers were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those from bulls. The maturity score of carcass from a high area was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that from a low area. The ribeye area of carcass from summer was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that from other seasons. The maturity score of carcass from the summer season was highest among that from other seasons and the lowest was that from the winter season. Marbling score and carcass quality grade from the winter season were highest among those from other seasons and the lowest were those from the autumn season. There were no significant interactions between sex condition and raising altitude on carcass traits except the ribeye area. There were significant interactions between sex condition and slaughter season on marbling score and carcass quality grade. There were no significant interactions between raising altitude and slaughter season on all of the carcass traits. There were significant interactions among sex condition, raising altitude and slaughter season on meat color score. It was concluded that sex condition affected muscle and fat depositions on the carcass, raising altitude affected maturity and slaughter season affected ribeye area, maturity and marbling.     

Seasonal and sex differences in area preference and behavior of young cattle just after long distance transport

To determine seasonal and sex differences in behavioral motivation of cattle just after long transport, 54 Japanese Black × Holstein cattle were observed at 5 min intervals for 2 h just after 25‐h transport by road and ferry. The stocking pen (12.0 × 9.5 m) consisted of an eating area (near a feeding alley), a drinking area (near water bowls) and a resting area (all areas except for other two areas). First, the effect of season was determined with heifers in summer (n = 12: 7.9 ± 0.6 months of age; 292.0 ± 18.5 kg) and autumn (n = 19: 8.2 ± 0.6 months of age; 295.8 ± 15.5 kg). The mean temperature on the observation day was 28.5 (max: 34.5, min: 24.5)°C in summer and 20.3 (max: 26.5, min: 16.4)°C in autumn. Percentage of cattle staying in each area was different by season (χ² = 22.0; P < 0.01). In summer, the percentage of cattle staying in the drinking area (26.7%) was greater than the expected percentage (16.7%). Percentage of cattle staying in the eating area was greater in both seasons (31.3% in summer and 53.6% in autumn) than the expected percentage (16.7%). However, the mean percentage of cattle performing each behavior was not significantly different by season. Secondly, the effect of sex was determined with steers (n = 23: 7.6 ± 0.6 months of age; 301.9 ± 20.7 kg) and heifers (n = 19: same as above) in autumn. Although the percentage of cattle staying in each area was different by sex (χ² = 20.2; P < 0.01), the percentages of steers (25.5%) and heifers (53.6%) staying in the eating area were both greater than the expected percentage (16.7%). However, percentage of animals performing each behavior was not different by sex. These results recommend to stockpersons that they should install additional troughs for hay and water into a pen just after long distance transport, since the number of cattle that can eat and drink at the same time was limited.     

Plasma biochemical reference values in clinically healthy captive bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and the effects of sex and season

Background: Bearded dragons are one of the most popular pet lizard species, and biochemical reference values are useful for health management of these reptiles. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to measure plasma biochemical values in healthy captive bearded dragons, determine reference values, and evaluate the effects of sex and season on the results. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 100 captive healthy bearded dragons in Tokyo during the summer and winter. Plasma biochemical measurements were performed using a dry‐slide automated biochemical analyzer. The data were then compared based on sex and season using 2‐way ANOVA. Results: Globulin, cholesterol, and calcium concentrations of females were higher in both summer and winter compared with the values obtained for males. Both males and females had higher uric acid concentrations in winter than in summer. When compared with males, females had a higher chloride concentration in summer and a higher total protein concentration and aspartate aminotransferase activity in winter. Potassium concentration in males was lower in winter than in summer, whereas in females cholesterol concentration was lower in winter than in summer. Conclusions: Biochemical values that differed based on sex and season in bearded dragons were similar to those in other lizards. These differences reflect physiologic differences in reproductive status in females and seasonal changes in temperature and hydration status. Plasma biochemical values established for bearded dragons in this study will be useful in the diagnostic assessment of captive animals.     

不同季节、不同出栏日龄对樱桃谷鸭蛋氨酸需要量的影响

本研究结合生产实践，采用大群生产试验方法，对标准化饲养的2847栋鸭舍，同源樱桃谷商品肉鸭2925万只，按统一饲养方式和管理程序进行生产试验。试验日粮分为前期（1～19d）、中期（20～29d）和后期（30d～出栏）3个阶段，记录各饲养阶段肉鸭的采食量、增重、死亡率。结果表明：春、夏、秋、冬肉鸭氨基酸需要量的析因模型分别为：春季：METR=0．0050BGW＋0．1818W0．75；夏李：METR：O．0055BGW＋0．1554W0．75；秋季：METR=0．0050BGW＋0．1945W0．75；冬李：METR=0．0038BGW＋0．2651W0．75。春、夏、秋、冬四个季节肉鸭的蛋氨酸维持需要分别为每千克代谢体重0．1818、0．1554、0．1945、0．265lg；肉鸭每增重lg体重需要蛋氨酸为0．005、0．0055、0．005、0．0038g。冬季肉鸭摄入的蛋氨酸用于维持需要的量高于其它季节，以夏季最少，春季与秋季肉鸭用于维持需要的蛋氨酸量相当。而肉鸭冬季用于单位增重所需的蛋氨酸最少，其他季节相近。研究同时表明，不同的出栏日龄肉鸭增重lg所需的蛋氨酸量不同，随着肉鸭出栏日龄的延长，肉鸭每增重1g所需的蛋氨酸的需要量逐渐提高。