犬隐睾及睾丸肿瘤中PGP9.5和NPY的分布比较

试验旨在分析肽能神经递质蛋白基因产物9.5（protein gene product 9.5,PGP9.5）和神经肽Y（neuropeptide Y,NPY）在犬隐睾及睾丸肿瘤中的分布和表达,并与同年龄正常睾丸组织进行比较,为认识犬睾丸肿瘤恶变临床诊断提供参考。应用HE染色、Masson三色染色、Gomori银浸染、甲苯胺蓝染色观察各组织中网状纤维、胶原纤维及肥大细胞等组织特征,采用免疫组织化学SP法及免疫荧光法结合IPP统计分析PGP9.5和NPY在组织中的表达及定位。结果显示,正常犬睾丸生精上皮由4~7层生精细胞及Sertoli细胞构成,间质组织胶原纤维和网状纤维分布稀疏。隐睾生精小管基底膜胶原纤维厚度增加,Sertoli细胞核浓缩位于生精小管基底,间质网状纤维增多。睾丸肿瘤组织结构不清晰,胶原纤维和网状纤维无规则分布,肥大细胞较正常组及隐睾组显著增多。免疫荧光定位表明,PGP9.5在正常睾丸Leydig细胞中呈中等阳性表达,生精细胞中无明显表达;隐睾Leydig细胞及生精细胞中呈强阳性表达;睾丸肿瘤中偶有表达。NPY在正常睾丸Leydig细胞中偶见阳性表达,生精细胞中无表达;隐睾Leydig细胞及生精上皮中无表达,间质小血管管壁呈高密度强阳性表达;睾丸肿瘤组织中无明显表达。免疫组化统计表明,睾丸肿瘤组织中PGP9.5和NPY较正常组极显著降低（P<0.01）,隐睾组PGP9.5和NPY表达显著或极显著增加（P<0.05;P<0.01）。因此,犬隐睾时PGP9.5及NPY的表达增高,提示犬隐睾时已有发展为肿瘤的趋势,且与肿瘤恶变程度相关。     

高原牦牛隐睾组织结构特征

观察成年牦牛隐睾的组织结构特点,分析高原环境对其生殖微环境的影响。应用HE、Masson’s、Gomori’s特殊染色以及免疫组织化学方法和透射电镜观察比较成年牦牛隐睾与单侧正常睾丸、正常睾丸组织结构特点,进而用IPP图像分析软件进行定量统计。与正常组睾丸相比,隐睾生精小管管径极显著减小(P0.01),基膜增厚,腔内生殖细胞丢失,散在少数幼稚型Sertoli细胞,胞内线粒体变性且含有大小不等的脂褐素颗粒;间质内胶原纤维增生,间质/管腔面积比极显著增大(P0.01),Leydig细胞数量减少,胞内线粒体肿胀,间质血管数量减少,管壁增厚皱缩,血管内皮细胞内含大量脂褐素颗粒;睾丸实质部分钙化。单侧正常组睾丸生精上皮细胞为3~4层,Sertoli细胞发育成熟,少见初级精母细胞及精子;间质/管腔面积比与正常睾丸无明显差异(P0.05),Leydig细胞数量较多,内质网丰富呈一定扩张状态,线粒体减少。免疫组织化学显示,VEGF及VEGFR2在隐睾组与单侧正常组、正常组睾丸均表达于Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞及各级生精细胞,血管内皮细胞偶见表达;隐睾组VEGF表达量较正常组、单侧正常组睾丸明显下降(P0.05),VEGFR2表达量明显高于正常组与单侧正常组(P0.05);单侧正常组VEGF及VEGFR2表达量较正常组均无明显差异(P0.05)。高原低氧环境,牦牛隐睾血管发育受阻,组织出现不同程度的纤维化和局部钙化,Sertoli细胞发育异常严重影响生精功能;单侧正常睾丸Leydig细胞数量增加,而其中线粒体数量减少,发育程度较正常组织有所降低,隐睾组织中VEGF与VEGFR2可能参与调节双侧睾丸生精抑制作用。     

FGF22及其受体在庆阳黑山羊正常睾丸与隐睾中的表达比较

试验旨在研究成纤维生长因子22（fibroblast growth factor 22,FGF22）及其受体2（fibroblast growth factor receptor 2,FGFR2）、硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白（heparan sulfate proteoglycans,HSPG）在庆阳黑山羊正常睾丸与隐睾中的分布与表达,探究其在山羊睾丸发育和隐睾形成中的作用。采用HE和特殊染色观察其组织学结构特征,进而以免疫组织化学及免疫荧光法结合形态计量学统计研究FGF22、FGFR2和HSPG在山羊正常睾丸及隐睾中的定位。结果表明,山羊隐睾较正常睾丸生精小管缩窄,腔内各级生精细胞排列紊乱,间质的胶原纤维和网状纤维增多,糖原类物质阳性反应较弱,FGF22在隐睾组织的Leydig、Sertoli细胞、管周肌样细胞及血管内皮细胞整体表达密度相较于正常睾丸显著减弱（P<0.05）。HSPG在正常睾丸表达显著强于隐睾（P<0.05）,间质组织变化尤其明显。FGFR2在隐睾组表达显著增高（P<0.05）,且以Sertoli细胞强阳性表达为主。庆阳黑山羊隐睾较正常睾丸发育异常,间质组织有纤维化趋势,糖原类物质含量减少;FGF22及HSPG表达降低应与隐睾局部环境温度变化密切相关;FGFR2在隐睾组表达增高提示其在发生隐睾时可能通过Sertoli细胞进行适应性调节。     

3例犬腹腔隐睾的微创摘除和组织病理学观察

隐睾是犬的常见病,分为腹股沟隐睾和腹腔隐睾。本文对3例犬腹腔隐睾进行了微创摘除和组织病理学观察。利用腹腔镜对犬进行腹腔探查,找到隐睾,并使用微创手术器械将隐睾摘除。术后3个病例均恢复良好。术后对隐睾样本进行组织病理学观察,结果显示均发生病变,3例隐睾的组织病理学诊断结果分别为睾丸支持细胞瘤、睾丸精原细胞瘤和慢性睾丸炎。结论:利用微创手术治疗犬腹腔隐睾具有创口小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。由于腹腔隐睾发生病变的概率较高,应尽早手术摘除。     

雄性动物繁殖障碍的表现及处理措施

1生精机能障碍 睾丸在腹腔或腹股沟内没有下降到阴囊称隐睾，是睾丸韧带异常发育引起单侧或双侧睾丸没有下降而形成。一侧性隐睾的正常睾丸有精子形成，两侧隐睾没有精子形成。睾丸、附睾都比较正常，无有效治疗方法。常见于马、猪、犬等，牛、羊、鹿较少见。     

公畜隐睾的诊治

<正>隐睾是较常见的睾丸位置先天性异常,是指一侧或两侧睾丸未能按正常发育过程从腹膜后下降至阴囊底部,而滞留于腹腔、腹股沟管、阴囊入口处的一种疾病,又称睾丸下降不全。临床上根据睾丸发生的个数分为单侧隐睾和双侧隐睾,根据睾丸发生的位置分为腹内型隐睾(又称高位隐睾)、腹股沟管内型隐睾和阴囊上型隐睾。本病可发生于马、牛、羊、猪、犬等各种动物,若     

性激素受体在子午岭黑山羊隐睾及正常睾丸中的分布比较

旨在研究性激素受体[雄激素受体（androgen receptor,AR）、雌激素受体（estrogen receptor,ER）]在子午岭黑山羊正常睾丸与隐睾组织中的分布与隐睾症的关系,应用免疫组织化学及免疫荧光技术方法结合形态计量学统计软件,比较了正常睾丸与隐睾的组织化学特点。特殊染色结果显示：与正常组相比,隐睾组间质组织疏松,管腔面积明显减小,糖原含量明显减少,胶原纤维及网状纤维含量增多。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示：1） AR在正常睾丸组Leydig细胞呈高密度强阳性表达,在各级生精细胞呈中等强度阳性表达,隐睾组中Leydig细胞及各级生精细胞表达明显减弱,且在精原细胞偶见表达;2） ER在正常睾丸Leydig细胞呈高密度强阳性表达,管周肌样细胞呈中等强度阳性表达,Sertoli细胞偶见表达,各级生精细胞无表达;3） ER在隐睾Leydig细胞、初级精母细胞、精原细胞和Sertoli细胞中均呈中等强度阳性表达;4）统计结果显示,隐睾组AR的平均光密度较正常组显著降低（P<0.05）,而ER的平均光密度则显著高于正常组（P<0.01）,且隐睾组AR与ER表达量比值基本接近1：1。子午岭黑山羊隐睾组织胶原纤维和网状纤维分布较正常睾丸多,生精小管基膜主要成分以中性糖蛋白为主,酸性糖蛋白含量明显降低影响精子的正常形成;隐睾组织精原细胞及Sertoli细胞ER与AR表达失常尤为明显,可为哺乳动物隐睾的相关研究提供一定参考。     

犬隐睾症的诊断与治疗

犬隐睾症是指睾丸未能按正常发育过程通过腹股沟管沿着腹膜鞘突下降至阴囊,而停留在下降途中部位的一种常见的先天畸形,其发病率较高。正常情况下,犬在出生前后睾丸从腹腔下降至阴囊内,若一侧或者两侧未下降至阴囊,则形成隐睾,单侧性的隐睾比双侧性的多见,且右侧比左侧容易发病。任何品种的犬均可发生。犬隐睾有两种：一种位于腹股沟管内,另一种位于腹腔内。     

犬隐睾症的诊断与治疗

犬隐睾症是指睾丸未能按正常发育过程通过腹股沟管沿着腹膜鞘突下降至阴囊,而停留在下降途中部位的一种常见的先天畸形,其发病率较高。正常情况下,犬在出生前后睾丸从腹腔下降至阴囊内,若一侧或者两侧未下降至阴囊,则形成隐睾,单侧性的隐睾比双侧性的多见,且右侧比左侧容易发病。任何品种的犬均可发生。犬隐睾有两种：一种位于腹股沟管内,另一种位于腹腔内。     

一例博美犬单侧隐睾症的诊断与治疗

犬隐睾症是指雄性犬科动物的睾丸经性成熟发育后，仍旧无法正常回降至阴囊中而呈现出的病态。犬隐睾症可根据睾丸回落状态，分为睾丸异位和睾丸下降不完全；根据睾丸下降数量，分为单侧隐睾和双侧隐睾；根据腹腔内隐睾所处的位置，分为内源性隐睾和外源性隐睾。该病在公犬群体中发生率稳定在10%左右，易导致犬只发生间质细胞瘤。本文就一例博美犬单侧隐睾症的诊断与治疗展开论述。     

An equine cryptorchid with testicular and ovarian tissues.

Cytogenetic and histological studies were carried out on an intersex horse which was diagnosed clinically as a cryptorchid. Surgery confirmed the horse to be a bilateral abdominal cryptorchid and histological examination revealed ovarian tissue associated with the left epididymis. Chromosome analysis of cultured cells from testicular tissue, ovarian tissue and skin revealed 64-XX and 64-XY make-up, the left gonad containing a greater preponderance of XX cells over XY cells. The external characteristics and behaviour of the horse were indistinguishable from that of a "routine" cryptorchid. Other cases of equine intersexes are reviewed and theories for the discrepancies between genetic, gonadal and phenotypic sex are discussed.     

Expression of aromatase and oestrogen receptors in reproductive tissues of the stallion and a single cryptorchid visualised by means of immunohistochemistry

Androgen metabolism may proceed to amplify the action of testosterone by its aromatisation to oestradiol. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests a role of oestrogens in the male reproductive tract via their specific oestrogen receptors (ERs). In order to check whether androgens are converted to oestrogens in the testis, epididymis and prostate of the stallion, the expression of aromatase was visualised by means of immunohistochemistry. Moreover, to show the cellular targets for oestrogens the presence of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) was demonstrated in these tissues. Finally, to show whether naturally occurring cryptorchidism has any influence on the localisation of aromatase and distribution of ERs, the reproductive tissues of a single horse, bilaterally cryptorchid, were also taken for this study. The results demonstrated that aromatase and ERs are ubiquitously distributed throughout the male reproductive tract, what indicates a putative role of oestrogens in modulating the function of the reproductive tissues of the stallion. In the cryptorchid horse the increase in conversion of androgen to oestrogen was observed as manifested by aromatase overexpression. This is the first report showing the cellular site of oestrogen biosynthesis not only in the testis but also in the epididymis and prostate of sexually mature stallion and a single, adult cryptorchid.     

Identification of a Severely Atrophic Testicle During Castration of a Horse: A Case Report

Tissue considered to be testicle was removed from the scrotum of a horse considered previously to be cryptorchid. Close anatomical inspection after emasculation revealed the presence of the vas deferens, intact epididymis, pampiniform plexus, and a severely atrophic testicle. Histologic examination of the tissue confirmed the presence of an atrophic testicle. Accurate anatomic identification at the time of surgery prevented the need for exploration of the inguinal canal or abdomen.     

The presence of androgen receptors in the epididymis and prostate of the stallion and cryptorchid horse--a preliminary study

Distribution of androgen receptors (ARs) in the epididymal duct and prostate of three entire stallions and one bilaterally cryptorchid horse was studied immunohistochemically using a polyclonal rabbit antiserum against the ARs. In both the healthy stallions and the cryptorchid, the epithelial cells of the epididymides showed nuclear staining for ARs. The intensity of AR-staining in the principal cells of the epididymis was stronger than that of the basal cells. In the prostate, the glandular secretory cells were moderately stained whereas the basal cells expressed weak AR-staining. Immunostaining for ARs in the reproductive tissues of the cryptorchid horse was always stronger than in those of the stallions. Our results demonstrate for the first time the AR localisation to equine epididymal and prostatic cells, which are directly regulated by androgens.     

A polyorchid dog

The case of a polyorchid Irish Setter is presented here. Castration and intra-abdominal testis removal were performed one year of age when one scrotal and one cryptorchid testis near the right inguinal canal were removed. Later it became apparent that there was still testosterone production. A third testis, abdominal cryptorchid, was found on the right side cranially and right to the bladder. The third testis had a strong cranial suspensory ligament and the tail of the epididymis was elongated. The ductus deferens did not enter the prostate but followed the gubernaculum to the inguinal canal near the stump of the previous operation on the caudal right testis. This suggests that two right cryptorchid testes had common ductus deferens.     

Seminoma with hyperesterogenemia in a Yorkshire Terrier

A male 8-year-old Yorkshire Terrier dog with unilateral cryptorchism was presented for investigation of reduced appetite and multifocal alopecia. Abdominal sonography and radiography demonstrated abnormal enlargement of left testicle in abdominal cavity. Both of the retroperitoneal cryptorchid testicle and the other contralateral testicle were removed surgically. The concentrations of testosterone and estradiol in blood collected from the jugular vein and the two spermatic veins were evaluated and the results revealed high estradiol concentration. The retroperitoneal cryptorchid testicle was enlarged, firm, bulging sphere mass. The cut surface revealed homogeneous white color and lobulation by septa. The contralateral testicle in scrotum showed atrophic testicle and enlarged epididymis. Histopathologically, the retroperitoneal cryptorchid testicle was diagnosed as seminoma. We thought that hyperesterogenemia and alopecia in this case was probably related with his seminoma, although high correlations between Sertoli cell tumor and alopecia have been reported. To our knowledge, this report may be a rare case of seminoma with hyperesterogenemia and alopecia.     

不同周龄SPF级SD大鼠胰腺自发性病变的组织学观察

研究不同周龄SPF级SD大鼠胰腺自发性病变的种类及其病变发生率,为药物安全性评价提供背景资料。收集3年安评试验中11、19、31周龄试验对照组大鼠胰腺制作病理切片,光学显微镜下观察SD大鼠胰腺病变的种类及组织形态学特点,并统计其病变发生率。结果显示,大鼠胰腺主要出现了以下病变:①单核细胞浸润:11周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为0.6%,其中雌性为0,雄性为1.25%;19周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为1.0%,其中雌性为1.0%,雄性为1.0%;31周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为1.0%,其中雌性为0,雄性为1.96%。②腺泡细胞空泡变性:11周龄大鼠未观察到该病变的发生;19周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为1.0%,其中雌性为0,雄性为2.0%;31周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为3%,其中雌性为2.1%,雄性为3.9%。③腺泡细胞萎缩、腺管增生:11周龄大鼠未观察到该病变的发生;19周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为0.5%,其中雌性为0,雄性为1.0%;31周龄大鼠该病变的总体发生率为3.0%,其中雌性为1.0%,雄性为4.9%。结果表明,SPF级大鼠胰腺可发生单核细胞浸润、腺泡细胞空泡变性、腺泡细胞萎缩及腺管增生等自发性病变,且病变发生率可随着年龄的增加而增加。     

Sertoli cell tumour in a cat

A Sertoli cell tumour occurred in a cryptorchid testis of a 1-year-old cat with no signs of feminization. The tumour showed intratubular growth without interstitial infiltration and the neoplastic cells appeared polymorphous and vacuolated. Mitotic figures were rare. The diagnosis was based on histopathological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of the tumour cells.     

Ultrasonographic appearance of torsion of a testicular seminoma in a cryptorchid dog

An intra-abdominal testicular tumour was diagnosed in a 10-year-old, male, cryptorchid golden retriever. Upon surgical removal, torsion of the testis was found. The histopathological diagnosis was seminoma. The ultrasound examination in this case revealed a parenchymal mass lesion. An ultrasound examination is a useful supplemental diagnostic tool for differentiation of abdominal mass lesions.