试论兽医立法的基本架构及其表现形式

兽医法制建设是控制和扑灭动物疫病的基本保障,是动物疫病综合防治能力的一个重要标志,也是一个国家、一个地区文明程度的具体体现。借鉴发达国家兽医法制建设的基本经验,结合我国的实际情况,现就兽医立法的基本架构及其表现形式作一简要论述。1兽医立法的基本架构兽医立法的基本架构是指对所有兽医法律、法规、规章及国际条约根据其内在职能、作用的关联性、外在结构的完整性以及立法宗旨、原则、技巧的共同性进行科学排列组合而形成的兽医法律体系框架。研究兽医立法基本架构的意义在于它是健全兽医法律体系的重要前提。从完整的兽医…     

对我国动物卫生监督立法的思考

本文分析了我国动物卫生监督立法存在法律体系和结构不够完善、法律完整性和系统性不强、法规标准相互重复、职责不清、推诿扯皮等主要问题。指出了分段立法的弊端,提出了健全法律体系、整合法律法规、厘清部门职责,以及实现行政法规与技术规范无缝对接等建议。     

我国畜牧兽医法律法规体系存在的问题及对策

经过几十年的发展,我国的畜牧兽医体系虽然已经逐步建立起来,但在实际中人们的关注重点都放在了畜禽养殖、饲料加工、兽医水平等技术层面上,却忽略了对畜牧兽医法律法规的完善。笔者拟从一个法律人的角度分析目前我国畜牧兽医法律法规体系存在的问题,进而找出解决对策,旨在完善我国的畜牧兽医法律法规体系,最终促进我国畜牧兽医业的健康发展。     

刍议我国兽医法律体系框架的构建

构建适应兽医事业发展、符合我国实际的兽医法律体系框架,是当前兽医工作中迫切需要研究解决的问题。论文通过深入分析我国兽医法律体系现状,借鉴参考国外兽医法律体系建设的经验做法,结合我国国情和实际,提出我国兽医法律体系框架建设的指导思想、基本原则、体系模式、立法规划以及采取的主要措施,为完善我国兽医法律制度建设提供法理支持,为提高我国依法治疫能力提供法律保障。     

关于兽医执业立法的思考

简要梳理了有关兽医执业立法的法律法规,指出了在兽医执业实践中存在的的一些问题,提出了在法律层面明确兽医执业机构,规范兽医执业行为,严格行政许可制度等8点建议。     

《动物防疫法》配套规定制定情况研究

本文按照《立法法》新增要求,对现行《动物防疫法》及其配套规章进行了系统梳理,总结了其中授权国务院兽医主管部门规定的法律条文接口及完成情况,查找当前立法中存在的漏洞,提出了研究制定尚存空白的规定、完善现有的规定和研究修订《动物防疫法》等建议,以期为完善兽医法律体系提供参考。     

我国执业兽医资格考试现状

我国执业兽医准入制度已经建立,但执业兽医体系建设才刚刚开始。通过对全国执业兽医资格考试情况的分析,建议从三个方面加快建设：一是通过立法保障执业兽医社会职责的发挥及应有社会地位的获得;二是提高我国执业兽医的本科教育及继续教育水平,建立教育机构评估机制;三是完善执业兽医配套岗位和工作制度,通过行业协会更好地规范执业行为,加快与国际接轨的步伐。     

我国草原法律体系的完善

草原在我国生态安全和农牧业发展中具有举足轻重的作用,加强草原立法,完善草原法律体系,保护建设和合理利用草原是我国草原工作的重中之重。本文主要分析我国草原法律体系的内容和存在的主要问题,提出了完善措施,以期为后续草原法律体系的完善提供依据。     

兽医立法座谈会在青岛召开

中国动物卫生与流行病学中心为进一步推进兽医法制建设，完善兽医法律体系,提高兽医立法质量，2014年1月27-28日，农业部兽医局委托动卫中心在青岛召开兽医立法座谈会。部兽医局王功民副局长、医政处吴晗处长、万强出席会议，来自中国动物疫病预防控制中心、中国兽医药品监察所以及全国9省份的20多位专家参加会议。     

我国循环经济立法方向刍议

根据国外的经验,循环经济立法多从某个特定的方向开始,然后逐渐形成一个完整的体系。我国虽然制定了《循环经济促进法》这一循环经济基本法,但是不论在实践中、还是在立法上都存在很多不足和缺陷。目前循环经济是实现可持续发展的最好途径之一,建立完善的循环经济法律体系,应先确定立法方向。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

獭兔睾丸的组织学观察

家兔作为一种实验动物 ,推动了繁殖技术的发展。本试验通过对不同年龄公獭兔的睾丸进行组织学观察、测定 ,研究精子的发生规律 ,为系统地进行繁殖生理工作提供依据。1　材料与方法选 60日龄、75日龄、90日龄 3个年龄公獭兔各5只 ,用外科手术法摘取两侧睾丸 ,放入 Bouin氏液中固定 ,二甲苯透明 ,石蜡包埋 ,切成 5～ 8μm切片 ,H.E.染色。在显微镜下观察 ,并进行定量组织学指标测定及差异性比较。2　结果和讨论2 .1　睾丸定量组织学指标的测定结果　见表 1。表 1　獭兔睾丸定量组织学指标　　　μm,个 /精细管60日龄 75日龄 90日龄曲细精管…     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.