肉骨粉在动物生产中的应用现状

肉骨粉作为动物生产中的副产品,具有丰富的营养价值。但是由于肉骨粉中存在病原微生物、肉骨粉加工工艺方式的差异以及检测方法等方面的问题,肉骨粉在动物生产中的使用一直受到限制,文中就肉骨粉的营养价值、影响肉骨粉使用的因素以及肉骨粉目前在动物生产中的应用效果进行综述。     

肉骨粉在水产动物营养中的应用

肉骨粉富含蛋白质和钙磷,是良好的动物副产品。但由于其存在品质差异大、消化率低及安全隐患等问题,饲用价值差别很大。本文就肉骨粉的营养价值、影响肉骨粉使用的因素及目前肉骨粉在水产动物营养中的应用研究进行总结概括,为肉骨粉的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

美加动物油脂及肉骨粉加工业考察报告

应美国动物蛋白及油脂提炼协会的邀请，广东省饲料工业考察团一行16人，于1997年12月7日至26日赴美国、加拿大访问，考察美国、加拿大的动物油脂及肉骨粉加工业。参观了肉骨粉及油脂提炼企业、大型肉鸡肉牛屠宰分割厂、大型饲料厂、饲料品质控制实验室，同时还访问了2所大学。通过参观访问，代表团初步了解了美加现代肉骨粉加工生产工艺流程、油脂提炼及回收方法、油脂品质检测鉴定方法。饲用油脂及肉骨粉在饲料工业生产中应用以及油脂及肉骨粉在饲料中使用的研究进展等。较系统地认识了饲用油脂及肉骨粉加工生产、品质控制和饲养应用的各个…     

肉骨粉类饲料在畜牧业上的应用与研究

肉骨粉类饲料营养价值较高,营养成分的变异性很大,其养分的利用率属于中等水平,存在一定的安全性问题。本文就肉骨粉类饲料的营养特点、饲用安全性和肉骨粉的可利用性及其在畜牧业上的应用作一简要综述。     

肉粉、肉骨粉的品质控制及其在鱼类生产中的应用

肉粉和肉骨粉是动物加工过程中的副产品,具有较高的营养价值。文章就肉粉、肉骨粉品质控制及其在鱼类生产中的应用作以简述。     

3种不同来源的水产用肉骨粉安全性的比较研究

评价3种不同来源肉骨粉的安全性,旨在为肉骨粉在水产饲料中的安全使用提供依据。选择3种分别来自于澳大利亚、乌拉圭和中国的肉骨粉,进行微生物、重金属、有机农药和挥发性盐基氮含量,以及酸价和三聚氰胺含量等的检测。结果表明:3种肉骨粉中均未检测出沙门菌,霉菌和大肠杆菌且细菌总数等都在国家标准规定的限量范围内。重金属和有机农药含量均在国家饲料卫生标准范围内。乌拉圭肉骨粉中挥发性盐基氮含量及酸价均为最低,显著低于国产肉骨粉(P0.05),但与澳大利亚肉骨粉差异不显著(P0.05)。3种肉骨粉中均未检测出三聚氰胺。结果表明,3种肉骨粉都可以安全地用于水产饲料中。     

国内肉骨粉原料安全性评价

本研究旨在对国内饲料工业中广泛使用的肉骨粉原料安全性进行全面系统的评价,为肉骨粉原料的合理使用提供依据。在调查国内主要肉骨粉产品的原料来源、加工工艺的基础上,采集10个有代表性肉骨粉样品,对肉骨粉动物源和一系列的卫生指标进行测定。结果表明:大部分肉骨粉产品受到微生物的不同程度污染,受霉菌污染最为严重,其次是大肠杆菌,其中一半样品中检测出沙门氏菌;在10个样品中,7个样品检测出牛源性成分,2个样品检测出羊源性成分,3个样品挥发性盐基氮含量超标,4个样品的酸价超过了9.0mgKOH/g;所有肉骨粉样品的盐分含量都超过5.0%;7个肉骨粉样品检测出三聚氰胺超标。可见,国内肉骨粉原料安全性状况令人堪忧。     

肉骨粉价格顺势上扬

近阶段国内外肉骨粉市场都受到了突发事件所带来的利好题材提振。 1国际肉骨粉市场存在提振 在澳大利亚部分地区受到洪灾的影响下,加之近期墨尔本也受到了暴风雨雪袭击,这对当地肉骨粉的生产造成了不利影响。在供应受阻的格局下,澳大利亚肉骨粉价格有所上扬,据了解,目前澳大利亚肉骨粉的外盘报侨在CNF660美元/t,较前期上扬10美元/t左右。     

利用貉子胴体生产肉骨粉的可行性研究

通过实验的方式研究利用貉子胴体生产肉骨粉的可行性,采用湿法水解生产貉源肉骨粉,从貉源肉骨粉的营养价值和安全性两个方面进行了分析和评价。表明了貉源肉骨粉中总磷、粗脂肪、粗纤维、水分满足国标对肉骨粉的要求,粗蛋白、粗灰分符合国标对一等肉骨粉的要求,铜、铁、镁、锰、钾、钠、锌等微量元素丰富,铅、砷、汞、镉、铬等重金属元素卫生安全,能够成为优质的蛋白质饲料原料。     

入境肉骨粉品质评价

鱼粉是目前国内外畜牧界公认的优质蛋白源饲料原料，但价格较高。肉骨粉作为鱼粉的替代物，由于价格上的优势，近年来进口量明显增加，仅１９９７～１９９９年经广州黄埔港进口的肉骨粉就达３万多吨，货值近一千万美元，肉骨粉已成为我国主要的进口商品之一。当然这些进口肉骨粉均来自欧盟以外非疫病的国家。鱼粉来源于海洋鱼类，而肉骨粉来源于畜禽副产品、下脚料，两者的品质成分构成应有所不同。本文拟结合近年来黄埔港进口肉骨粉品质检验情况，分析探讨进口肉骨粉品质含量、品质特性，供购买和使用进口肉骨粉时参考。１材料与方法１．１…     

新疆伊犁夏牧场铁、铜、锰、锌、硒营养生态环境的研究(Ⅱ)

本试验通过研究伊犁夏牧场不同年龄、不同性别绵羊羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒5种微量元素的含量及变化规律,为夏季放牧绵羊科学补饲微量元素提供依据。选择在新疆伊犁夏牧场卡拉卓恩(南坡)和唐布拉草地(北坡)1 400~2 999 m垂直带放牧的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛和血液样品,测定其铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量,并评估其微量元素的营养生态环境。结果表明,放牧绵羊羊毛铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为520.70、3.89、30.16、102.64 mg/kg和41.18 μg/kg,其中铜和硒分别低于正常值48.3%和79.7%,而铁高于正常值603.4%;血液中铁、铜、锰、锌和硒含量分别为357.05、4.18、0.25、3.08 mg/L和45.23 μg/L,其中铜、硒分别低于正常值29.9%和73.9%,而铁高于正常值95.5%。羊毛与血液中铁、铜、锰、锌、硒含量均随年龄而增加。不同性别绵羊间血液中锌、硒含量差异明显。     

猪GDF11基因部分序列的克隆及组织表达分析

为了探讨生长分化因子11(Growth differentiation factor11,GDF11,又名BMP11)在胸腰椎数变异中的作用,本试验克隆了该基因包含外显子2在内的部分编码区,并进一步采用RT-PCR技术对其在猪胚胎和初生仔猪中的表达进行了分析。结果表明,在35d的猪胚胎中,后肢、牙龈、脑、肝脏、肾脏、胸椎、腰椎各组织均有明显的表达,而在前肢、眼、心脏、肺脏中的表达较弱,在颈椎和荐尾椎中没有观察到GDF11的表达。在45d猪胚胎的后肢、脑、眼、胸椎组织中GDF11的表达较强,而在前肢、牙龈、肺脏、肾脏、腰椎和荐尾椎的表达相对较弱,在肝脏中的表达极其微弱。在心脏和颈椎中没有检测到GDF11的表达。在55d的猪胚胎中,前肢、后肢、脑、眼、肝脏、颈椎、胸椎、腰椎组织中有明显的表达,肺脏和肾脏组织中的表达较强,牙龈和荐尾椎中的表达较弱,而在心脏中没有检测到GDF11的表达。3d仔猪的后肢、牙龈、脑、肾脏和腰椎组织中GDF11有明显的表达,脾脏组织的表达量较高,前肢、肝脏、心脏、背腰最长肌和肺脏中的表达相对较弱,在眼、颈椎和荐尾椎中的表达极弱,在胸椎中没有检测到表达。在所检测的不同时期的所有组织中,脑和肾脏组织表达明显地高于其他组织。     

An evaluation of pulse oximeters in dogs, cats and horses

Objective Evaluation of five pulse oximeters in dogs, cats and horses with sensors placed at five sites and hemoglobin saturation at three plateaus. Study design Prospective randomized multispecies experimental trial. Animals Five healthy dogs, cats and horses. Methods Animals were anesthetized and instrumented with ECG leads and arterial catheters. Five pulse oximeters (Nellcor Puritan Bennett‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and Surgi‐Vet V3304) with sensors at five sites were studied in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Ten readings (SpO₂) were taken at each of three hemoglobin saturation plateaus (98, 85 and 72%) in each animal. Arterial samples were drawn concurrently and hemoglobin saturation was measured with a co‐oximeter. Accuracy of saturation measurements was calculated as the root mean squared difference (RMSD), a composite of bias and precision, for each model tested in each species. Results Accuracy varied widely. In dogs, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 2.7, 2.2, 2.4, 1.7 and 2.7% respectively. Failure to produce readings for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 0, 0, 0.7, 0, and 20%, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the tongue, toe, ear, lip and prepuce or vulva were 0.95, 0.97, 0.69, 0.87 and 0.95, respectively. In horses, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 3.1, 3.0, 4.7, 3.3 and 2.1%, respectively while rates of failure to produce readings were 10, 21, 0, 17 and 60%, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the tongue, nostril, ear, lip and prepuce or vulva were 0.98, 0.94, 0.88, 0.93 and 0.94, respectively. In cats, the RMSD for all data for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 5.9, 5.6, 7.9, 7.9 and 10.7%, respectively while failure rates were 0, 0.7, 0, 20 and 32%, respectively. The correlation coefficients for the tongue, rear paw, ear, lip and front paw were 0.54, 0.79,.0.64, 0.49 and 0.57, respectively. For saturations above 90% in cats, the RMSD for the NPB‐395, NPB‐190, NPB‐290, NPB‐40 and V3304 were 2.6, 4.4, 4.0, 3.5 and 4.8%, respectively, while failure rates were 0, 1.7, 0, 25 and 43%, respectively. Conclusions and clinical relevance Accuracy and failure rates (failure to produce a reading) varied widely from model to model and from species to species. Generally, among the models tested in the clinically relevant range (90–100%) RMSD ranged from 2–5% while failure rates were highest in the V3304.     

三探草坪的起源、演化及其概念——几种外文、外语“草坪”一词及其他

初步发掘、整理了英、德、拉丁、俄、日等五种文字、语言中草坪一词内积淀的有关草坪起源与演化的信息。三证草坪草的分化 ,草坪的起源与早期演化均属自然。人类活动于草坪中 ,认识、利用和发展了草坪 ,可以劲直、也可以曲折。人类利用草坪的方式 ,无论中、外大致相同 ,利用的水平与社会整体发展的水平大体相应。草坪由草地分化发育 ,是草地的一个特殊类型。     

饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马体重、胸围、营养物质表观消化率和代谢以及血浆生理生化指标的影响,为确定泌乳期伊犁母马钙、磷适宜需要量提供参考。选取年龄(11~14周岁)、体重[(371±21)kg]和胎次(4~6胎)接近的处于第2泌乳月的伊犁母马25匹,随机分为5组,每组5匹。第3泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为45.03、48.50、51.96、55.43和58.89 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为30.05、32.03、34.01、35.99和37.97 g/d;第4和第5泌乳月Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组母马钙饲喂水平分别为43.60、46.42、49.25、52.07和54.92 g/d,磷饲喂水平分别为27.63、29.24、30.86、32.47和34.12 g/d。试验为期90 d,每30 d为1个试验周期。结果显示:饲粮钙、磷水平对母马体重和胸围以及干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅴ组的粗蛋白质表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高12.26%、12.37%和18.28%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的总能表观消化率最高,分别比Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组提高8.32%、7.19%和11.24%(P0.05);Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的钙表观消化率分别较Ⅳ组提高17.74%和14.49%(P0.05);Ⅲ组的磷表观消化率最高,比Ⅱ组提高35.39%(P0.05)。饲粮钙、磷水平对母马氮和钙代谢均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅰ组的代谢能较Ⅱ和Ⅳ组分别增加7.95%和11.33%(P0.05);Ⅰ组的能量沉积率较Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别提高9.30%、8.50%和12.10%(P0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷沉积量显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),其中Ⅲ组在各组中最高,比Ⅱ组提高42.59%;Ⅰ和Ⅲ组的磷沉积率显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅳ组(P0.05),其中Ⅰ组在各组中最高,分别比Ⅱ和Ⅳ组提高49.67%和46.32%;Ⅰ、Ⅲ和Ⅴ组的磷利用率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05),分别比Ⅱ组提高17.74%、18.80%和16.79%。饲粮钙、磷水平对血浆中离子钙、磷、降钙素、骨钙素、胎盘催乳素、垂体泌乳素、雌二醇、孕酮和雌酮水平均无显著影响(P0.05)。Ⅲ组的血浆中甲状旁腺素水平显著高于Ⅳ和Ⅴ组(P0.05),分别提高70.61%和47.58%。由此得出,Ⅰ组饲粮(在第3泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为45.03和30.05 g/d,第4和第5泌乳月钙、磷饲喂水平分别为43.60和27.63 g/d)即可满足伊犁母马泌乳期的钙、磷需要。适宜的饲粮钙、磷水平有助于维持较高水平的能量和钙的表观消化率以及能量和磷的沉积和利用。     

Viscoelastic materials in veterinary ophthalmology

Viscoelastic materials have applications in both human and veterinary ophthalmology and orthopedics and for humans in otorhinolaryngology, urinary incontinence, cosmetic surgery and cosmetics. In ophthalmology, viscoelasties are most commonly used in facilitating cataract and other anterior segment surgeries, but also have applications in posterior segment surgery and in the topical management of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Viscoelastics are routinely used during anterior segment surgery in filling and maintaining the anterior chamber, repositioning the iris, and to coat and protect the corneal endothelium, and expand the capsular bag prior to intraocular lens implantation. Viscoelastics can also be essential in the management of intraoperative complications such as miosis, hemorrhage, posterior capsular tears, and vitreous presentation. The most common products available for ophthalmic use include various concentrations of sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The physical properties of each viscoelastic material are dependent on chain length, and intra-and interchain interactions. The rheologic properties of viscosity, pseudoplasticity, viscoelasticity, and surface tension dictate the usefulness of each material for a specific purpose.     

Mineral Status and Interrelationship in Soil,Forage, and Blood Serum of Horses in the Rainy and Dry Seasons

The objective was to evaluate the content of P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn, Se, and Mn in soil, forage, and serum of horses in several production units (PU) during rainy and dry seasons and predict their concentration in serum from their content in soil and forage. Soil and pastures were sampled in the dry (November–December) and in rainy seasons (June–July), and blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 76 horses in both seasons at four PU. The experimental design was a completely random design within a 4 × 2 (PU × season) factorial arrangement of treatments. Concentration of minerals in soil differed (P < .05) among PU, and contents of P, Ca, Mg, and K were low; Zn and Fe were high; and Cu and Mn were adequate. Mineral concentrations in forage differed among PU and season, and among PU within season (interaction P < .05). Contents of Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, and Cu were low; Fe was high; and P, K, Se, and Mn adequate. The mineral concentration in equine blood serum differed (P < .05) among PU and season. Overall, there were deficiencies of P, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, and Se, but adequate amounts of K, Zn, and Fe. There are imbalances of minerals in soil and forages which effected their concentration inequine blood.     

基于WGCNA技术研究驴肉嫩度基因及代谢物调控网络

旨在通过WGCNA技术解析转录组和代谢组数据，探究驴肉嫩度调控机制。试验动物采用24~36月龄的健康雌性广灵驴（平均体重236.10 kg），将驴肉剪切力和肌内脂肪含量作为表型数据，以每个样品3个重复进行表型数据测定。本试验基于前期研究的具有显著剪切力和肌内脂肪含量差异的14个广灵驴背最长肌样本的转录组和代谢组测序数据，运用WGCNA技术筛选与驴肉嫩度相关的基因及代谢物并进行转录组与代谢组联合分析，解析嫩度相关基因与代谢物。结果表明，利用WGCNA技术通过|r|≥0.5以及P≤0.05筛选标准得到3个与嫩度相关的关键基因模块Greenyellow、Darkgrey、Darkgreen以及2个关键代谢物模块Brown、Yellow。对关键基因模块进行GO富集分析发现，模块内基因主要在甘油磷脂的生物合成、脂质氧化、脂肪酸β-氧化、细胞大分子分解代谢过程、肌肉器官发育、钙离子结合等GO功能上富集。存在于关键模块内的基因及代谢物经KEGG功能富集分析发现，其大多集中在精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、Wnt信号通路、蛋白质消化吸收、脂肪酸代谢、TCA循环、胰高血糖素信号通路、甘油磷脂代谢、嘌呤代谢、β-丙氨酸代谢等通路上。联合分析表明，丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、β-丙氨酸代谢以及PPAR信号通路可能调控驴肉嫩度。WGCNA及联合KEGG共富集分析筛选到的丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢、β-丙氨酸代谢以及PPAR信号通路可能对调控驴肉嫩度有重要作用；而GAD1、PPAT、NIT2、AGMAT、CARNS1、ACOXL以及腺苷酸基琥珀酸、L-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酸、肌酸、高肌肽、肌肽、泛酸、（9S）-羟基十八碳二烯酸则可能是影响驴肉嫩度的候选基因及代谢物。本试验可为今后广灵驴肉质嫩度的分子调控与改良育种提供一定的理论基础。     

Evidence for multiple anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats reared under the same management in coastal Kenya

Four experiments, two with sheep and two with goats, were carried out to determine the efficacy of ivermectin, fenbendazole, levamisole, closantel and some of their combinations by faecal egg count reduction tests. In the first experiment, injectable ivermectin, oral ivermectin, fenbendazole and levamisole were tested in 6-month-old lambs, and their reduction percentages were 77%, 13%, 42% and 92%, respectively. In the second experiment, with yearling sheep, the reduction percentages were 35% for injectable ivermectin, 32% for fenbendazole, 99% for levamisole, 48% for closantel, 92% for injectable ivermectin combined with fenbendazole, 99% for injectable ivermectin combined with levamisole, and 100% for fenbendazole combined with levamisole. In the study with 18-month-old goats given the same dose rates as those recommended for sheep, the reduction percentages were 73% for injectable ivermectin, 25% for fenbendazole, and 78% for levamisole. Another group of 14-month-old goats was treated with dose rates 1.5 times those recommended for sheep and the reduction percentages were 93% for levamisole, 92% for injectable ivermectin, and 97% for a combination of levamisole and ivermectin. In all experiments with sheep and goats the gastrointestinal nematode parasites identified by larval cultures were Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. The gastrointestinal nematodes of both sheep and goats on this farm are resistant to ivermectin and fenbendazole, whereas levamisole is still effective in sheep, but not in goats. The results are discussed in relation to the farm as a source of breeding stock to smallholder farmers and its potential to spread anthelmintic resistance.     

2017年国内外家兔遗传育种研究进展

作者对2017年国内外家兔遗传育种（传统育种、分子育种、繁殖技术）相关的研究进展进行了综述，发现国内外研究侧重不同，且与往年相比存在明显变化。国内传统育种主要包括品种选育和性状评定两方面研究，并取得了良好的进展；在分子育种领域做了较多的研究，主要涉及性状包括生长、肉质、皮毛、繁殖、抗病性能等，并筛选了与目标性状相关联的功能性基因和分子标记；繁殖技术研究少而散，包括人工授精、配种季节和光控管理等环境效应对家兔健康和生产力影响的研究。国外传统育种包括性状遗传评估、遗传与环境互作、评估方法等，在改进生长性能和肉质方面得到了提升；分子育种主要涉及生长、肉质、抗病及繁殖等性状，也进行了分子标记筛选与研究，但在皮毛性状方面研究相对欠缺；繁殖技术主要包括环境和添加物对家兔繁殖、精液冷冻等方面的影响研究，也取得了良好进展。本综述可为后期家兔育种研究和生产提供参考。