“丰路油菜素”对甘蓝型油菜CMS不育系陕2A育性及制种效果的影响研究

对甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系（CMS）陕2A在蕾苔期（苔高20cm-30cm)和初花期用300倍高浓叶肥“丰路油菜素”叶面喷施,并对其育性、制种产量及杂种一代恢复率的调查和酯酶同工酶谱分析,表明“丰路油菜素”能显著增加油菜CMS的有效花朵（蕾）数和结实率,提高制种产量,并对杂种一代的恢复率、不育系的育性及其制种纯度没有不良影响。它是油菜杂交制种中较理想的高浓叶肥。     

亚麻开花结实特性及籽粒干物质积累规律研究

选用具有一定代表性的4个油纤兼用型品种(系)和1个纤用型品种(系),从始花期开始,标记每天开的花,每5天为一期,标记三期,其余所有的花归为第四期。开花5天后采收果粒,测定不同时期、不同部位籽粒干物质积累量,利用logistic生长曲线方程对亚麻不同部位籽粒干物质积累进行了分析,结果表明:纤维型亚麻中部果实的籽粒较重,每果粒数较多,基部的次之,上部最轻;而兼用型亚麻的果粒数,粒重,结实率都由基部向上依次降低。单株产量中,均以中部籽粒所占比重最大。籽粒干物质积累量与平均积累速率,最大积累速率,快增期积累速率呈正相关。在所有的品种(系)中,快增期的增长速率显著高于渐增期和缓增期,不同部位籽粒的增重不同,兼用型亚麻基部籽粒增长速率低,持续时间长,干物质积累多,上部籽粒增长速率高,但持续时间短,籽粒轻,而纤用型的虽表现出相同趋势,但不同部位间差异较小。     

生殖生长期光富集和遮阴对大豆干物质分配及产量品质的影响

大豆冠层截获的太阳辐射强度是决定大豆生长发育和产量的重要环境因素.通过对蛋白质、脂肪含量不同的三个大豆品种在生殖生长期进行光处理,研究田间条件下,群体光富集和遮阴对大豆干物质分配、产量及品质的影响.结果表明:与自然光照相比,光富集后大豆积累的光合产物更多地分配到库;而遮阴后大豆积累的光合产物更多地分配给了源.光富集显著增加大豆单株产量、荚数和粒数,不同品种(系)单株产量增加幅度为27.7%～71.7%、单株荚数增加幅度为33.3%～71.1%、单株粒数增加幅度为35.5%～85.7%;遮阴显著减少大豆单株产量、荚数和粒数,不同品种(系)单株产量降低幅度为34.4%～49.7%、单株荚数降低幅度为43.0%～47.7%、单株粒数降低幅度为33.4%～52.6%.生殖生长期光富集有增加籽粒蛋白质含量和降低籽粒脂肪含量的趋势,而遮阴有降低籽粒内蛋白质含量和增加籽粒脂肪含量的趋势,品种间有一定差异.     

放牧对矮锦鸡儿种子生产的影响北大核心CSCD

通过调查内蒙古地区不同放牧强度样地中矮锦鸡儿（Caragana pygmaea）的花朵特性和果实特性,包括物候期、花朵数量、花生物量、花变异系数、花有性繁殖投入量、荚果数、单荚果种子数和总种子数等指标,旨在弄清放牧对矮锦鸡儿种子生产的影响。结果表明：放牧对矮锦鸡儿有性繁殖物候期无显著影响;放牧导致矮锦鸡儿花朵数、花生物量、花有性繁殖投入量显著下降;放牧对矮锦鸡儿花变异系数影响不大;放牧降低了矮锦鸡儿的幼荚果数、成熟荚果数和荚果内种子数,从而使总种子数显著下降。这说明放牧显著抑制矮锦鸡儿的种子生产。重度放牧下,矮锦鸡儿花期败育率最高,这说明重度放牧时限制矮锦鸡儿种子生产的主要阶段是花到幼荚果阶段,在矮锦鸡儿花期应适当减少放牧。     

大白刺雄性不育株超微结构和生理生化特性研究

以大白刺的花器官为实验材料,分别对雄性不育株和可育株花药超微结构和生理生化特性进行观察和研究,探讨雄性不育株发生败育的时期、方式和细胞超微结构的变化,以及物质代谢与雄性不育之间的关系。结果表明:不育株小孢子母细胞形成后,绒毡层细胞出现提前解体现象,随之小孢子母细胞液泡化并解体,最终形成败育花药。生理生化指标的检测结果显示:不育材料可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量均低于同期的可育材料,过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量则均高于同期的可育材料。说明不育株花器官存在物质能量代谢降低,有害物质积累现象。     

放牧对矮锦鸡儿种子生产的影响

通过调查内蒙古地区不同放牧强度样地中矮锦鸡儿(Caragana pygmaea)的花朵特性和果实特性,包括物候期、花朵数量、花生物量、花变异系数、花有性繁殖投入量、荚果数、单荚果种子数和总种子数等指标,旨在弄清放牧对矮锦鸡儿种子生产的影响。结果表明:放牧对矮锦鸡儿有性繁殖物候期无显著影响;放牧导致矮锦鸡儿花朵数、花生物量、花有性繁殖投入量显著下降;放牧对矮锦鸡儿花变异系数影响不大;放牧降低了矮锦鸡儿的幼荚果数、成熟荚果数和荚果内种子数,从而使总种子数显著下降。这说明放牧显著抑制矮锦鸡儿的种子生产。重度放牧下,矮锦鸡儿花期败育率最高,这说明重度放牧时限制矮锦鸡儿种子生产的主要阶段是花到幼荚果阶段,在矮锦鸡儿花期应适当减少放牧。     

地膜覆盖对油菜CMS育性及制种质量的影响研究

在地膜覆盖条件下研究了油菜细胞质雄性不育系3131A育性变化及对制种质量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖能显著改善油菜根际的水、热状况。盖膜比露地5cm平均土温提高1.37～3.38℃,10cm提高0.22～0.76℃,15cm提高1.18～3.08℃,20cm提高2.03～2.56℃;10cm土壤含水量提高2.41%～3.91%,20cm提高0.44%～2.47%。良好的水热状况,改善了不育系生长发育环境,提高了花芽分化发育时期的温度,减少了微粉的产生。地膜覆盖条件下不育系初花期花粉镜检活力仅为0.9%～1.0%,而对照高达4.1%～4.3%,进一步套袋自交,结角率为0.67%,结实指数仅为2.0,显著低于对照。地膜覆盖能显著改善制种亲本的经济性状,提高制种产量和质量。油菜制种纯度达到92%的国家一级标准,制种产量可达到1478.70kg/hm2。     

开花期干旱胁迫对不同基因型玉米生理特性和产量的影响

以耐旱性不同的3份玉米自交系为材料,在花期进行干旱胁迫处理,研究了耐旱系廊黄和昌7-2与旱敏感系TS141的花期耐旱性差异。结果表明,花期干旱胁迫后,3份玉米自交系的生长受到抑制,地上部和地下部鲜重以及株高下降,枯叶率升高,相对含水量下降,相对电导率升高,渗透调节剂脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、保护酶SOD和POD活性增加。但是各个指标在不同自交系内变化的幅度不同。与旱敏感系TS141相比,耐旱系廊黄和昌7-2的生长受抑制程度较小;叶片相对含水量下降、相对电导率升高幅度较小;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量、保护酶SOD和POD活性升高的幅度较大。干旱胁迫后,3份玉米自交系的开花时间间隔（ASI）延长,雄穗一级分枝数减少,产量降低。与旱敏感系TS141相比 ,耐旱系廊黄和昌7-2的ASI延长时间较短,雄穗一级分枝数减少的幅度较小,产量下降幅度较小,特别是单穗重和穗粒数表现更为明显。     

粳稻品种抗稻瘟病性与其生物学性状的相关关系研究

对３４２份粳稻材料进行抗稻瘟病性（抗叶瘟、穗颈瘟）与其生物学性状（株高、穗长、每穗粒数、分蘖率、单株有效分蘖数、空秕率、着粒密度，以及成熟期等）相关关系研究，结果不同品种（系）间存在着一定差异。抗叶瘟性与株高、穗长、每穗粒数、单株有效分蘖数、着粒密度呈显著正相关，相关系数依次为：０．４０９、０．４９１、０．４２６、０．６５７、０．４７１；与空秕率呈显著负相关，相关系数为－０．５９１。抗穗颈瘟性与株高、每穗粒数、单株有效分蘖数呈显著正相关，相关系数分别为：０．７１７、０．４６２、０．３６２；与空秕率、分蘖率、着粒密度呈显著负相关，相关系数依次为：－０．３４３、－０．３３２、－０．４７６。试验表明，株高、单株有效分蘖率、每穗粒数、空秕率等性状，可做为主要标记，在粳稻品种（系）抗稻瘟病性选鉴上应用     

新疆鹰嘴豆不同种植密度对其生长发育产量和品质的影响

以阿瓦提1号为材料,研究新疆地区不同种植密度对鹰嘴豆植株性状、干物质积累量、产量与品质的影响。结果表明,随密度的增加,生育期提前,株高增高,叶面积指数上升,单株干物质积累量减少。单株荚数随着密度增大极显著减少。每荚粒数、粒重等与密度的关系不大。蛋白质含量、亚麻酸含量和廿碳烯酸含量都呈现增加的趋势。种植密度对鹰嘴豆维生素B1和油酸含量的影响不显著。在本试验条件下,以44.5万株/hm2处理的表现最佳,产量达5946.09 kg/hm2,品质较好。     

灌丛密度对毛乌素沙地南缘沙柳生长及土壤水分动态的影响

在毛乌素沙地南缘选择不同栽植密度(0.2、0.6株/m2和0.8株/m2)的沙柳人工灌丛,对沙柳生长特征及土壤水分进行研究。结果表明:不同栽植密度沙柳的生长特征存在显著差异,沙柳株高、平均冠幅直径、地上生物量、叶片生物量和茎生物量随着栽植密度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。不同栽植密度沙柳灌丛土壤水分动态存在明显差异,沙柳灌丛土壤含水量随着栽植密度增大呈先增加后降低趋势,在栽植密度0.6株/m2(T2)达到最大值。在毛乌素沙地生境条件下,与水资源容量相适应的沙柳栽植密度约为0.6株/m2,在该栽植密度下土壤水分含量基本上能满足沙柳的生理生态需水。     

Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m~2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m~2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the Aqua Crop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m~2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m~2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m~2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.     

旧膜二次利用方式对旱地胡麻生长特性及产量的影响

在大田环境下,研究了5种旧膜处理方式对旱地胡麻生育进程中叶面积、干物质累积、净同化率（NAR）、相对增长率（RGR）及产量和产量构成因子的影响。结果表明：在花前营养生长期,播种前收除旧膜并覆盖新膜免耕播种（T4）与当年收除旧膜并整地覆盖新膜、翌年播种（T5）处理较当年全膜覆盖作物收获后收除旧膜、翌年整地播种（T6）（无覆膜对照）对提高胡麻叶面积影响最为显著,但花期及花后各处理与对照相比无显著差异。胡麻总干物质在花前T4、T5处理较T6积累量最多,其中分器官茎、叶干物质呈现相同趋势,花后T5处理跃居首位。NAR因处理和生育时期不同而有所差异,表现为生育前期T4高于其它处理,生育后期T5处理最优的结果;RGR在枞形期-现蕾期T4、T5处理较对照分别上升20.45%和16.12%,而花期T5处理表现最高,二者均呈现出与其干物质积累动态相一致的趋势。5种处理方式均提高了有效分枝数和千粒重,对蒴果数和每果籽粒数影响不大,其中T4、T5处理下胡麻籽粒产量分别达到了1 024.95 kg·hm^-2和996.15 kg·hm^-2,比对照显著增产120.91%、114.71%,旧膜留至翌年免耕播种（T1）、在旧膜上覆土免耕播种（T2）、当年作物收获后在旧膜上覆盖玉米秸秆、翌年去除秸秆免耕播种（T3）与对照T6产量差异不显著。可见,收获后留旧膜、翌年收旧膜覆新膜免耕播种的处理方式有利于提高生长速率和干物质累积,进而获得高产,而结合生产效益,收获后留旧膜翌年直接播种（T1）方式为干旱半干旱胡麻种植区旧膜再利用的最优选择。     

Influence of corn density and planting pattern on the growth of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)

Crop density and spatial arrangement affect the potential of intraspecific and interspecific competition as they increase the canopy light absorption. The effects of the corn density and planting pattern on the growth of common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.) was studied in a randomized, complete block design with three replications and factorial arrangement at University College, Aburaihan, Iran, in 2003. The plant density was the recommended density and 1.5-fold the recommended density. The planting pattern treatment also was performed at two levels: one- and two-row planting. The common lambsquarters density was 0, 5, 10, and 15 plants m⁻¹ per row. The results showed that the leaf area index, biomass production, crop growth rate, and inflorescence biomass of the dry matter of common lambsquarters were decreased by increasing the corn density. But, the leaf area index, biomass production, crop growth rate, and inflorescence biomass of the dry matter of common lambsquarters under the two-row planting pattern were less than under the one-row planting pattern, although these differences were not significant.     

COMPETITION OF WILD OATS (AVENA FATUA L.) IN WHEAT AND FLAX*

Summary. This project was designed to study various aspects of wild oat competition in spring wheat and flax. From ten to forty wild oat plants/yd² were sufficient to cause significant yield reductions in wheat when grown on summerfallow land or when ammonium phosphate fertilizer was added to stubble land. However, when wheat was grown on stubble land without the benefit of a fertilizer treatment, seventy to one hundred wild oat plants/yd² were needed to suppress wheat yields significantly. This would suggest that on stubble land, soil fertility was a more important factor than moderate densities of wild oats in determining eventual crop yields. In these experiments, wild oats reduced the number of tillers per plant, but did not significantly affect the protein content of the harvested grain. Only ten wild oat plants/yd² were sufficient to reduce flax yields significantly on both summerfallow and stubble land. The only exception was in 1966, when flax grown on summerfallow land was not significantly affected until the density of wild oats reached forty plants/yd2. This confirms the general observation that flax is a poor competitor with wild oats. The results suggest that wild oat competition had already commenced prior to emergence of wheat, particularly with the higher densities of wild oats. In general, competitive effects increased with time and with wild oat density. In flax, severe competition had already taken place prior to the 2–3-Ieaf stage of the weed in 1964, but did not become severe until after the 2–3-leaf stage of wild oat growth in 1965 and 1966. Again, competitive effects increased with time and with wild oat density. Results of a final series of experiments, suggested that the optimum seeding date for flax in Manitoba is the latter part of May or the first week of June. Yield reductions due to wild oat competition became very severe as seeding dates were delayed. La compétition de la folle avoine (A vena fatua L.) avec le blé et le lin     

Relationships between stem canker, stolon canker, black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum) under different agronomic conditions

Relationships between diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani on different parts of potato plants ( Solanum tuberosum ) at different stages of crop growth were investigated under selected agronomic conditions. The effects of different densities of tuber-borne inoculum, date of planting, irrigation, size of seed tubers and their interactions on the incidence of stem and stolon canker during crop growth, the incidence and severity of black scurf and the yield of progeny tubers at harvest were quantified in a multifactorial experiment. Differences in the incidence of stem canker, stolon canker and black scurf were dominated by the effect of density of inoculum on seed tubers at planting. Highly positive correlations between the disease variables indicated a close relationship between the incidence of disease at each stage of crop growth although the degree of association between variables measured at an early growth stage and those measured at progressively later stages of crop growth weakened as the time interval increased. Total yield of progeny tubers was not affected by the density of tuber-borne inoculum although there was a shift in the size distribution, with a decrease in the yield of main-sized tubers and an increase in the yield of baker- and oversized tubers at the higher density of inoculum. Of the remaining factors, the effect of season tended to be more pronounced than any of the agronomic treatments although the use of irrigation and later dates of planting did influence the incidence of infection to a limited extent.     

奶花芸豆群体冠层结构特征及产量性状研究

研究了在高产条件下,不同行距配置、密度对奶花芸豆群体冠层结构、光能分布与利用特性及产量构成的影响。结果表明在适宜的群体密度下,通过扩大行距,减小株距,有利于优化群体结构。冠层结构各指标的变化表现为:随密度增加,平均叶簇倾角变大,群体直射辐射透过系数降低,消光系数增大,株型变紧凑。但密度过大,群体直射辐射透过系数过小,冠层结构不良,造成生育后期群体叶面积较快下降。随着行距加大,叶片横向生长速度加快,叶倾角变大,群体直射辐射透过系数增加,消光系数下降。合理的密度与株行距配置可改善个体生育状况和群体通风透光条件,使产量构成因素实现最佳配置,充分利用地力和空间,从而获得最佳产量。     

高寒地区芸豆氮肥与密度优化组合模式研究

以黑龙江省北部主栽芸豆品种英国红为试验材料,分析了氮肥和密度对生育期、形态特征、产量、产量构成因素、商品与营养品质等方面的影响。结果表明:N肥会显著增加各个生育时期和生育期的天数,低密度时差异不显著,超过20万株·hm-2差异显著。单株荚数、单荚粒数和百粒重随着密度的增加而降低,各氮肥处理间差异不显著;芸豆的商品率随着密度的增大而降低;N肥45 kg·hm-2和密度10万株·hm-2的组合脂肪含量最大为1.51%,各处理间差异显著;蛋白质最大值出现在N肥60 kg·hm-2和10万株·hm-2的密度与氮肥组合上,最大值为14.55%,与N肥45 kg·hm-2和10万株·hm-2组合差异不显著,与其它组合间差异显著;N30 kg·hm-2和20万株·hm-2组合产量最高,为3 418.56 kg·hm-2,与N肥45 kg·hm-2和15万株·hm-2组合产量(3 417.46 kg·hm-2)相当,与其他组合间差异显著。综合种植的经济效益和品质分析,最为理想栽培模式为N肥45 kg·hm-2和15万株·hm-2组合。     

Lack of biocontrol capacity in a non-pathogenic mutant of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">melonis</Emphasis>

The aim of this study was to assess the biocontrol capacity of rev157, a non-pathogenic mutant of a pathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (Fom24). Inoculated in association with the virulent parental strain, the mutant rev157 did not protect the host plant (muskmelon) against infection by Fom24. Applied on flax, a non-host plant, the mutant rev157 was not able to protect it against its specific pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lini. On the contrary the parental strain Fom24 did protect flax as well as a soil-borne biocontrol strain (Fo47). Since the mutant rev157 was affected neither in its growth in vitro nor in its capacity to penetrate into the roots, it can be speculated that the mutation has affected traits responsible for interactions within the plant. In F. oxysporum the pair of strains Fom24/rev157 is a good candidate to identify genes involved in the biocontrol capacity of F. oxysporum and to test the hypothesis of a link between capacity to induce the disease and capacity to induce resistance in the plant.