Contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates in abandoned agricultural lands in an arid ecosystem of Northwest China

Soil organic matter content in water-stable aggregates(WSA) in the arid ecosystems(abandoned agricultural lands especially) of China is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the WSA sizes and stability, and soil organic carbon(OC) and nitrogen(N) contents in agricultural lands with abandonment ages of 0, 3, 12, 20, 30 and 40 years, respectively, in the Minqin Oasis of Northwest China. The total soil OC and N contents at depths of 0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm in abandoned agricultural lands were compared to those in cultivated land(the control). Agricultural land abandonment significantly(P0.05) influenced the distribution of MWD(mean weight diameter), and OC and N contents. There were significant increases in MWD and the proportion of macroaggregates(sizes 0.25 mm) as the age of agricultural land abandonment increased. The effect of abandonment ages of agricultural lands on MWD was determined by the changes of OC and N accumulation in WSA sizes 2 mm. The total OC and N contents presented a stratification phenomenon across soil depths in this arid ecosystem. That is, both of them decreased significantly at depths of 0–20 and 40–60 cm while increased at the depth of 20–40 cm. The WSA sizes 0.053 mm had the highest soil OC and N contents(accounting for 51.41%–55.59% and 42.61%–48.94% of their total, respectively). Soil OC and N contents in microaggregates(sizes 0.053–0.25 mm) were the dominant factors that influenced the variations of total OC and N contents in abandoned agricultural lands. The results of this study suggested that agricultural land abandonment may result in the recovery of WSA stability and the shifting of soil organic matter from the silt+clay(0.053 mm) and microaggregate fractions to the macroaggregate fractions. However, agricultural land abandonment did not increase total soil OC and N contents in the short-term.     

退耕年限与方式对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布的影响

以黄土高原南部退耕还林年限6 a(FL06)和15 a(FL15)刺槐林地、退耕还草年限6 a(GL06)和15 a(GL15)紫花苜蓿草地为研究对象,以临近长期耕作坡耕地(CK)作为对照,采用湿筛法,分离出2 mm、1~2 mm、0.5~1 mm、0.25~0.5 mm和0.25 mm 5个粒级的水稳性团聚体,研究了退耕年限与方式对团聚体稳定性和不同粒径团聚体有机碳分布的影响。结果表明:在0~20 cm土层,退耕还林还草与未退耕相比能显著提高2 mm和1~2 mm粒径团聚体含量,显著减少0.25 mm粒径团聚体含量,其中对于2 mm和1~2 mm粒径团聚体在不同退耕年限与方式下含量表现为GL15GL06FL06FL15CK和GL15FL06GL06FL15CK;退耕还林和还草增加了两个土层的团聚体稳定性,GL15的平均重量直径(MWD)值和几何平均直径(GMD)值均最大,土壤结构最稳定,其次为GL06;不同退耕年限,2 mm粒径下退耕还林地和还草地、1~2 mm粒径下退耕还草地团聚体有机碳含量均随退耕年限的延长而增加。20~40 cm土层中,团聚体含量均值随粒径的减小而增加;MWD和GMD值均小于0~20 cm层;各粒径范围内退耕还林与还草后的团聚体有机碳含量与坡耕地相比总体表现出减小的趋势。研究结果表明,退耕改善了土壤结构,对各粒径团聚体有机碳含量分布的影响随退耕年限与方式不同效应各异,且GL15相较于其它退耕年限和方式下的样地有更好的土壤团聚体稳定性和更多的团聚体有机碳积累。     

Distribution of soil aggregates and organic carbon in deep soil under long-term conservation tillage with residual retention in dryland

To ascertain the effects of long-term conservation tillage and residue retention on soil organic carbon(SOC) content and aggregate distribution in a deep soil(>20-cm depth) in a dryland environment,this paper analyzed the SOC and aggregate distribution in soil, and the aggregate-associated organic carbon(OC) and SOC physical fractions. Conservation tillage(reduced tillage with residue incorporated(RT) and no-tillage with residue mulch(NT)) significantly increased SOC sequestration and soil aggregation in deep soil compared with conventional tillage with residue removal(CT). Compared with CT, RT significantly increased the proportion of small macroaggregates by 23%–81% in the 10–80 cm layer, and the OC content in small macroaggregates by 1%–58% in the 0–80 cm layer. RT significantly increased(by 24%–90%) the OC content in mineral-SOC within small macroaggregates in the 0–60 cm layer, while there was a 23%–80% increase in the 0–40 cm layer with NT. These results indicated that:(1) conservation tillage treatments are beneficial for soil aggregation and SOC sequestration in a deep soil in a dryland environment; and(2)the SOC in mineral-associated OC plays important roles in soil aggregation and SOC sequestration. In conclusion, RT with NT is recommended as an agricultural management tool in dryland soils because of its role in improving soil aggregation and SOC sequestration.     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

Hierarchical responses of soil organic and inorganic carbon dynamics to soil acidification in a dryland agroecosystem,China

Soil acidification is a major global issue of sustainable development for ecosystems. The increasing soil acidity induced by excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization in farmlands has profoundly impacted the soil carbon dynamics. However, the way in which changes in soil p H regulating the soil carbon dynamics in a deep soil profile is still not well elucidated. In this study, through a 12-year field N fertilization experiment with three N fertilizer treatments(0, 120, and 240 kg N/(hm~2·a)) in a dryland agroecosystem of China, we explored the soil p H changes over a soil profile up to a depth of 200 cm and determined the responses of soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) to the changed soil p H. Using a generalized additive model, we identified the soil depth intervals with the most powerful statistical relationships between changes in soil p H and soil carbon dynamics. Hierarchical responses of SOC and SIC dynamics to soil acidification were found. The results indicate that the changes in soil p H explained the SOC dynamics well by using a non-linear relationship at the soil depth of 0–80 cm(P=0.006), whereas the changes in soil p H were significantly linearly correlated with SIC dynamics at the 100–180 cm soil depth(P=0.015). After a long-term N fertilization in the experimental field, the soil p H value decreased in all three N fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, the declines in soil p H in the deep soil layer(100–200 cm) were significantly greater(P=0.035) than those in the upper soil layer(0–80 cm). These results indicate that soil acidification in the upper soil layer can transfer excess protons to the deep soil layer, and subsequently, the structural heterogeneous responses of SOC and SIC to soil acidification were identified because of different buffer capacities for the SOC and SIC. To better estimate the effects of soil acidification on soil carbon dynamics, we suggest that future investigations for soil acidification should be extended to a deeper soil depth, e.g., 200 cm.     

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) play a crucial role in determining the soil and environmental quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of 26 years(from 1984 to 2010) of farmland management on soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil N in abandoned, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) non-fertilized, wheat fertilized(mineral fertilizer and organic manure) and alfalfa(Medicago Sativa L.) non-fertilized treatments in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.29(24.4%) and 1.39 Mg/hm2(100%), respectively, after the conversion of farmland to alfalfa land. Compared to the wheat non-fertilized treatment, SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.64(26.4%) and 1.18 Mg/hm2(85.5%), respectively, in the wheat fertilized treatment. In addition, we found that the extents of changes in SOC, soil total N and mineral N depended on soil depth were greater in the upper soil layer(0–30 cm) than in the deeper soil layer(30–100 cm) in the alfalfa land or fertilizer-applied wheat land. Fertilizer applied to winter wheat could increase the accumulation rates of SOC and soil total N. SOC concentration had a significant positive correlation with soil total N concentration. Therefore, this study suggested that farmland management, e.g. the conversion of farmland to alfalfa forage land and fertilizer application, could promote the sequestrations of C and N in soils in semi-arid regions.     

Corn straw return can increase labile soil organic carbon fractions and improve water-stable aggregates in Haplic Cambisol

Corn straw return to the field is a vital agronomic practice for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions, as well as soil aggregates and organic carbon (OC) associated with water-stable aggregates (WSA). Moreover, the labile SOC fractions play an important role in OC turnover and sequestration. The aims of this study were to determine how different corn straw returning modes affect the contents of labile SOC fractions and OC associated with WSA. Corn straw was returned in the following depths: (1) on undisturbed soil surface (NTS), (2) in the 0-10 cm soil depth (MTS), (3) in the 0-20 cm soil depth (CTS), and (4) no corn straw applied (CK). After five years (2014-2018), soil was sampled in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths to measure the water-extractable organic C (WEOC), permanganate oxidizable C (KMnO₄-C), light fraction organic C (LFOC), and WSA fractions. The results showed that compared with CK, corn straw amended soils (NTS, MTS and CTS) increased SOC content by 11.55%-16.58%, WEOC by 41.38%-51.42%, KMnO₄-C and LFOC by 29.84%-34.09% and 56.68%-65.36% in the 0-40 cm soil depth. The LFOC and KMnO₄-C were proved to be the most sensitive fractions to different corn straw returning modes. Compared with CK, soils amended with corn straw increased mean weight diameter by 24.24%-40.48% in the 0-20 cm soil depth. The NTS and MTS preserved more than 60.00% of OC in macro-aggregates compared with CK. No significant difference was found in corn yield across all corn straw returning modes throughout the study period, indicating that adoption of NTS and MTS would increase SOC content and improve soil structure, and would not decline crop production.     

内蒙古荒漠草原降水有效性分析——基于苏尼特右旗过程降水量的监测

研究选取内蒙古苏尼特右旗，通过分析2015年5月至2016年12月日降水数据和同期不同深度土壤（0~10 cm，10~20 cm，20~30 cm，30~40 cm和40~50 cm）含水量日连续观测数据，探讨降水事件对荒漠草原土壤含水量的影响。结果表明:① 降水量对表层土壤（0~10 cm，10~20 cm）含水量影响最剧烈，且2层土壤含水量与降水量存在显著的正相关关系，其余3层土壤含水量对降水事件响应不显著。②0~10 cm、10~20 cm土壤层的最小有效降水量分别为6.4 mm和8.33 mm。③ 结合最小有效降水量进一步推导0~10 cm及10~20 cm土壤层的有效降水转化率发现，0~10 cm土壤最大有效降水转化率可达到95%，但是大部分都是在70%左右；10~20 cm最大有效降水转化率可达90%，但是大部分都是在50%左右。     

Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia, China

Land use change significantly influences soil properties.There is little information available on the long-term effects of post-reclamation from grassland to cropland on soil properties.We compared soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) storage and related soil properties in a 50-year cultivation chronosequence of grassland in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia.Field surveys on land use changes during the period of 1955-2002 were conducted to build a chronosequence of cropland of different ages since the conversion from grassland.The results showed that soil C and N storage,soil texture,and soil nutrient contents varied with land use types and cropland ages(P<0.01).In the 0-30 cm soil layer,the soil organic carbon(SOC) density was significantly lower in the croplands(3.28 kg C/m2 for C50 soil) than in the grasslands(6.32 kg C/m2).After 5,10,15,20,35,and 50 years of crop planting(years since the onset of cultivation),the SOC losses were 17%,12%,19%,47%,46%,and 48%,respectively,compared with the grasslands.The soil total nitrogen(TN) density of the grasslands was 65 g N/m2,and TN density of the cropland soil was 35 g N/m2 after 50 years of crop planting.Both the SOC and TN densities could be quantitatively determined by a negative exponential function of cropland age(P<0.0001,R2=0.8528;P<0.0001,R2=0.9637).The dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content,soil available potassium(AK) content,clay content,and pH value were decreased;and the soil bulk density and sand content were increased since the conversion of grassland into cropland during the 50-year period.Our results show soil nutrients were higher in grassland than in cropland.The conversion of grasslands to croplands induced a loss of soil C storage and changes of related soil properties.The reclamation time of cultivated soil(cropland age) had significant effects on soil properties in the study area.     

施氮和覆膜对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究长期不同施氮水平和覆膜对黄土高原旱作春玉米高产体系土壤微生物活性的影响，设置田间试验包含施氮水平和覆膜2个因子，施氮量分别为0（N0）、100 kg·hm^-2（N100）、250 kg·hm^-2（N250）和400 kg·hm^-2（N400），每个施氮水平下分别有覆膜（F）与不覆膜（B）处理，供试玉米品种为先玉335。2014年采集0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤样品，测定土壤微生物量和酶活性，分析微生物量计量学特征并进行综合评价。结果表明，无论覆膜与否，土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷均随施氮量的增加而增加（除不覆膜时N400处理），施氮量高于250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物量增加不显著。覆膜对土壤微生物量碳、氮无显著影响，而显著增加土壤微生物量磷；覆膜在一定程度上降低N0、N100和N400处理土壤微生物量碳氮比，施氮则显著增加微生物量碳氮比和微生物量氮磷比。0~10 cm土层脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加，但覆膜对脲酶活性无显著影响。覆膜和施氮均显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性，0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层覆膜N400处理碱性磷酸酶活性在相应土层最大，分别为1.49 mg·g^-1·d^-1和1.61 mg·g^-1·d^-1。主成分分析结果表明施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物活性最强。研究表明无论覆膜与否，250 kg·hm^-2的施氮量是该地区适宜的施氮量。     

Effects of long-term cultivation practices and nitrogen fertilization rates on carbon stock in a calcareous soil on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil inorganic carbon(SIC) are important C pools in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China, however, variations of SOC and SIC stocks under different cultivation practices and nitrogen(N) fertilization rates are not clear in this area. A long-term field experiment started in June 2003 was conducted to investigate the SOC and SIC stocks in a calcareous soil of the Chinese Loess Plateau under four cultivation practices, i.e., fallow(FA), conventional cultivation(CC), straw mulch(SM), and plastic film-mulched ridge and straw-mulched furrow(RF), in combination with three N fertilization rates, i.e., 0(N0), 120(N120), and 240(N240) kg N/hm~2. Results indicate that the crop straw addition treatments(SM and RF) increased the contents of soil microbial biomass C(SMBC) and SOC, and the SOC stock increased by 10.1%–13.3% at the upper 20 cm soil depth in comparison to the 8-year fallow(FA) treatment. Meanwhile, SIC stock significantly increased by 19% at the entire tested soil depth range(0–100 cm) under all crop cultivation practices in comparison to that of soil exposed to the long-term fallow treatment, particularly at the upper 60 cm soil depth. Furthermore, moderate N fertilizer application(120 kg N/hm~2) increased SOC stock at the upper 40 cm soil depth, whereas SIC stock decreased as the N fertilization rate increased. We conclude that the combined application of crop organic residues and moderate N fertilization rate could facilitate the sequestrations of SOC and SIC in the calcareous soil.     

渭北旱塬区秸秆覆盖还田对土壤团聚体特征的影响

为了研究不同秸秆覆盖还田量对半湿润易旱区土壤团聚体分布状况和稳定性特征的影响,在渭北旱塬设置三种覆盖还田量(SM1:13 500 kg/hm2、SM2:9 000 kg/hm2、SM3:4 500 kg/hm2),以不覆盖为对照进行定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖还田对土壤容重、土壤有机碳、土壤团聚体数量、大小及分形维数的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖还田后,土壤容重随秸秆覆盖还田量的增加而减小,0~20 cm土层土壤容重较对照降低了2.00%~5.28%(P>0.05);土壤总有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而递减,在0~20 cm土层,土壤总有机碳含量较对照显著提高10.82%~23.93%。10~30 cm土层,SM2处理下>0.25mm机械稳定性团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)均高于SM1、SM3,各处理间差异不显著;在0~40 cm土层,各处理>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体、MWD和GMD较CK均有不同程度提高,但差异不显著。各处理均可提高0~30 cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性,其中SM2团聚体分形维数D最小,其次为SM1、SM3。可见,秸秆覆盖还田可促进土壤团聚体的形成,提高团聚体的稳定性,以SM2覆盖还田的效果最佳。     

Effects of long-term fertilization on oxidizable organic carbon fractions on the Loess Plateau,China

The effects of long-term fertilization on pools of soil organic carbon(SOC)have been well studied,but limited information is available on the oxidizable organic carbon(OOC)fractions,especially for the Loess Plateau in China.We evaluated the effects of a 15-year fertilization on the OOC fractions(F1,F2,F3 and F4)in the 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers in flat farmland under nine treatments(N(nitrogen,urea),P(phosphorus,monocalcium phosphate),M(organic fertilizer,composted sheep manure),N+P(NP),M+N(MN),M+P(MP),M+N+P(MNP),CK(control,no fertilizer)and bare land(BL,no crops or fertilizer)).SOC content increased more markedly in the treatment containing manure than in those with inorganic fertilizers alone.F1,F2,F4 and F3 accounted for 47%,27%,18% and 8% of total organic carbon,respectively.F1 was a more sensitive index than the other C fractions in the sensitivity index(SI)analysis.F1 and F2 were highly correlated with total nitrogen(TN)and available nitrogen(AN),F3 was negatively correlated with p H and F4 was correlated with TN.A cluster analysis showed that the treatments containing manure formed one group,and the other treatments formed another group,which indicated the different effects of fertilization on soil properties.Long-term fertilization with inorganic fertilizer increased the F4 fraction while manure fertilizer not only increased labile fractions(F1)in a short time,but also increased passive fraction(F4)over a longer term.The mixed fertilizer mainly affected F3 fraction.The study demonstrated that manure fertilizer was recommended to use in the farmland on the Loess Plateau for the long-term sustainability of agriculture.     

Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests rapidly increased the content and ratio of inert carbon in soil macroaggregates

The lack of clarity of how natural vegetation restoration influences soil organic carbon (SOC) content and SOC components in soil aggregate fractions limits the understanding of SOC sequestration and turnover in forest ecosystems. The aim of this study was to explore how natural vegetation restoration affects the SOC content and ratio of SOC components in soil macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53-250 μm), and silt and clay (<53 μm) fractions in 30-, 60-, 90- and 120-year-old Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.) forests, Shaanxi, China in 2015. And the associated effects of biomasses of leaf litter and different sizes of roots (0-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and >2.0 mm diameter) on SOC components were studied too. Results showed that the contents of high activated carbon (HAC), activated carbon (AC) and inert carbon (IC) in the macroaggregates, microaggregates and silt and clay fractions increased with restoration ages. Moreover, IC content in the microaggregates in topsoil (0-20 cm) rapidly increased; peaking in the 90-year-old restored forest, and was 5.74 times higher than AC content. In deep soil (20-80 cm), IC content was 3.58 times that of AC content. Biomasses of 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots and leaf litter affected the content of aggregate fractions in topsoil, while the biomass of >2.0 mm diameter roots affected the content of aggregate fractions in deep soil. Across the soil profiles, macroaggregates had the highest capacity for HAC sequestration. The effects of restoration ages on soil aggregate fractions and SOC content were less in deep soil than in topsoil. In conclusion, natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests improved the contents of SOC, especially IC within topsoil and deep soil. The influence of IC on aggregate stability was greater than the other SOC components, and the aggregate stability was significantly affected by the biomasses of litter, 0.5-1.0 mm diameter roots in topsoil and >2.0 mm diameter roots in deep soil. Natural vegetation restoration of Liaodong oak forests promoted SOC sequestration by soil macroaggregates.     

不同栽培模式及施氮量对土壤团聚体的影响

通过长期定位试验研究了不同栽培模式(休闲,常规,覆草,垄沟覆盖)和施氮量(N0,N120,N240)条件下西北旱地土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及其与土壤有机碳、土壤水分、产量等的相关关系,结果表明:干筛法0.25~10mm团聚体含量垄沟覆盖显著低于常规和覆草栽培模式,而>10mm的大团聚体显著高于常规和覆草模式,垄沟覆盖栽培促进0.5~5 mm团聚体向更大级别进一步团聚;干筛法0.25~10mm团聚体总量N240处理显著高于N0。湿筛法>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量覆草和垄沟覆盖栽培显著高于常规,不同施氮量间无显著差异。干筛法团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)垄沟覆盖显著大于覆草和常规模式;水稳性团聚体MWD覆草模式显著大于常规,覆草模式GMD显著大于垄沟覆盖模式;不同施氮量下水稳性团聚体MWD差异不显著,N0处理的GMD显著大于N120、N240。覆盖栽培可以提高土壤团聚体的稳定性,不同施氮量间团聚体稳定性差异不显著。历年2m土层土壤贮水量平均值与水稳性团聚体GMD呈显著正相关,不同栽培模式主要通过影响土壤水分来影响土壤团聚体状况;历年平均产量与水稳性团聚体GMD呈显著负相关,说明干旱半干旱地区土壤水稳性团聚体直径应较小,利于提高土壤保水和水分有效性,进而促进作物产量的提高。     

施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响

采用野外试验与室内分析,研究了连续4 a施氮磷钾肥对黄土丘陵区山地枣园土壤酶活性及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明:连续4 aNPK1施肥处理能够明显增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,提高土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量;在土壤剖面中总的趋势是土壤酶活性和土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量随土层深度加深而降低。土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,在0~20 cm土层,磷酸酶与有机质、速效磷,过氧化氢酶与有机质、全氮呈显著或极显著性正相关。在20~40 cm,脲酶与有机质、全氮、速效氮,磷酸酶与速效钾,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、速效钾呈显著或极显著性正相关。在40~60 cm,脲酶与全氮、速效磷,磷酸酶与有机质、速效氮,过氧化氢酶与速效磷,蔗糖酶与有机质、全氮、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关。     

玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主处理包括玉米秸秆还田(S1)和不还田(S0)2个处理,副处理为5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm~(-2)和336 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明,施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm~(-2)和79 kg·hm~(-2)时),秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理,施氮量较高时则相反;两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%,施氮336 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0~40 cm土层;施氮量高于84 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势,其中0~20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%(武功试验地)。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低,此期秸秆还田处理0~20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明,秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势,不施氮肥处理0~1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关,施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低,引起作物速效氮供应的短期(返青期追施氮肥前)缺乏,影响小麦生长,进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积,减少向下淋溶。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田土壤团聚体有机碳含量的影响

依托黄土塬区4 a绿肥填闲种植田间定位试验,开展不同填闲作物对土壤团聚体组成及各组分有机碳在团聚体中分布影响的研究,为阐明填闲种植措施下土壤有机碳库的物理保护机制提供依据。试验设置4个处理,即冬小麦夏闲期种植长武怀豆(SB)、苏丹草(SG)、怀豆/苏丹草混播(Mix)和裸地休闲(CK)。利用干筛法将全土筛分为>5 mm、2～5 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm等4个粒级,分别测定土壤和各粒级团聚体中有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,进而计算团聚体平均重量直径及有机碳贡献率。结果表明：绿肥种植对土壤团聚体分布有显著影响,各绿肥处理均有利于0～10 cm土层土壤团聚体的形成,但对亚表层土壤团聚结构影响较小。与CK相比,在0～40 cm各土层,SB、SG和Mix处理均显著提高土壤有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量及团聚体平均重量直径,提高幅度分别为7.9%、8.0%和7.9%,其中SB更有利于表层土壤有机碳的固存,且土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系,这两者与团聚体平均重量直径之间均呈显著负相关关系。不同处理下土壤团聚体各有机碳组分含量存在差异,与CK相比,SB和Mix均显著...     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地的土壤特性

采用样方调查法对毛乌素沙地天然臭柏灌丛地土壤特性调查结果表明 :臭柏灌丛地土壤水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分资源分布具有空间异质性。在臭柏灌丛地(覆盖度 70 %～ 85 % ) 0～ 5 cm的土层 ,聚集了较多的中细粒子 ( 0 .2 5～ 0 .0 2 cm) ,平均含量为68.9% ,比油蒿覆盖区 (覆盖度 40 %～ 5 5 % )高 9% ,并随土层深度的加深 ,其含量降低。水分、有机质、全氮、速效钾和碱解氮等养分含量的分布 ,存在明显的“沃岛”现象。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层范围内 ,臭柏灌丛地 60 %以上的土样含水率为 1 %～ 2 % ,变异系数高达 1 1 3%。土层深度 <2 0 cm时 ,臭柏灌丛土壤含水率由灌丛内向灌丛外逐渐减少 ,当土层 >2 0 cm时 ,则正好相反。70 %的土样速效磷含量 <2 mg/kg,除速效磷之外 ,土壤中的有机质、全氮、速效钾、碱解氮等在臭柏灌丛下 0～ 2 0 cm的土层内相对富集。在 0～ 1 0 0 cm的土层内 ,有机质的变异系数为 96.3% ,全氮为 1 0 1 .4% ,碱解氮为 80 .6% ,速效钾为 88.4%。臭柏灌丛地土壤特性的空间异质性 ,是生物和物理过程共同作用的结果。