覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究

以12年生红富士苹果树为试材,研究黄土高原旱塬区不同覆盖措施(覆膜、覆草、覆沙)对苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)及土壤性状的影响。结果表明:地表覆盖可有效降低土壤容重,增大土壤含水量及孔隙度,增加细根数量,增大根系吸收水肥效率。覆膜处理细根水平分布范围与清耕(CK)相似,在距干0~90 cm范围内,垂直密集分布最大深度由CK的60 cm提升至40 cm,36.05%的细根分布在0~20 cm土壤表层。与CK相比,覆草、覆沙处理的细根水平分布范围由90 cm扩展至120 cm,垂直均匀分布整个土壤剖面,利于树体对深层土壤水肥的吸收利用。土壤物理性状与细根根长、表面积、根长密度呈极显著相关,覆膜处理中根径与比根长也与土壤物理性状表现出相关性。综合分析根系分布与土壤物理性状,覆草处理是陇东旱塬区苹果园较为适宜的地表覆盖模式。     

科尔沁差巴嘎蒿根系分布规律与土壤水分关系的研究

以生长在科尔沁大青沟两侧台面上的差巴嘎蒿为研究对象,采用整株挖掘的方法,研究差巴嘎蒿根系分布的规律。结果表明:差巴嘎蒿根系垂直分布深度为0～90㎝,其中0～30㎝的土层中根系分布最多,占根系总长度的85.74%,水平方向上表现为近密远疏的趋势;整体上根系呈主根型分布,形态上呈"伞"型分布。差巴嘎蒿根系分布与土壤水分密切相关。随着深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐增大,但根系长度、生物量及密度均逐渐降低,两者呈负相关关系,其中根长平均变化率-12.61%、根生物量平均变化率-29.07%,均大于土壤含水量平均变化率7.92%,但比根长却与土壤含水量呈正相关关系,且比根长平均变化率7.58%与土壤含水量平均变化率7.92%相差不大。     

华北土石山区四种常见乔木根系的形态研究

以华北土石山区四种常见乔木的根系为研究对象,采用全挖法,从根长、根径、土层深度和生物量等方面进行比较,并计算了四个树种随土壤深度变化的累积根系长度百分比,利用Sketchup Pro 8软件建立了各根系的形态模型。结果表明:四个树种根系长度差别较大,总长度大小顺序依次为白桦>落叶松>蒙古栎>油松;不同树种不同径级根的差别较大;各树种根系垂直分布范围集中在0～60cm的土层中,在60cm以下的土层中分布很少。研究中四个树种拟合的β值都在0.960-0.970之间,根系垂直分布方式都显示出深根型根系轮廓。用软件模拟出的根系形态较接近实际。     

晋西黄土区林草复合系统刺槐根系分布特征

为了研究晋西黄土区林草复合系统树木根系分布特征,采用钻土芯法对刺槐×天然草复合系统0-100 cm土层中刺槐根系生物量、根长和根表面积进行了测定和分析。研究结果表明:同一坡向上刺槐根系生物量、根长和根表面积分布具有相似的特征,在垂直方向上,根系生物量、根长和根表面积均随土层深度的增加呈指数减少,且集中在0～60 cm的土层中;在水平方向上,离树行越近,刺槐根系生物量、根长和根表面积均越大。不同坡向刺槐根系差异显著,相同径级、相同位置阳坡刺槐根系生物量、根长和根表面积均小于阴坡,但根系消弱系数表明阳坡刺槐细根深层土壤生物量分布比例较阴坡多。     

Soil fixation and erosion control by Haloxylon persicum roots in arid lands,Iran

Vegetation roots contribute to soil fixation and reinforcement, thus improving soil resistance against erosion. Generally, the amount of soil fixation presented by roots mainly depends on root density and tensile strength. In the present study, we conducted the research in order to further understand the biotechnical properties of Haloxylon persicum and also to quantify its role in increasing soil cohesion in arid lands of Iran. Ten H. persicum shrubs were randomly selected for root distribution and strength investigations, in which five samples were set on flat terrain and other five samples on a moderate slope terrain. The profile trench method was used to assess the root area ratio(RAR) as the index of root density and distribution. Two profiles were dug around each sample, up and downslope for sloped treatment and north and south sides for flat treatment. The results showed that RAR increased with increasing soil depth and significantly decreased in 40–50 cm layers of downhill(0.320%) and 50–60 cm for uphill(0.210%). The minimum values for the northward and southward profiles were 0.003% and 0.003%, respectively, while the maximum values were 0.260% and 0.040%, respectively. The relationship between the diameter of root samples and root tensile strength followed a negative power function, but tensile force increased with increasing root diameter following a positive power function. The pattern of increased cohesion changes in soil profile was relatively similar to RAR curves. The maximum increased cohesion due to the presence of roots in uphill and downhill sides were 0.470 and 1.400 kPa, respectively. In the flat treatment, the maximum increased cohesions were 0.570 and 0.610 kPa in northward and southward profiles, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that wind and slope induced stresses did not have any significant effect on the amount of increased cohesion of H. persicum. The findings served to develop knowledge about biotechnical properties of H. persicum root system that can assist in assessing the efficiency of afforestation and restoration measures for erosion control in arid lands.     

Response of root traits of Reaumuria soongorica and Salsola passerina to facilitation

C3 plant Reaumuria soongorica and C4 plant Salsola passerina are super xerophytes and coexist in a mixed community in either isolated or associated growth, and interspecific facilitation occurs in associated growth. In the present study, the root traits including root distribution, root length(RL), root surface area(RSA), root weight(RW) and specific root length(SRL) of both species in two growth forms were investigated to clarify their response to facilitation in associated growth. Six isolated plants of each species, as well as six associated plants similar in size and development were selected during the plant growing season, and their roots were excavated at 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm soil depths at the end of the growing season. All the roots of each plant were separated into the two categories of fine roots(2 mm diameter) and coarse roots(≥2 mm diameter). Root traits such as RL and RSA in the fine and coarse roots were obtained by the root analyzing system WinRHIZO. Most of the coarse roots in R. soongorica and S. passerina were distributed in the top 10 cm of the soil in both growth forms, whereas the fine roots of the two plant species were found mainly in the 10–20 and 20–30 cm soil depths in isolated growth, respectively. However, the fine roots of both species were mostly overlapped in 10–20 cm soil depth in associated growth. The root/canopy ratios of both species reduced, whereas the ratios of their fine roots to coarse roots in RL increased, and both species had an increased SRL in the fine roots in associated growth. In addition, there was the increase in RL of fine roots and content of root N for S. passerina in associated growth. Taken together, the root growth of S. passerina was facilitated for water and nutrient exploration under the interaction of the overlapped roots in both species in associated growth, and higher SRL allowed both species to more effectively adapt to the infertile soil in the desert ecosystem.     

滴灌条件下根区水分对春小麦根系分布特征及产量的影响

通过小区滴灌根区水分控制试验,研究亏缺、丰水、适水不同水分处理对春小麦根系特征的垂直分布、产量构成和水分利用效率等的影响.结果表明,孕穗-扬花是滴灌春小麦根系生长的关键时期,其根系主要分布在0～40 cm土层,根长密度和根干重在土壤剖面上的分布呈y=A×e-Bx的负指数递减趋势.不同根区水分对春小麦根系生长及分布有显著...     

干旱区绿洲核桃-冬小麦间作系统核桃吸收根空间分布

塔里木盆地人均耕地占有量小,在绿洲灌溉条件下核桃的大面积栽植多采用与农作物间作的模式。采用田间分层挖掘法和图像扫描分析法,对塔里木盆地绿洲灌溉条件下核桃-冬小麦间作系统中核桃吸收根（直径≤1 mm）的空间分布进行研究。结果表明：在垂直方向上,核桃吸收根集中分布在10～80 cm土层,约占采样吸收根总根长密度的65.9%,根长密度随土层深度的变化呈指数函数分布;在水平方向上,核桃吸收根根长密度随着与树干距离的增加呈明显的降低趋势,距离两侧核桃树干0～175 cm,核桃吸收根长密度占采样吸收根总根长密度的65.3%,间作巷道中央吸收根根长密度最低。在绿洲灌溉条件下,核桃-冬小麦间作系统中核桃吸收根水平和垂直分布决定了进入盛果期后,距离树干175 cm以内的10～60 cm土层是核桃与冬小麦的主要水肥竞争区域。     

刺槐和油松根系密度分布特征研究

通过分层挖掘法,对20龄刺槐、油松林根系密度的空间分布进行了研究.结果表明:油松主根和副主根粗壮发达,水平根系形成构架根;刺槐水平根极为发达,无明显主根.刺槐和油松根系重量、长度和体积密度的垂直分布趋势基本相同,随土层深度增加而降低.0～60 cm土层的根长和根重密度占总根量密度的70%以上,粗根(直径＞3 mm)在上层所占比例比下层略大,细根(直径＜1 mm)和较细根(直径1～3 mm)在各土层分布较为接近,总根量中粗根占较大比重.刺槐和油松林下土壤干密度随深度加深而增大,油松林下土壤含水量高于刺槐林,土壤干密度低于刺槐林.与刺槐林地相比,油松林地的土壤物理性质得到了明显改善,增强了土壤的抗旱、保墒能力.     

晋西黄土高原三种灌木的根构型研究

采用三维坐标体系追根挖掘法对晋西黄土高原半阴坡虎榛子、黄刺玫和三裂绣线菊3种灌木根构型进行了研究。研究结果表明，3种灌木根系水平分布范围较广，垂直分布范围较窄，虎榛子主要集中分布在0～60cm土层中，黄刺玫集中分布在0～40cm土层中，根系空间构型表明虎榛子和黄剌玫以水平根和斜生根为主，无明显主根，7a生三裂绣线菊根系错综复杂，根系中有一定数量的2～3级分枝根，表现出了较其他两种灌木较强的适应性。     

The influence of cyst nematodes and drought on potato growth

In two experiments in the Wageningen Rhizolab with potato cv. Mentor planted in soils with or without potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida, W) the number of roots per cm² was observed two weekly by video camera, in horizontally placed minirhizotrons at depths varying from 5 to 100 cm. In both experiments initial root growth was more rapid in the top soil of the uninfected soil. In the first experiment under optimal water supply, root formation continued longer in the top 30 cm of infested soil leading to twice as many roots at the end of the growing season as in uninfested soil. In the subsoil from 30 to 100 cm, however, root formation was strongly reduced by cyst nematodes leading to an uneven distribution of roots throughout the profile. In the second experiment potato cyst nematodes only increased rooting in the top soil with reduced irrigation. Potato cyst nematodes did not affect the water use efficiency of the crop whereas reduced irrigation increased water use efficiency by about 22%. Without potato cyst nematodes the soil profile was depleted of mineral nitrogen until a depth of 1 m whereas with high initial population densities no nitrogen was taken up in the subsoil between 30 and 100 cm. The spational heterogenity of roots and nitrogen in the soil is an important mechanism of damage. This finding may lead to improved cultural practices and breeding for tolerance.     

Water adaptive traits of deep-rooted C3 halophyte（Karelinia caspica（Pall.） Less.） and shallow-rooted C4 halophyte（Atriplex tatarica L.） in an arid region,Northwest China

This paper focused on the water relations of two halophytes differing in photosynthetic pathway,phenotype,and life cycle:Karelinia caspica (Pall.) Less.(C3,deep-rooted perennial Asteraceae grass) and A...     

高寒沙区中间锦鸡儿人工林细根动态及其周转

通过对青海省治沙试验站3 a、5 a、10 a、16 a和30 a生的中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia Kuang et H. C.Fu)人工林细根生物量的测定分析,了解其细根生物量的垂直分布和动态变化特征以及周转速率。结果表明:①中间锦鸡儿人工林约41%的活细根和39%的死细根分布在0~20 cm的土层,38%的活细根和死细根分布在20~40 cm的土层,21%的活细根和23%的死细根分布在40~60 cm的土层。②细根生物量表现出明显的季节动态性,活细根生物量峰值出现在6月和8月或者6月和9月,8月或9月达到最大值;死细根生物量峰值出现8月和9月,也是8月或9月达到最大值。③不同林龄人工林细根周转速率分别为:0. 53、0. 66、0. 56、0. 73、0. 78次·a^-1。④细根生物量和周转率均随林龄增大而增加,随土层加深而减小。     

覆膜条件下冬小麦根系生理特性及其空间分布变化

覆膜条件下测定了冬小麦的根系活力与吸收面积,研究其空间分布情况。结果表明,在水平方向上,TTC还原量和TTC还原强度均随着离主茎距离的增加而减少;在垂直方向上,TTC还原量随着土层深度的加深而递减,TTC还原强度,返青期由上而下递减,开花期则上下土层无差异。根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积,在水平方向和垂直方向的变化与TTC还原量相同。覆膜处理并没有改变以上各指标的空间分布状态。但返青期水平方向的比吸收面积和比活跃吸收面积的变化趋势随覆盖地膜与否而不同,不覆膜处理由近到远递减,覆膜处理则无差异。返青期比吸收面积和比活跃吸收面积的垂直方向变化以及开花期二者的水平和垂直方向变化均无明显差异。根系活力与根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积呈极显著正相关。     

不同灌溉模式对西辽河平原玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响

研究了西辽河平原灌区3种主要灌溉方式(浅埋滴灌、膜下滴灌和传统畦灌)对玉米根系形态特征和生理生化特性的影响.采用大田对比试验,以农华101为供试品种,大小垄种植(小垄行距40 cm,大垄行距80 cm),种植密度7.5万株·hm-2,在设定的灌溉定额下(膜下滴灌和浅埋滴灌为3150 m3·hm-2、传统畦灌为4500 ...     

风沙土区黄柳根系及其碳储量分布特征

以内蒙古敖汉旗风沙土区15 a、25 a和35 a林龄的黄柳(Salix gordejevii)林为研究对象,分别设置3个样地,采用分层分段挖掘法,测定不同土层、土段的根系生物量、含碳率,计算根系碳储量,分析不同林龄黄柳根系及根系碳储量分布特征变化。随着土层深度的增加,黄柳根系生物量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,主要分布在0~100cm土层,均占根系总量的80%以上;15 a、25 a和35 a生黄柳根系总生物量分别为516.50、4 448.60 g·株~(-1)和7 257.7 g·株~(-1),随着林龄的增加,黄柳根系生物量呈增长趋势。根系碳储量分布特征呈梭形,15 a、25 a和35 a生黄柳根系总生物量分别为30.81、158.56 g·株~(-1)和229.9 g·株~(-1);随着林龄的增加呈增加趋势。     

极端干旱区胡杨根系分布对土壤水分的响应

依据2006和2007年6月至7月在极端干旱区额济纳的实测资料,利用分形和统计的方法对胡杨根系分布与根区土壤水分的关系进行了分析研究,建立了土壤含水率与根系分维值之间的函数关系。根系土壤水分的变化对胡杨根系分布有直接影响,当平均土壤含水率小于0.11 cm3/cm3时,根系分布的分形维数随土壤含水率的增加而增大;当土壤含水率期望值大于0.11 cm3/cm3时,根系分布的分形维数随土壤含水率的增加而减小。平均土壤含水率在0.06-0.3 cm3/cm3之间,是适宜胡杨根系生长的范围。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

直插式根灌的土壤水分时空分布与节水效率

在塔里木河下游枣树生态经济林进行根灌试验,研究了直插式根灌条件下的土壤水分时空分布和节水效率。结果表明:(1)灌水过程中直插式根灌的土壤水分分布在0~100 cm土壤层,随灌溉时间增加,土壤含水量,0~20 cm土层呈波动变化,80~100 cm土层基本稳定,其余各土层呈S型增加;(2)不同时期1 m深土层平均土壤体积含水量最大值及达到最大值的时间,枣树生长初期为44.62%、7.5 h,花期为43.26%、12.5 h,幼果期为46.3%、15 h;(3)根灌过程中,各土层土壤含水量变异系数大小次序为80 cm20 cm40 cm60 cm100 cm;灌后土壤平均含水量,80、100 cm土层与其余各层之间差异显著,20、40、60 cm土层之间差异不显著,80 cm土层土壤含水量空间异质性最高;(4)三次试验后20 d内,0~100 cm土层的平均土壤体积含水量消退速率分别为0.21%·d~(-1)、0.19%·d~(-1)和0.17%·d~(-1),土壤体积含水量60 cm和100 cm土层消退速率稳定,40 cm土层呈先消退后增加的趋势,20 cm土层0~10 d迅速消退,80 cm土层11~20 d迅速消退;(5)直插式根灌的节水效率比地表滴灌高27.78%,水分利用效率分别比地表滴灌和漫灌高8.12%、52.46%。     

Responses of root growth of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) to different simulated groundwater depths in the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. (Fabaceae) is a spiny, perennial herb. The species grows in the salinized, arid regions in North China. This study investigated the response characteristics of the root growth and the distribution of one-year-old A. sparsifolia seedlings to different groundwater depths in controlled plots. The ecological adaptability of the root systems of A. sparsifolia seedlings was examined using the artificial digging method. Results showed that: (1) A. sparsifolia seedlings adapted to an increase in groundwater depth mainly through increasing the penetration depth and growth rate of vertical roots. The vertical roots grew rapidly when soil moisture content reached 3%-9%, but slowly when soil moisture content was 13%-20%. The vertical roots stopped growing when soil moisture content reached 30% (the critical soil moisture point). (2) The morphological plasticity of roots is an important strategy used by A. sparsifolia seedlings to obtain water and adapt to dry soil conditions. When the groundwater table was shallow, horizontal roots quickly expanded and tillering increased in order to compete for light resources, whereas when the groundwater table was deeper, vertical roots developed quickly to exploit space in the deeper soil layers. (3) The decrease in groundwater depth was probably responsible for the root distribution in the shallow soil layers. Root biomass and surface area both decreased with soil depth. One strategy of A. sparsifolia seedlings in dealing with the increase in groundwater depth is to increase root biomass in the deep soil layers. The relationship between the root growth/distribution of A. sparsifolia and the depth of groundwater table can be used as guidance for harvesting A. sparsifolia biomass and managing water resources for forage grasses. It is also of ecological significance as it reveals how desert plants adapt to arid environments.