大白菜霜霉病菌寄生霜霉对氟吡菌胺的敏感性

为探明大白菜霜霉病病原菌寄生霜霉Peronospora parasitica对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,采用凹玻片保湿法和离体子叶浸泡法测定了氟吡菌胺对寄生霜霉不同生长发育阶段的抑制作用。结果表明:氟吡菌胺对寄生霜霉孢子囊萌发、芽管伸长、病斑扩展、孢囊梗形成及孢子囊产生均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对孢子囊萌发和芽管伸长的抑制效果最显著,EC50值分别为0.113 3和0.291 8μg/m L;当氟吡菌胺质量浓度为8.00μg/m L时,对病斑扩展和产孢量的抑制率分别达到86.08%和72.48%,且对孢囊梗的产生也有显著的抑制作用。选用离体子叶浸泡法,测定了氟吡菌胺对从山东省不同地区采集分离的60株寄生霜霉菌株的毒力,发现菌株之间对药剂的敏感性差异较小,敏感性频率呈近似正态分布,其EC50值范围为0.163 2~0.802 2μg/m L,因此可以将其EC50平均值0.405 3μg/m L作为寄生霜霉对氟吡菌胺的敏感基线。     

霜霉一新种:辣椒霜霉

 本文是报道在四川雅安采集的寄生于辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)的箱霉属(Peronospora corda)的一个新种,命名为辣椒霜霉(Peronospora capssci sp.nov.)。     

“霜霉威(Propamocarb)”“甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)”对我国辣椒疫霉菌作用方式比较及交互抗性的研究

通过霜霉威(Propamocarb商品名普力克)、甲霜灵(Metalaxyl商品名瑞毒霉)对辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)6个菌株作用方式的体外测定结果表明,霜霉威浓度在2000ppm时对P. capsici孢子囊和卵孢子的形成,游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢萌发、菌丝体的生长没有明显的抑制作用。而甲霜灵对P. capsici的各种孢子的产生及菌丝体的生长有较强的抑制作用,对菌丝体生长抑制的Ec_(50)和Ec_(95)分别为0.5596ppm和2.1511ppm;对孢子囊形成抑制的Ec_(50)和Ec_(95)分别为0.1520ppm和15.0032ppm。0.1ppm的甲霜灵可显著抑制卵孢子的生成。但500ppm的甲霜灵对于游动孢子的释放和休止孢萌发没有明显的抑制作用。对霜霉威和甲霜灵的体内活性试验结果表明,800ppm的霜霉威对辣椒疫霉菌的内吸保护防效达94％,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达100％。室内初步试验结果表明,甲霜灵与霜霉威对P. capsici没有交互抗性。     

“霜霉威(Propamocarb)”“甲霜灵(Metalaxyl)”对我国辣椒疫霉菌作用方式比较及交互抗性的研究

 通过霜霉威(Propamocarb商品名普力克)、甲霜灵(Metalaxyl商品名瑞毒霉)对辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)6个菌株作用方式的体外测定结果表明,霜霉威浓度在2000ppm时对P. capsici孢子囊和卵孢子的形成,游动孢子的释放、游动及休止孢萌发、菌丝体的生长没有明显的抑制作用。而甲霜灵对P. capsici的各种孢子的产生及菌丝体的生长有较强的抑制作用,对菌丝体生长抑制的Ec₅₀和Ec₉₅分别为0.5596ppm和2.1511ppm;对孢子囊形成抑制的Ec₅₀和Ec₉₅分别为0.1520ppm和15.0032ppm。0.1ppm的甲霜灵可显著抑制卵孢子的生成。但500ppm的甲霜灵对于游动孢子的释放和休止孢萌发没有明显的抑制作用。对霜霉威和甲霜灵的体内活性试验结果表明,800ppm的霜霉威对辣椒疫霉菌的内吸保护防效达94%,1.0ppm的甲霜灵对该病的防效达100%。室内初步试验结果表明,甲霜灵与霜霉威对P. capsici没有交互抗性。     

烟草疫霉的产孢和接种方法研究

烟草疫霉是重要的病原真菌,但在人工培养条件下难以培养、产孢以及释放游动孢子.作者对烟草疫霉培养、产孢、接种方法进行了研究.芝麻培养基、黑麦培养基、燕麦培养基可用来培养烟草疫霉,烟草疫霉在三种培养基上平均每天生长量为1.10、0.78、0.86cm;芝麻培养基、黑麦培养基为烟草疫霉产孢子囊较好的培养基,产孢能力强,分别为2.52×104、2.07×104个孢子囊/cm2.而且孢子囊释放率高,分别为43.0%、32.1%.游动孢子囊悬浮液灌根接种和注射接种都能使烟草发病,但不同的接种方法和接种浓度下,病情指数不同.     

葡萄生单轴霉重寄生菌F3的鉴定及防治效果测定

为明确从生长异常的葡萄霜霉层上分离获得的菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉Plasmopara viticola的重寄生作用及对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果,通过光学和扫描电子显微镜观察菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉的重寄生作用,并对菌株F3进行形态特征观察及28S rDNA序列分析,采用孢子囊萌发抑制和离体叶片点样法测定该菌株对葡萄霜霉病的防治效果。结果表明,菌株F3对葡萄生单轴霉表现出覆盖、缠绕的重寄生现象。结合形态特征与序列分析结果将该菌株最终鉴定为层生镰刀菌Fusarium proliferatum。菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液及其无菌发酵液对葡萄霜霉菌孢子囊萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别为86.8%和83.1%;经菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液预防处理后的离体葡萄叶片发病率为10.9%,显著低于对照的发病率98.8%,防治效果达88.9%;菌株F3分生孢子悬浮液与葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊混合后点样接种处理的叶片发病率为50.0%,也显著低于对照,防治效果为49.1%;而治疗处理的叶片发病率与对照间无显著差异。表明层生镰刀菌对葡萄生单轴霉具有重寄生作用,且对葡萄霜霉病具有较强的预防控制作用。     

农家稻谷贮藏期真菌区系和霉变损失研究

在浙江省农村农家贮藏稻谷中,定点每月采集稻谷样品,共分离到37个属的真菌(不包括酵母菌)。其中曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、镰孢霉属(Fu-sarium spp.)、弯孢霉属(Curvularia spp.)、链格孢霉属(Alternaria spp.)为优势菌。系统调查研究表明,我省农家贮粮早晚稻谷在真菌种类和数量上有较大差异,在不同的地区及贮藏方式中,真菌的种类基本一致,但其群体有着明显的变化规律,新收入库的稻谷以田间真菌的检出率和带菌量为高,从贮藏的第二个月开始,贮藏真菌有明显增长,并随外界条件出现变化,田间真菌则相应减少。贮藏方式和环境条件的不同,真菌的数量及霉变损失程度亦呈明显差异。     

西兰花花梗褐心病研究

西兰花花梗褐心病的主要症状为病花梗表面和内部有小褐斑,髓部水渍状并可扩展到花球主轴髓部,花球中部分花梗和花蕾的发育受阻。病花球保湿2～3d后,其切口可形成大量白色霜霉状物。经鉴定,该病害是由寄生霜霉(Peronospora parasitica)引起的新症状,病菌主要在幼蕾期侵染。在西兰花幼蕾期喷施58%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液有很好的防治效果。     

几株拮抗细菌抑制致病疫霉孢子萌发的比较研究

前期试验中发现芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)WL1和WL2等6株细菌的菌液对致病疫霉菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,且其中WL1、WL2和M15菌株无菌体发酵液对致病疫霉的抑制作用也较强。为深入了解其抑制作用,以筛选出对马铃薯晚疫病更具生防潜力的菌株,本试验比较了这6株菌株的菌液和其中3株菌株的发酵液对致病疫霉游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制效果以及菌液在马铃薯离体叶片上病害的预防效果。结果显示,对游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制作用以WL2菌株最强,在最低菌液浓度(1×10~4 cfu/m L)下,病菌萌发率及释放率均在36%以下,显著低于对照(47%以上);菌液处理不同时间后,对游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的综合抑制作用仍以WL2菌株最强,处理18 h后其抑制强度保持不变,其次是M15菌株,对孢子释放和游动孢子萌发的抑制作用也不随处理时间延长而明显下降;发酵液抑制不同时间后,也以WL2的抑制作用最强,抑制游动孢子释放、游动孢子萌发和孢子囊直接萌发所需时间仅为1.0~1.5 h,而WL1和M15则需处理2.0 h或2.5 h以上。预防效果也显示,经WL2菌液处理后的马铃薯离体叶片病情指数最低(14.4),相对保护率达到81.2%。     

对指疫霉菌致病侵染的观察

指疫霉属真菌Sclerophthora macrospora(Sace)Ito et Tanaka,寄主有水稻、麦类、玉米等多种禾本科作物和杂草。其分布遍及世界各大洲。属霜霉目霜霉科,通称霜霉病。 1975年以来,崇庆、邛崃、温江等县的小麦、玉米上发生了这一病害,重病田病株     

Detection of Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. in Seeds of Soybean, Glycine max

Out of 140 soybean samples tested from 17 countries, 42 originating from Brazil, Colombia, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand and the United States were found to be contaminated by oospores of Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. Oospores are generally present as a crust on the seed coat, and are easily detected during visual examination; however, individual spores may stick to the surface of non-crusted seed, and these spores are detectable only by examining surface washings.
A new method for testing the viability of oospores by the tetrazolium chloride test is described. Viable oospores turn orange-red. In all oospore collections, viability tested by this method was generally higher than germination recorded in water. One to 2-year-old oospores showed 30 to 39% viability, while an 8-year-old collection had about 20% viable spores. Oospores collected from 1-year-old seed treated with captan showed 6 to 11 % viability.     

拟南芥霜霉病抗性分子机制研究进展

随着近年分子生物学技术的发展与应用,植物霜霉病抗性的研究有了长足的进展。本文就拟南芥抗霜霉病基因的克隆与结构分析,抗病信号传导,防卫反应和系统获得抗性,以及寄主-寄生菌共进化冲突方面进行了综述,并就今后的研究进行了展望。     

Inhibition of germination of sporangia of Peronospora hyoscyami by cation deprivation: the effects of substrate and chelating agents

Germination of sporangia of Peronospora hyoscyami de Bary (tobacco blue mould) was affected by the germination substrate. Washed sporangia germinated freely in water on glass slides, but failed to germinate on agarose. Germination was reduced on detached tobacco leaves, being lower on cv. Hicks Q46 than on cv. ZZ100. Inhibition of germination by agarose was reversed by the addition to the inoculum of an extract obtained by centrifuging a suspension of non-living, powdered torula yeast Candida utilis (Hennenberg) Lodder & van Rij. Yeast extract also improved germination in vivo. The siderophore rhodotorulic acid, the chelating agents ferric and sodium citrate, and riboflavin combined with calcium and magnesium salts, also stimulated germination of sporangia on agarose. The chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited germination on glass slides. Inhibition by EDTA was partially reversed by the addition of ferric salts. The inhibition of germination by agarose and stimulation by additives may have been due to effects on the availability of cations to sporangia of P. hyoscyami. The reduction in germination on tobacco leaves may have involved a similar mechanism.     

Induction of resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) in cauliflower by DL-β-amino-n-butanoic acid (BABA)

Of the three isomers of aminobutyric acid, only the β isomer (BABA) was effective in inducing resistance against Peronospora parasitica , the causal agent of downy mildew, in cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ). A single foliar spray applied to 7-day-old seedlings protected the plants against Peronospora parasitica for at least 15 days. Of the enantiomers (R and S), only the R was effective. Resistance was accompanied by a hypersensitive-like reaction (necrotic spots) which was evident before inoculation. BABA was systemically effective when applied to the roots, but failed to protect cotyledons adjacent to treated ones. Unlike other chemical inducers, BABA was effective when applied several hours postinoculation. It had no effect on P. parasitica spore germination. In cauliflower seedlings, BABA did not induce the accumulation of the pathogenesis-related protein PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-5 and PR-9. Only treated and challenged seedlings accumulated PR-2.     

一种测定大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵敏感性方法的建立及应用

建立了一种新方法—离体子叶浸泡法并用于大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵敏感性的检测。离体子叶在含有0.005%吐温20和0.1%丙酮的甲霜灵中浸泡3h后,接种浓度为1×104孢子囊/mL的大白菜霜霉病菌孢子囊悬浮液,保湿培养6d后观察子叶发病状况。采用离体子叶浸泡法测定了50株大白菜霜霉病菌对甲霜灵的敏感性,结果显示部分大白菜霜霉病菌菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性降低,有抗药性亚群体出现。研究表明离体子叶浸泡法重复性好,具有较高的敏感性和精密度,符合生产实际,适用于大白菜霜霉病菌对杀菌剂的敏感性检测。     

De invloed van kaligebrek op de vatbaarheid van bloemkool voor peronospora parasitica

Summary Peronospora parasitica was found to attack cauliflower plants which suffered from potash deficiency, very heavily, while plants with a sufficient quantity of potash were only slizhtly attacked. Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) occurred more abundantly on potash deficient plants.     

The host range of isolates of downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica, from Brassica crop species

The host ranges of 33 isolates of the downy mildew fungus Peronospora parasitica from different Brassica hosts and diverse geographic origins were assessed on a standard set of Brassica accessions Isolates from each host species had a distinct host range, and in some cases isolates from the same host species but different geographic origins differed in host range. Most isolates were capable of infecting hosts other than their species of origin. These results are discussed in relation to species specificity and the conservation of certain virulence gene combinations. The epidemiological implications for cross-infection of Brassica hosts by P. parasitica isolates in the field are also considered.     

Sugar accumulation in tobacco plants systemically protected against blue mold (Peronospora tabacina)

A two- to threefold increase in total soluble sugar content was detected in the leaves of tobacco plants(Nicotiana tabacum L.) 24 days after stem inoculation with conidia ofPeronospora tabacina (=Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp.tabacina), relative to leaves of non-inoculated control plants. Glucose and fructose accounted for most of this increase. The leaves of the inoculated plants were also protected against blue mold incited byP. tabacina. The increased sugar content may be due to the three- to fourfold increase in activity of (β-1,3 glucanase in the leaves and/or to the threefold increase in activities of β-1,3 glucanase, invertase and amylase in the inoculated sems. Tobacco leaf discs floated on glucose or other mono- and disaccharides at 55.5 mM, but not on polyethyleneglycol at a similar osmotic potential, reacted hypersensitively upon challenge withP. tabacina.     

The identification of a gene for race-specific resistance to Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in Brassica napus var. oleifera (oilseed rape)

The oilseed rape cultivar Cresor was resistant to 14 isolates of Peronospora parasitica derived from crops of Brassica napus in the UK. Segregation for resistance to one isolate among F₂ plants and F₃ progeny of crosses between Cresor and the susceptible cultivars Victor and Jet Neuf indicated that resistance was controlled by a single gene. There was evidence that genetic background and environment could influence the phenotypic expression of this resistance. Two sexual progeny isolates derived from a homothallic isolate of P. parasitica avirulent on Cresor were completely virulent on this cultivar. This suggested that the parental isolate was heterozygous at a matching locus or loci for avirulence and demonstrated the race-specific nature of the resistance.