西花蓟马对12种植物挥发物的选择行为

为寻找对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis有吸引或者驱避作用的植物挥发物用于其综合防治,使用四臂嗅觉仪测试其对12种植物挥发物（松油醇、芳樟醇、罗勒烯、α-蒎烯和月桂烯5种萜类化合物,1-辛烯-3-醇和叶醇2种醇类化合物,叶醛、壬醛和苯甲醛3种醛类化合物,乙酸叶醇酯和水杨酸甲酯2种酯类化合物）的选择行为。结果表明,对西花蓟马有显著引诱活性的植物挥发物是月桂烯,在10μL/mL和100μL/mL浓度处理下西花蓟马成虫对其的选择率分别为21.67%和26.67%。对西花蓟马有显著驱避作用的植物挥发物有4种,其中100μL/mL叶醛对西花蓟马成虫的驱避率为36.67%;1、10和100μL/mL叶醇对成虫的驱避率分别为48.75%、40.00%和45.00%;100μL/mL 1-辛烯-3-醇对成虫的驱避率为41.33%;1μL/mL和100μL/mL水杨酸甲酯对成虫的驱避率分别为25.00%和31.67%。表明植物挥发物中存在对西花蓟马具有较好引诱或驱避作用的化合物组分,可用于西花蓟马植物源引诱剂或驱避剂的开发。     

家用调料植物粗提物防治小菜蛾的研究

以安全性和简易性为前提的庭园害虫防治成为休闲生活不可或缺的技术。本文以花椒Zanthoxylum bungea-num、八角茴香Illiciu mverum、辣椒Capsicum frutescens等日用品为材料,研究了不同种类、浓度和作用时间对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella这一重要庭园害虫的拒食、触杀及产卵忌避效果。拒食试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著拒食作用,拒食率从大到小依次为八角茴香(0.94)、花椒(0.86)、辣椒(0.76);拒食率随处理时间长短变化的差异不显著,但随提取液浓度的升高而升高。触杀试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著触杀作用,24h内死亡率从大到小依次为花椒(45.6%)、八角茴香(35.6%)、辣椒(23.3%),均显著高于对照处理的1.1%;触杀死亡率随虫龄的增加而降低。产卵忌避试验表明,3种植物对小菜蛾成虫产卵忌避作用由大到小依次为辣椒、八角茴香、花椒。综合本研究所得结果来看,八角茴香对小菜蛾的控制效果最好。所选材料容易获得,对小菜蛾忌避作用明显,在庭园小菜蛾防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

印楝素乳油不同施用方式对烟粉虱寄主选择和产卵的影响

研究了3%印楝素乳油叶面喷雾和灌根对烟粉虱成虫寄主选择和产卵的影响。10mg/L印楝素乳油叶面喷雾和灌根48h后,寄主选择忌避率分别为82.7%和48.5%,72h后分别为91.0%和61.9%。叶面喷雾48和72h后寄主选择忌避中浓度RC50分别为0.317和0.237mg/L,灌根处理分别为10.301和4.191mg/L。叶面喷雾和灌根后72h的产卵忌避中浓度分别为1.241和5.833mg/L。在不同浓度的多选择试验中,成虫对叶面喷雾或灌根处理植株的选择性与浓度负相关。随印楝素施药浓度的增大和施药后时间的延长其忌避作用增强。     

绿薄荷茎和叶的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾拒食和产卵忌避活性的影响

为有效控制小菜蛾的危害,明确绿薄荷对小菜蛾的防治效果,采用95%乙醇对绿薄荷茎和叶进行索式抽提,并测定了茎和叶提取物12.5、25.0和50.0 mg/mL浓度下小菜蛾幼虫的拒食率和成虫产卵忌避活性。结果显示,绿薄荷茎和叶的乙醇提取物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和成虫的产卵忌避均有显著作用,提取物浓度越高,拒食率和产卵忌避率越大。当茎和叶提取物浓度为12.5 mg/mL时,小菜蛾的拒食率最低,分别为36.16%和59.81%,产卵忌避率最低,分别为46.18%和57.78%;茎和叶提取物浓度为50.0 mg/mL时,拒食率最高,分别为82.67%和87.15%,产卵忌避率最高,分别为88.29%和98.27%。茎和叶对应的拒食中浓度(AFC_(50))最高分别为18.93 mg/mL和15.97 mg/mL,产卵忌避中浓度(AOC_(50))最高分别为16.38 mg/mL和15.03 mg/mL。     

西花蓟马与豆大蓟马成虫数量和性别对彼此产卵量的影响

为明确西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和豆大蓟马Megalurothrips usitatu共存时的生殖竞争,采用叶盘法测定了孤雌生殖方式下和两性生殖方式下,接入不同数量西花蓟马雌、雄成虫后,豆大蓟马日产卵量和总产卵量;接入不同数量豆大蓟马雌、雄成虫后,西花蓟马的日产卵量和总产卵量,明确了2种蓟马成虫数量和性别对彼此日产卵量和总产卵量的影响。在豆大蓟马孤雌生殖方式下,1头西花蓟马雌成虫即可使其日产卵量和总产卵量显著降低,由8.8粒和61.6粒分别下降至7.5粒和52.4粒,而1头西花蓟马雄成虫对其产卵量无显著影响;在豆大蓟马两性生殖方式下,1头西花蓟马雌成虫同样可显著降低其日产卵量和总产卵量,由6.6粒和46.2粒分别下降至5.2粒和36.6粒,1头西花蓟马雄成虫也可显著降低其产卵量,分别下降至5.9粒和41.4粒;西花蓟马雌成虫对2种生殖方式下豆大蓟马产卵量的影响均显著或极显著大于雄成虫。在西花蓟马孤雌生殖方式下,1头豆大蓟马雌成虫和雄成虫即可显著降低其产卵量,日产卵量由6.8粒均下降至6.1粒,总产卵量由47.4粒分别下降至43.0粒和42.6粒;在西花蓟马两性生殖方式下,1头豆大蓟马雌成虫同样可显著降低西花蓟马的日产卵量和总产卵量,分别由6.1粒和43.0粒下降至4.3粒和30.0粒,但2头豆大蓟马雄成虫才可使其产卵量显著降低;豆大蓟马雌成虫对西花蓟马2种生殖方式下产卵量的影响大于雄成虫。无论是否受到干扰,豆大蓟马2种生殖方式下的日产卵量和总产卵量均高于西花蓟马。表明在西花蓟马与豆大蓟马的生殖竞争中,由于豆大蓟马的繁殖力较高,在竞争中占据优势地位。     

艾蒿提取物及其不同柱层析馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵行为的影响

利用Syntech触角电位仪,测定了甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对艾蒿提取物和4种溶剂(苯、乙酸乙酯、丙酮和乙醇)柱层析馏分的触角反应;利用涂纸法,测定了艾蒿提取物和4种馏分对甜菜夜蛾产卵的忌避特性和抑制特性。结果表明:甜菜夜蛾雌成虫对相同浓度(10 mg/mL)提取物和馏分的触角反应存在很大差异,对丙酮馏分的反应最强烈,电位值为9.632±1.054 mV,其次为乙酸乙酯和苯馏分,以乙醇馏分的反应最弱。提取物和不同馏分对甜菜夜蛾的产卵忌避作用存在很大差异,丙酮馏分、乙酸乙酯馏分和提取物都具有一定的忌避作用,而且随浓度上升而增强,其中以丙酮馏分的忌避作用最强,10 mg/mL的忌避率达到49.0%。不同浓度处理时,都以丙酮馏分和乙酸乙酯馏分的产卵抑制作用最强,且随浓度上升而增强,10 mg/mL的抑制率分别达到72.16%和68.95%;较高浓度(5 mg/mL和10 mg/mL)时,提取物、苯馏分和乙醇馏分也具有一定的产卵抑制作用。     

芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫的生物活性

本文研究了芥末精油对锯谷盗Oryzaephilus surinamensis成虫的室内杀虫活性.结果表明,芥末精油对锯谷盗成虫具有很强的熏蒸、驱避和触杀活性.在不同时间0.1μL·L-1芥末精油的熏蒸活性均最强,24h熏蒸毒力最大,锯谷盗成虫的校正死亡率达99.38%;方差分析表明不同处理时间和不同处理剂量对试虫的熏蒸活性均有极显著影响.随着时间延长,驱避作用逐渐增强;同一时间处理浓度越高驱避作用越强,8d时0.1μL·L-1驱避活性最强,达100%.在同一时间随着处理浓度的增大,芥末精油对锯谷盗触杀校正死亡率呈上升趋势,但18h后各处理间校正死亡率无显著差异.     

CO2浓度升高对取食不同寄主的西花蓟马和花蓟马生理酶活性的影响

为明确取食不同寄主植物的西花蓟马和花蓟马对CO_2浓度升高的响应机制,分别选取四季豆、茼蒿和辣椒寄主,分析不同CO_2浓度对2种蓟马成虫体内解毒酶和保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,2种蓟马的羧酸酯酶(Car E)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(Ach E)、微粒体多功能氧化酶(MFO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性均随着CO_2浓度的升高而增强。与对照相比,高CO_2浓度下西花蓟马取食四季豆时Car E和POD活性分别升高了21.70%和40.16%,取食茼蒿时Car E、MFO和POD活性分别升高了40.11%、6.73%和43.85%,而以辣椒为寄主时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低了57.56%;在800μL/L高CO_2浓度下,花蓟马的Car E、Ach E和MFO活性均略有升高;四季豆、茼蒿和辣椒饲养的花蓟马SOD活性分别下降了26.84%、52.16%和53.71%。研究表明,2种蓟马均能通过调节体内的生理酶活性来适应环境的变化,且西花蓟马的适应能力强于花蓟马。     

温度对西花蓟马、花蓟马存活和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了19、22、25、28和31℃条件下两种蓟马在辣椒上的存活率、成虫寿命、繁殖力及生命参数,以揭示温度对入侵害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和本地害虫花蓟马Frankliniellaintonsa的影响。结果显示,在19～31℃范围内两种蓟马雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高而缩短,内禀增长率随温度的升高而增大,西花蓟马和花蓟马皆是在31℃时最高,分别为0.1347和0.1822。两种蓟马的种群趋势指数及净增殖率与温度之间呈曲线关系。在相同温度条件下,西花蓟马在各温度下的存活率高于花蓟马,但内禀增长率低于花蓟马。西花蓟马的繁殖力、种群趋势指数及净增值率在22℃时最高,花蓟马在25℃时最高。两种蓟马对温度的适应能力不同,22℃是西花蓟马的最适温度,而25℃更适合于花蓟马。     

微小花蝽的发生及其对西花蓟马的捕食作用

本文研究了不同种植模式下月季上微小花蝽种群的发生特点及其对西花蓟马的捕食作用,结果表明:在昆明月季种植区,微小花蝽每年有2个发生高峰期,分别是4～5月份和8～9月份,其中,以4～5月份种群发生量最高;露地月季田块上的微小花蝽种群密度明显高于温室大棚;微小花蝽在不同月季品种上的种群密度也有所差异,月季艳粉品种上的蓟马种群密度高于超级品种。微小花蝽对西花蓟马的功能反应符合HollingⅡ型:Na=1.2330N/(1+0.02333N),1天内1头微小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马成虫的最大捕食量和最佳寻找密度分别为16.9头和7.7头。     

花粉和植物不同生长阶段对西花蓟马种群的影响

在凤仙花的Impulse Orange和Cajun Carmine品种上开展了花粉和植物不同生长阶段对西花蓟马种群的影响。结果表明:在植物未开花前,添加花粉和不添加花粉西花蓟马的种群数量差异显著,添加花粉能显著增加两个品种上西花蓟马的种群数量,其西花蓟马数量分别为174.50、43.67头,而未添加花粉时分别为138.33头和27.00头。在植物开花后,添加花粉对西花蓟马的种群数量虽有一定影响,但差异不显著。植物不同生长发育阶段对西花蓟马的种群数量影响很大,无论是添加花粉还是不添加花粉,在两个品种上均表现为开花后的数量显著大于开花前的数量,说明凤仙花植物本身的花对西花蓟马种群的迅速增长影响很大。     

北京地区西花蓟马发生为害调查研究

通过2003～2005年对北京地区西花蓟马发生为害情况进行的系统调查监测,发现发生地由2003年的2个点扩大为2005年的6个区,呈蔓延扩散趋势;为害的植物也从最初的辣椒到2005年的28科65种,以葫芦科的荷兰黄瓜、甜瓜及十字花科的白萝卜叶片受害最为严重。另外,就不同寄主上西花蓟马的发生为害动态进行了系统调查,初步分析了其在自然条件下的种群消长规律。     

Verbena as a trap crop to suppress thrips-transmitted Tomato spotted wilt virus in chrysanthemums

The effect of verbena as a trap crop on the occurrence of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in chrysanthemums were investigated. Verbena cvs. Pink Parfait and/or Fancy Parfait were cultivated alongside chrysanthemum cv. Jimba in a greenhouse in the proportion of 17%–25% of the chrysanthemum plants. Verbena plants attracted vector thrips, reducing western flower thrips colonization of chrysanthemum until flower bud initiation, and markedly suppressing TSWV incidence on chrysanthemums until flowering. Significant quantities of linalool oxide pyran were produced by the flower of cv. Fancy Parfait; and the ratio of cis-linalool oxide pyran, an attractant for vector thrips, to the trans-type was approximately 1 : 5. Our results suggest that cultivation of verbena as a trap crop may be useful in integrated pest management programs as a control for thrips-transmitted TSWV in chrysanthemums.     

Tomato spotted wilt virus Infection Improves Host Suitability for Its Vector Frankliniella occidentalis

ABSTRACT The effect of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on plant attractiveness for the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was studied. Significantly more thrips were recovered on infected than were recovered on noninfected pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants in different preference tests. In addition, more offspring were produced on the virus-infected pepper plants, and this effect also was found for TSWV-infected Datura stramonium. Thrips behavior was minimally influenced by TSWV-infection of host plants with only a slight preference for feeding on infected plants. Offspring development was positively affected since larvae hatched earlier from eggs and subsequently pupated faster on TSWV-infected plants. These results show a mutualistic relationship between F. occidentalis and TSWV.     

Soil application of azadirachtin and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol to control western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): translocation and persistence in bean plants

To study the systemic effects of active neem ingredients, the substrate of bean plants was treated with a 170 g kg(-1) azadirachtin (NeemAzal-U; Trifolio-M GmbH, Lahnau, Germany, registration pending). This product was used at a dose rate of 10 mg AZA (azadirachtin a) and 1.2 mg 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol (azadirachtin b) per treated bean plant. Afterwards, the translocation and persistence of AZA and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol and the effects on western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), were studied. Residues of AZA and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol from substrates with different contents of organic matter [pure culture substrate (CS), CS-sand mixture] and from various plant parts were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The dissipation trends of AZA and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol were similar within the same substrates. A slower decline of both active ingredients was measured with CS than with CS-sand mixture. Residue analysis of the bean plants showed that only small proportions of the initial amounts of AZA and 3-tigloyl-azadirachtol applied to the substrate were present in the plant (0.3-8.1%). Variable amounts of residues of the active components in relation to plant parts and time of analysis indicated a different translocation pattern for the two active ingredients. Higher residues of the active ingredients were found in roots and stems after neem application using CS, whereas higher residues were found in leaves after CS-sand mixture treatments. Mortality of F. occidentalis after NeemAzal-U soil applications reached up to 95% on CS-sand mixture, compared with 86% in CS.     

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in Florida

BACKGROUND: The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. Efforts to control the pest and the thrips‐vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad‐spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. The result has been a classic ‘3‐R’ situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as a result of natural predators and native competitor thrips being eliminated; replacement by various other pests. This paper reports on integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables that are effective, economical, ecologically sound and sustainable. RESULTS: The components include the following: define pest status (economic thresholds); increase biotic resistance (natural enemies and competition); integrate preventive and therapeutic tactics (scouting, ultraviolet‐reflective technologies, biological control, compatible insecticides, companion plants and fertility); vertically integrate the programs with other pests; continually communicate latest science‐based management tactics with end‐users. CONCLUSION: These programs have been widely implemented in Florida and have significantly improved the management of western flower thrips and thrips‐transmitted viruses. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The proportion of viruliferous individuals in field populations of Frankliniella occidentalis: Implications for tomato spotted wilt virus epidemics in tomato

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) infected plants and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Perg., WFT) adult population densities were monitored during 1993 and 1994 in field tomatoes in Northeastern Spain. The proportion of viruliferous WFT adults in field populations was quantified. A significant association has been found between early population densities of WFT adult thrips and final TSWV incidence for early transplanted tomato crops. In contrast, for late transplanted tomato crops, whereas similar high final disease incidences of TSWV could be attained, very low WFT adult population densities were always detected. The significantly higher infectious potential of WFT populations collected during the early growth stages of late transplanted tomatoes could be relevant for the TSWV incidences attained in spite of the low thrips numbers detected.     

西花蓟马传播病毒病的研究进展

西花蓟马［Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)］是一种世界性的重要农业害虫,目前在69个国家和地区已有报道。西花蓟马能以持久性的方式传播番茄斑萎病毒属(Tospovirus)的病毒,所传播病毒造成的经济损失远远大于其本身所造成的损失。因此,许多学者对西花蓟马及其传播的番茄斑萎病毒属病毒进行了大量研究。本文主要综述了近年来西花蓟马传播病毒的种类、番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的结构以及西花蓟马的传毒机制等方面的研究进展。     

纳米助剂对防治西花蓟马五种植物源农药的增效作用

为有效控制有机基地芹菜上的西花蓟马,本研究在防治西花蓟马的植物源农药中加入一定比例的纳米助剂,以期达到提高植物源农药增效减量的目的。研究结果表明：在五种供试的植物源农药（5%扑利旺、0.3%印楝素、1.5%除虫菊素、0.6%苦参碱、2.5%鱼藤酮）中,0.6%苦参碱是防治西花蓟马的理想药剂,施药后3 d和7 d防治效果为75.58%和66.83%;与纳米助剂按照1：1混合施药后,五种植物源农药的防效均提高10%～20%。0.6%苦参碱增效最为显著,施药后3和7 d防治效果为85.71%和78.05%;若将防治效果达到75%为限值,添加纳米助剂后,0.6%苦参碱的持效期由3 d延长到10 d,延长了农药的喷施间隔期,减少了使用量。     

Acquisition of Tomato spotted wilt virus by Adults of Two Thrips Species

ABSTRACT Only larval thrips that acquire Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), or adults derived from such larvae, transmit the virus. Nonviruliferous adults can ingest virus particles while feeding on TSWV-infected plants, but such adult thrips have not been shown to transmit TSWV. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to show that thrips 1, 5, 10, and 20 days after adult emergence (DAE) fed on TSWV-infected plants acquired TSWV with virus replication and accumulation occurring in both epithelial and muscle cells of Frankliniella fusca (tobacco thrips [TT]) and F. occidentalis (western flower thrips [WFT]), as indicated by immunodetection of the nonstructural (NSs) protein encoded by the small RNA and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, respectively. Adult WFT acquired TSWV more efficiently than TT. There was no significant effect of insect age on TSWV acquisition by TT. In contrast, acquisition by adult WFT at 1 and 5 DAE was higher than acquisition at 10 and 20 DAE. Subsequent transmission competence of adult cohorts was studied by vector transmission assays. All adult thrips tested that had an acquisition access period as an adult were unable to transmit the virus. These results indicate the susceptibility of adult TT and WFT to infection of midgut cells by TSWV and subsequent virus replication and confirm earlier studies that adult thrips that feed on virus-infected plants do not transmit the virus. The role of a tissue barrier in TSWV movement and infection from midgut muscle cells to the salivary glands is discussed.