甘肃省花椒黑胫病的研究初报

从花椒流胶病株上分离到4株真菌,经致病性测定,检测出两株疫霉菌是花椒黑胫病(Phytophthora sp)的致病病原。通过菌株形态、培养性状、生长温度、淀粉利用能力及耐孔雀石绿毒性测定,确认这两株疫霉菌分别属于不同的种(待定)。该病原从根茎部入侵,初夏高温季节病势发展迅速,花椒品种间抗病性差异极大,乙磷铝等具有保护、治疗效果,因此采用抗病品种和药剂保护措施,可有效地防治这一病害。     

重庆丰都县运用科技促进农户增产增收

<正>(刘巧菊丰都县科协)近日,为进一步加快农业科技进村入户,促进农民增收,丰都县科协结合县树人镇石岭岗、白江洞、大脚楼等村花椒种植面积大、管理技术相对滞后的实际情况,联合县仙穗水稻种植协会,在树人镇石岭岗村、白江洞村两个村开展花椒种植大户实用技术培训。培训会上,县科协邀请丰都县农委高级农艺师彭志虎、树人镇花椒种植农户毛国胜等专家,通过集中讲授和田间现场示范实际操作两种方式开展     

小麦旗叶和穗部吲哚生物碱含量与抗麦长管蚜关系研究

采用蚜量比值法评价了 8个小麦品种 (系)对麦长管蚜的抗性 ,结果显示 ,高抗、抗、中抗、感虫品种 (系 )分别有 1、1、3、3个。进而研究了不同抗蚜品种 (系 )小麦旗叶和穗部的吲哚生物碱含量及其与抗蚜性的关系。结果表明 ,大多数抗蚜品种 (系 )的旗叶和穗部吲哚生物碱含量均高于感蚜品种 (系 ) ,尤其穗部。不同抗性级别的小麦品种 (系 )吲哚生物碱含量与蚜量比值的相关分析显示 ,穗部吲哚生物碱含量与蚜量比值的相关系数为-0.8633,而旗叶的相关系数为-0.3983,表明小麦旗叶吲哚生物碱含量与抗麦长管蚜具有一定的相关性 ,而穗部则呈显著的相关性     

小麦秆腐赤霉病药剂防治新技术田间试验

<正>小麦赤霉病是由禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的世界性小麦重要病害,不但影响小麦产量,而且降低小麦品质。该病在大丰地区主要侵染穗部,症状是穗腐,小麦秆腐很少发生,症     

垄作覆膜对川中丘区土壤物理性状和春玉米产量的影响

采用大田试验,设置垄作覆膜(A1B1)、平作覆膜(A1B2)、垄作不覆膜(A2B1)、平作不覆膜(A2B2)4个处理,研究垄作与覆膜对川中丘区春玉米田土壤物理性状和产量的影响。结果表明:地膜覆盖显著提高了丘陵旱地玉米生育前期耕层土壤水分和温度;垄作栽培显著降低耕层土壤容重,增大土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度;垄作与覆膜措施相结合可有效改善土壤水热状况和物理结构。从玉米穗部性状和产量看,覆膜显著提高玉米穗长、穗粗、穗粒数、百粒重,降低秃尖长,产量较不覆膜处理平均增加20.2%。垄作对玉米穗部性状和产量的影响因覆膜与否而异。覆膜下,垄作较平作显著提高了穗粒数,降低了秃尖长,产量较平作增加7.7%;不覆膜下,垄作则显著降低穗粒数、百粒重,产量较平作降低12.6%。相关分析表明玉米产量与生育前期土壤温度和土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。垄作覆膜通过提高玉米生育前期土壤温度和含水量,改善了耕层土壤物理性状,最终提高了玉米产量。     

北方玉米品种更替过程中穗部性状的演变及与产量的关系

为了明确不同年代品种穗部性状的演变及其与产量的关系,对我国北方地区20世纪50年代以来有代表性的4个农家品种和31个玉米杂交种穗部性状进行了研究.结果表明:随着品种的更替,单位面积产量、单株产量大幅度提高,穗粗、穗长、籽粒深度、穗粒数、千粒重均呈上升趋势;秃尖度、出籽率自20世纪80年代以来没有得到正向改良,呈现下降趋...     

高粱穗部主要害虫种群数量变动分析

高粱是四川酿酒的主要原料,80年代以来,随着名优酒的发展,急待提高高粱的品质和产量,高粱穗部害虫已成为生产上受到重视的问题。在高粱主产区,粟穗螟(Mampava bipunctella Ragonot)和桃蛀野螟(Dichocrocis Punetiferalis Guenée)是高粱穗部害虫的主要虫种,其次有高粱花翅小卷蛾(Lobesia aeoiopa Meyrick)、柑桔长卷蛾(Homona coffearia Meyrick)等。为进一步提高测报水平,正确地指导防治,作者分析了高粱穗部主要害虫的种群变动情况。现将结果报道如下:     

夏高粱心叶期防治穗部害虫

在我市危害夏高粱的穗部害虫有高梁条螟Proceras venosatus、桃蛀螟Dichocrocis punctifralis、玉米螟Ostrinia nubilalis、高梁穗虫(隐斑螟)Cryptoblabes gnidiella Miler、棉铃虫Heliothis armigera等。高粱条螟在我市一年发生2代,8月份为第二代幼虫为害期,一般每穗有虫2—3头,长势好的可达10头左右;桃蛀螟一年发生4代,在10月中下旬以第四代幼虫为害夏高粱穗部,一般百株有虫15头左右,最高单穗有虫12头;玉米螟常年发生3代,以第二、三代8月中旬至9月上旬为害夏高粱,一般每株有虫1—4头,最高8头;高粱穗虫一年发生2代,第二代于8月中旬末开始进入穗部为害,9月初进入为害盛期,一般每穗有虫1—2头,单株最高8头。此4种害虫为害夏高粱主要是蛀茎、食粒、造成断茎、破粒,严重影响产量和品质。 经1987年以来对防治适期、防治指标、防治用药试验,提出了心叶期适时用药的有效措     

竹叶花椒-飞龙掌血嫁接树表型及生理性状的抗旱响应

为探究飞龙掌血作砧木嫁接竹叶花椒后的抗旱响应机制,以飞龙掌血、竹叶花椒实生树及两者嫁接树为研究对象,对比分析其根系特征、叶片解剖结构、光合色素及生理指标上的差异,并测定产量。结果表明：飞龙掌血1年生实生苗根系各指标均显著高于竹叶花椒;嫁接树叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度相比竹叶花椒显著增加了46.57%和35.38%,栅海比和叶肉紧密度分别提高了9.24%和21.82%;与竹叶花椒相比,嫁接树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量各显著增加了13.5%、87.3%和33.5%;同时,嫁接树叶片的SOD和POD活性相比竹叶花椒分别提高了22.1%和6.4%,MDA含量降低了4.6%;叶片各光合色素含量与栅栏组织厚度呈显著正相关关系,而MDA含量与其余指标呈显著负相关关系(除海绵组织厚度以外);嫁接树的单位投影面积产量相比竹叶花椒提高了34.1%。可见,该嫁接组合可以应用于竹叶花椒抗旱砧木的选育和推广实践。     

旱直播对水稻穗部性状、产量和经济效益的影响

以黑龙江省主栽水稻品种龙粳31为试验材料,常规插秧为对照,研究旱直播条件下水稻穗部性状、产量和经济效益的变化。结果表明:水稻穗部性状的变异均表现为旱直播常规插秧,二次枝梗数变异系数最大,在40.49%～60.19%;相关分析也表明,二次枝梗数是影响旱直播条件下水稻单穗重的主要因素。旱直播条件下水稻穗数·m~(-2)与穗粒数在年际间的变化相对稳定,结实率、千粒重、生物产量和经济系数均表现为常规插秧旱直播;3 a间,旱直播方式下水稻平均实测产量为7.78 t·hm~(-2),较常规插秧降低5.58%;相关分析表明,穗数与生物产量是影响常规插秧条件下水稻产量的最主要因素,穗数与穗粒数是影响旱直播条件下水稻产量的主要因素。与常规插秧相比,旱直播方式下水稻在总物化成本和总劳动力成本上节约2 802.0元·hm~(-2),纯效益增加1 528.0元·hm~(-2),因此,旱直播种植方式下水稻产量虽然略低于常规插秧,但能降低农民生产成本,增加经济收入,提高生态效益。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

甲基硫菌灵标样的制备

本文介绍了用进口甲基硫菌灵样品，采用溶剂萃取，高速离心，重结晶，高效液相色谱，红外光谱等分析方法进行系统分离与鉴定，得到其标样的方法。