不同种源地文冠果叶片解剖结构比较及抗旱性分析

文中利用常规石蜡制片法,以内蒙古伊金霍洛旗乌兰木伦镇的文冠果人工林为研究对象,对引种在该地的8个种源地的文冠果叶片解剖结构进行了详尽的观察和测量。结果表明:文冠果叶表皮具有较厚的角质层和细胞壁;叶肉组织分化明显,具有发达的输导组织和维管束鞘伸展区;在中脉区域普遍存在黏液细胞和含晶细胞。选取叶片总厚度、上、下表皮细胞厚度、上、下角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度之比8个抗旱性指标,利用方差分析和LSD多重比较,结果表明:文冠果叶片抗旱指标的灵敏度大小顺序依次是:栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度之比>海绵组织厚度>下角质厚度。叶片结构上体现的抗旱性顺序是:呼伦贝尔阿荣旗>山东泰安=伊旗乌兰木伦>阿旗坤都林场>翁牛特旗经济林场>内蒙古农业大学>敖汉旗双井子林场>磴口。     

桃叶片组织解剖结构特征与其抗旱性关系的研究

对6个栽培桃品种的叶片组织结构进行解剖观察、比较、描述,并测定了叶片结构参数。结果表明,各品种间叶片厚度、表皮毛密度、上表皮细胞大小、气孔密度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片组织结构紧密度、疏松度、栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比等指标差异较大。表皮厚度、角质层厚度、气孔长度各品种间无明显差异。其中气孔密度大,栅栏组织较厚,叶片组织紧密度大、疏松度小,栅栏组织/海绵组织厚度比较高,上表皮细胞较小者抗旱性较强。     

鸭脚树星室木虱为害对糖胶树叶绿素含量及光合参数的影响

为了阐述鸭脚树星室木虱为害对糖胶树生理生化指标的影响,寻找有效的防虫途径.提高糖胶树绿化及药用价值,研究了鸭脚树星室木虱为害对糖胶树叶绿素含量和光合速率的影响.结果表明,鸭脚树星室木虱为害后糖胶树净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Cs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均明显下降.其中受鸭脚树星室木虱为害形成虫瘿而未出现羽化孔的叶片和已有较多羽化孔的叶片与CK相比,Pn下降率分别为38.72%和51.94%:叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总含量也明显下降,受害形成虫瘿而未出现羽化孔的叶片和已有较多羽化孔的叶片与CK相比叶绿素总含量分别下降了52.77%和61.74%.说明鸭脚树星室木虱为害对糖胶树的叶绿素含量和光合参数产生明显影响.其原因可能是鸭脚树星室木虱为害糖胶树时破坏了植物叶片的叶肉组织,从而减少叶绿素含量,降低植物光合速率.     

胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系

采用MSR-9600TFU2扫描仪和常规石蜡切片,分析胡杨不同发育阶段叶片形态解剖学特征及其与胸径的关系。结果表明:1叶片宽、叶面积、气孔密度、厚度均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大,叶片长和叶形指数则随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐减小。2叶片上下表皮细胞数和表皮细胞长、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织细胞长和宽均随胸径增加沿树冠基部向顶部方向逐渐增大;海绵组织厚度随胸径的增加而逐渐减小,树冠基部向顶部方向则逐渐增大。3相关分析显示,叶片宽、叶面积和叶片厚度分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,叶形指数与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片栅栏组织厚度、表皮细胞数、表皮组织厚度、表皮细胞长分别与胸径呈极显著/显著正相关,海绵组织厚度与胸径呈极显著负相关;叶片形态指标与解剖结构指标间也存在正/负相关关系,表明胡杨叶形态结构变化与个体发育阶段密切相关。     

干旱锻炼对南方红豆杉生长及生理指标的影响

为提高珍贵濒危树种红豆杉对逆境环境的适应性,为干旱、半干旱地区高效栽培种植红豆杉提供理论依据。文中以南方红豆杉为试验材料,采用盆栽控水法模拟干旱环境设置干旱锻炼和未经干旱锻炼两种处理,以正常水分管理的南方红豆杉为对照(CK),测定南方红豆杉的生长指标、光合色素含量、过氧化物酶活性、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量,探讨干旱锻炼对南方红豆杉耐旱能力的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫明显降低了南方红豆杉新稍生长的长度、直径;经过干旱锻炼的南方红豆杉新稍生长长度与未经干旱锻炼组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),增加了49.88%,新稍直径增加了5.26%。干旱胁迫36d,经过干旱锻炼的南方红豆杉的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素总含量均比未经干旱锻炼处理高;经过干旱锻炼的南方红豆杉叶片中丙二醛含量显著降低;其叶片中可溶性糖和过氧化物酶活性与CK相比显著增加,与未经干旱锻炼处理相比显著降低。干旱锻炼通过调节南方红豆杉生物量、叶片光合色素含量及保护酶活性、渗透调节物质的含量来提高南方红豆杉的耐旱性。     

天然油菜素内酯对黄土丘陵区富士苹果几种生理指标的影响

采用叶面施肥的方法,初步研究了叶面喷施4种不同浓度的天然油菜素内酯后,苹果叶片内叶绿素色素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素色素(Car)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)等有关生理指标以及单株产量的变化。结果表明,喷施4种浓度的天然油菜素内酯后,MDA含量明显降低,SOD和POD活性显著增强,叶绿素色素含量、类胡萝卜素色素含量和游离脯氨酸含量都有显著提高,且0.2mg/L的处理增产效果最为明显。     

外源物质对烤烟上部叶生长发育及化学成分的影响

通过田间试验研究了烟株打顶后喷施外源生长活性剂1～7号(T1～T7)对烤烟上部叶片组织结构、钾和烟碱含量的影响.结果表明, 外源物质可促进上部叶面积增大,调节叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度和栅栏组织细胞密度的动态变化,促使叶片厚度降低,组织变得较为疏松,促进钾素含量提高和烟碱含量降低.总体上T1、T4和T7改善上部烟叶组织结构,提高钾素含量的效果较为明显.     

抗黑星病芽变鸭梨组织结构、生理生化与抗病性关系研究

对一株抗黑星病芽变‘鸭梨’的叶片组织结构和生理生化特性进行了研究,发现其叶片蜡质含量高、栅栏组织双层出现时间早、厚度大、海绵组织结构致密、气孔数目少,推断这些特性决定黑星病菌分生孢子不易侵入叶片内部;叶绿素含量高为植株抗病性提供了生理基础,可溶性糖含量低有可能抑制黑星病营养菌丝在细胞间的生长和扩展。通过研究该抗黑星病芽变‘鸭梨’的抗病机理,为‘鸭梨’抗黑星病育种提供了理论依据。     

茄子叶片组织结构与对侧多食跗线螨抗性的关系

研究了27个茄子品种叶片组织结构对侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus(Banks）的田间种群密度、叶片为害指数和种群增长倍数（实验室）3个指标的影响。结果表明，不同茄子品种的叶片上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和下表皮层厚度均存在一定的差异。由于该螨主要集中在叶片背面取食，其口器不发达，口针长32．5％－43．4μm，口针能通过下表皮层进入海绵组织，但不能进入栅栏组织。在叶片下表皮层厚的品种上，螨的种群密度和叶片为害指数均显著低，其下表皮和栅栏组织层越厚，抗性越强。其上表皮层厚的品种，种群增长倍数高，抗性低。     

干旱胁迫对春小麦旗叶生理特征及其根系抗旱基因表达特征的影响

研究干旱胁迫对春小麦品种旗叶生理特征及其根系抗旱基因表达的影响,对春小麦抗逆栽培和新品种选育具有重要意义。在大兴安岭西麓旱作区,以抗旱组及水敏感组春小麦品种为供试材料,进行干旱（旱棚防雨）和对照（调控补水）2种水分控制处理,分析干旱胁迫下不同春小麦品种旗叶光合指标、生理指标及根系抗旱基因表达差异。结果表明,干旱与对照处理间春小麦旗叶光合特性、生理特征及根系抗旱基因表达等指标均存在显著差异（P<0.05）;干旱胁迫下春小麦旗叶SPAD、净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）显著降低,且抗旱组下降幅度显著低于水敏感组;而生理指标过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）显著降低;其中抗旱组中Pro含量为90.36μg·g^-1,显著高于水敏感组(70.36μg·g^-1),MDA含量(19.82μmol·g^-1)显著低于水敏感组(22.05μmol·g^-1)。TaXTH-...     

Breaching by a new strain of Leptosphaeria maculans of anatomical barriers in cotyledons of Brassica napus cultivar Surpass 400 with resistance based on a single dominant gene

Infection processes were examined to investigate the breach by a strain of Leptosphaeria maculans of anatomical barriers in cv. Surpass 400, a cultivar containing single dominant gene-based resistance (SDGBR). Two strains, UWA 192 and UWA P11, were used to inoculate cvs. Surpass 400 and Westar. The pre-penetration and penetration behaviour of both strains was similar in both cultivars. However, they differed significantly after penetration. When UWA P11 infected cv. Surpass 400 through stomata, guard cells rapidly died within a few hours and the surrounding mesophyll cells became necrotic, constituting a hypersensitive reaction (HR). Hyphal growth continued, albeit slowly, through the intercellular palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll spaces, but hyphae rarely spread beyond the HR region, and did not sporulate. Polyphenolic compounds accumulated in the area bordering the HR. However, when UWA 192 infected through stomata, symptoms were not evident until 10–12 days postinoculation (dpi) and were typically characterized by pale tan to grey circular lesions in which abundant pycnidia were produced by 14 dpi. Subsequently, hyphae extensively spread beyond the lesion border, reaching the veins and progressing down the petiole towards the stem. Where the SDGBR remained effective (i.e. against strain UWA P11) death of cells was restricted to a few palisade cells within the HR, even though hyphae were present in the lower tissue layers of the cotyledon. In contrast, where the SDGBR was not present (cv. Westar) or was overcome (cv. Surpass 400 with UWA 192), extensive death of epidermal and upper and lower palisade cells occurred throughout infected areas of the cotyledon, with subsequent abundant production of pycnidia. Polyphenolic compounds, which are also associated with resistance, did not accumulate in this instance. It was evident that the ability of the host to instigate the HR mechanism displayed by cv. Surpass 400 was lost with UWA 192 resulting in a “normal” susceptible response. This is the first study of the specific processes involved in the breaching of the HR in cv. Surpass 400.     

不同叶龄鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性

鸭跖草是黑龙江省大豆田危害严重的恶性杂草,而且其叶龄愈大愈难防除。作者通过盆栽试验及细胞显微技术研究不同叶龄鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性差异及其与叶片显微结构的关系。结果显示,鸭跖草随着叶龄增大,对咪唑乙烟酸的耐药性增强,并在3叶龄时出现拐点;随着叶龄的增大,叶片表皮气孔密度显著下降;叶片厚度、叶片上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度显著增大;10个栅栏组织细胞长度显著减小,栅栏组织排列由稀疏不规则向紧密规则的方向发展。以上变化是鸭跖草对咪唑乙烟酸耐药性增强的原因之一。     

Resistance response of the tomato rootstock SC 6301 to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meloidogyne javanica</Emphasis> in a plastic house

Nematode reproduction on the nematode-susceptible tomato cv. Durinta grafted onto the Mi-resistance gene tomato rootstock SC 6301 was compared to the Mi-resistance gene tomato cv. Monika in a plastic house infested with Meloidogyne javanica. The ungrafted susceptible cv. Durinta was included as a control for reference. Final soil population densities were lower (P ≤ 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar but intermediate values were recorded on the rootstock SC 6301. The lowest numbers of eggs per gram root were recorded on the resistant cultivar followed by those on the rootstock; in both cases, they were lower (P < 0.05) than on the susceptible control. Cumulative yield (kilogram per square meter) was higher (P < 0.05) on the resistant than susceptible cultivar whether or not it had been grafted. The rootstock SC 6301 provided an intermediate resistance response to M. javanica and was less effective than the resistant cultivar in suppressing nematode populations and plant damage under the experimental conditions of this study.     

Co‐infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Ilyonectria spp. fungi during propagation causes decline of young grafted grapevines

Decline of newly planted, grafted grapevines is a serious viticultural problem worldwide. In the Riverina (New South Wales, Australia), characteristic symptoms include low fruit yields, very short shoots and severely stunted roots with black, sunken, necrotic lesions. To determine the cause, roots and wood tissue from affected plants in 20 vineyards (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay grafted to V. champini cv. Ramsey rootstock) were assayed for microbial pathogens. Ilyonectria spp. (I. macrodidyma or I. liriodendra, producers of phytotoxin brefeldin A, BFA, and cause of black foot disease of grapevines) and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. (predominantly Diplodia seriata) were isolated from rootstocks of 100 and 95% of the plants, respectively. Togninia minima and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (cause of grapevine Petri disease) were isolated from 13 and 7% of affected plants, respectively. All Ramsey rootstock stems of grafted plants sampled from a supplier nursery were infected with Ilyonectria spp. and D. seriata. Diplodia seriata, but not Ilyonectria spp., was also isolated from 25% of canes sampled from the rootstock source block. Root inoculation of potted, disease‐free Chardonnay plants with Ilyonectria isolates from diseased vineyards caused typical disease symptoms, while co‐inoculation with Botryosphaeriaceae spp. increased disease severity. This is the first study to show that a major cause of young grapevine decline can be sequential infection by Botryosphaeriaceae from rootstock cuttings and Ilyonectria spp. from nursery soil. Although the Petri disease fungi were less common in young declining grafted grapevines in the Riverina, they are likely to contribute to the decline of surviving plants as they mature.     

橡胶树白粉菌Oidium heveae侵染寄主拟南芥的筛选

为筛选出橡胶树白粉菌Oidium heveae Steimnann新的寄主载体,通过接种野生型拟南芥Col-0、突变体Sr1-4D及eds1,观察了橡胶树白粉菌侵染不同拟南芥突变体的过程,PCR扩增测序法验证相关致病基因,构建橡胶树白粉菌-拟南芥互作体系。结果表明,在Col-0、Sr1-4D叶片上面,橡胶树白粉菌产生部分菌丝后停止生长,不能形成典型的橡胶树白粉病症状;但能成功侵染eds1叶片,在叶片的正、背面有银白色辐射状菌丝,后期在病斑上出现一层粉层,表现橡胶树白粉病的典型症状。组织染色和显微观察结果显示,在突变体eds1叶片上橡胶树白粉菌完成了侵染过程。PCR扩增测序结果表明接种后突变体eds1叶片上及组织中病菌均为橡胶树白粉菌;使用橡胶树白粉菌3个致病相关基因作为靶标,验证了eds1和橡胶树上白粉菌基因组中的3个致病相关基因相似度均达到99%~100%。表明橡胶树白粉菌可侵染拟南芥突变体eds1。     

Spongy tissue development in Alphonso mango: association with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus xylosus</Emphasis>

A Gram-positive and catalase positive Staphylococcus strain was found to be associated with spongy tissue defect of Alphonso mango. The organism was identified to species level by physiological, morphological and biochemical characterization and fatty acid profile. The strain was identified as Staphylococcus xylosus (IMTECH, India, Accession No. MTCC 7441). The optimal growth of the organism was observed in the pH range of 5.0–9.0 and temperature range of 10–45°C. It was mannitol and arabinose-positive and able to produce acid from various sugars. The organism was able to grow in a medium containing 2–10% NaCl. It was further identified to species level by genomic sequencing of 1,387 base pairs of DNA (Gene Bank accession No. EU019195). Based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis, the microbe was found to be S. xylosus. The survey of Alphonso mango trees with a known history of producing spongy fruits showed that some of the twigs, leaves and flowers were coated with a honeydew-like sticky substance and mango hopper insects were observed over the inflorescence. The source of contamination of spongy fruits by S. xylosus was in the sticky mass. Gram staining, the catalase test and morphological features of the culture isolated from the sticky mass exhibited characteristics identical to the Staphylococcus strain isolated from the spongy pulp. Pathogenicity tests on different varieties of mangoes, apples and guavas indicated that the disease was experimentally transmitted from infected to healthy fruits. This observation suggested that this organism develops spongy symptoms in the fruits post-harvest and lacks specificity. In inoculated fruits, catalase and peroxidase enzymes were expressed as in naturally infected fruits. This report shows that the infection by S. xylosus could be a major initiating factor for spongy tissue development in Alphonso mangoes.     

泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和防御能力的影响

为明确泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis寄生对紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora生长及防御能力的影响,在温室内设置泽兰实蝇寄生与未寄生紫茎泽兰2组盆栽处理,测定泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长特性、生物量、叶片营养物质、次生代谢物质和保护酶的影响。结果表明,泽兰实蝇寄生显著降低了紫茎泽兰的株高、茎粗、叶片厚度和叶片数,分别显著降低了24.80%、16.86%、42.31%和27.82%;同时,地上生物量、根部生物量和总生物量分别显著降低了58.89%、54.29%和57.60%。泽兰实蝇寄生还导致紫茎泽兰的营养成分发生显著变化,其中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉和叶绿素含量分别显著降低了41.18%、11.75%、34.57%和29.96%。泽兰实蝇寄生改变了紫茎泽兰的保护酶活性,其过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别比未寄生植株显著升高了59.36%和108.06%,过氧化物酶活性降低了25.69%;同时使紫茎泽兰单宁酸含量显著降低了21.67%,总酚和类黄酮的含量分别显著上升了1.21倍和2.09倍。泽兰实蝇寄生的紫茎泽兰总生物量与次生代谢物质总酚和类黄酮的含量呈显著负相关,相关系数r分别为-0.06和-0.43,对照组则不存在相关性。表明泽兰实蝇寄生可能促使紫茎泽兰改变自身的生长与防御能量分配,减少了营养和生长的投入,将更多的资源投向繁殖和防御。     

Rootstock resistance to Fusarium wilt and effect on watermelon fruit yield and quality

The potential of grafted watermelon for resistance toFusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum on some Curcurbitaceae,Lagenaria, Luffa, Benincasa and commercial rootstocks was evaluated. Effects of grafting on yield and quality of diseased plants were evaluated. All grafted plants and rootstocks were resistant to the three known races (0, 1, and 2) ofF. oxysporum f.sp.niveum except watermelon cv. ‘Crimson Tide’, which was susceptible to race 2. Fruit yield was positively (21–112%) affected byLagenaria rootstocks but negatively affected (200–267%) byCucurbita rootstocks when compared with the control. While only minor differences in fruit quality were determined in control and grafted plants onLagenaria rootstocks, the quality parameters for watermelon grafted ontoCucurbita rootstocks were lower than in the control. The reasons for low yield and quality might be due to an incompatibility betweenCucurbita rootstocks and watermelon. These results showed that rootstock influence on disease resistance as well as yield and quality of scion fruit is important in determining the potential use of grafting applications in watermelon. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Feb. 2, 2003.     

空气湿度对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片组织结构分析及抗氧化系统的影响

 空气湿度对番茄灰霉病的发生有显著性影响。为了探明空气湿度对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片的过程与机理,本研究以‘金棚14-6’番茄为材料,观察分析了高空气相对湿度(80%~95%)和低空气相对湿度(65%~80%)对灰霉菌侵染番茄叶片表型变化、细胞学差异、形态结构变化、活性氧含量和抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明:高湿接种60 h大量芽管伸长出现在叶片下表皮细胞并分化菌丝,叶肉细胞间隙分布了大量的菌丝并伴随病斑出现,灰霉菌在60 h完成侵染;低湿接种108 h芽管伸长出现在叶片下表皮并分化菌丝,叶肉细胞间隙有少量菌丝分布,没有明显病斑出现。随着灰霉菌的侵染,低湿与高湿相比栅栏组织和海绵组织结构从整齐紧密变为排列疏松的时间滞后;高湿和低湿处理的叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海绵组织厚度均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,侵染后期低湿处理的叶片组织结构厚度显著高于高湿。随着接菌时间延长,高湿和低湿的活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性处于相对活跃的调整、适应的变化过程,大致呈先上升后下降趋势,而对照和接菌相比无显著差异,变化趋势维持在基本的振幅上。研究显示灰霉菌发生的环境条件:湿度80%~95%和侵染完成时间60 h,即控制高空气湿度的持续时间在60 h内。这为设施内番茄灰霉病的湿度调控防治提供了理论基础。