南方小花蝽对为害蚕豆的三种蚜虫的捕食作用

豆蚜Aphis craccivora、豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum和豌豆修尾蚜Megoura crassicauda是为害豆科作物的主要害虫。南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis是重要捕食性食蚜天敌,广泛分布于我国南方。为明确南方小花蝽对豆科作物上3种蚜虫的捕食作用和生物防治潜能,本研究在实验室条件下,测定了南方小花蝽对3种蚜虫的捕食选择性和捕食功能反应。结果表明,南方小花蝽对3种蚜虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型,不同龄期南方小花蝽对3种蚜虫捕食量由大到小依次为5龄若虫,雌成虫,低龄若虫。对豆蚜的捕食量均大于对豌豆修尾蚜的捕食量,对豌豆蚜的捕食量最小,雌成虫对以上3种蚜虫的日最大捕食量分别为豆蚜63.69头/d、豌豆蚜36.23头/d和豌豆修尾蚜49.26头/d。南方小花蝽对3种蚜虫的寻找效应随蚜虫密度的增加而降低,随小花蝽龄期的增加而升高,相同龄期的南方小花蝽对3种蚜虫的寻找效应由大到小依次为豌豆修尾蚜,豆蚜,豌豆蚜。南方小花蝽对猎物的捕食作用受自身密度的干扰,当猎物密度不变时,随着小花蝽自身密度的增加,单头小花蝽平均捕食量下降,其干扰反应符合HasseⅡ模型方程。南方小花蝽对豆蚜、豌豆蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的喜好性指数分别为0.186、-0.245、0.027,对豆蚜和豌豆修尾蚜表现出正喜好性,且对豆蚜的喜好性强于豌豆修尾蚜,但对豌豆蚜表现出负喜好性。综上所述,南方小花蝽对豆科作物上的3种蚜虫具有良好的防治潜能。     

三种猎物对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究取食不同猎物对异色瓢虫实验种群动态的影响,本文利用生命表技术研究了桃蚜、豆蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,异色瓢虫取食豌豆修尾蚜的整个成虫前期历时最长,为20.20d,雌虫寿命最短,为51.70d,单雌产卵量最低,为704.00粒;而取食豆蚜的成虫前期历时最短,为17.89d,雌虫寿命最长,为69.87d,单雌产卵量最高,为1 175.48粒;取食桃蚜的异色瓢虫各生物学参数与取食豆蚜的结果相类似。根据取食不同猎物异色瓢虫各发育阶段的存活率和成虫的繁殖力,组建了生殖力生命表,发现取食豌豆修尾蚜的内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)和周限增长率(λ)最低,分别为0.006、300.312和1.123;取食豆蚜和桃蚜的rm、R0和λ均高于取食豌豆修尾蚜的结果。综合试验结果和实际饲养情况,豆蚜可作为饲养异色瓢虫更适宜的食物。     

不同寄主植物对苜蓿蚜生长发育的影响

在人工气候条件下对苜蓿蚜[Aphis craccivora(Koch)]在蚕豆、豌豆、苜蓿3种寄主植物上的发育历期和繁殖力进行了测定,获得了净增殖率、周限增长率、内禀增长率、平均世代周期、种群加倍时间等主要生命表参数。结果表明,苜蓿蚜的存活率以蚕豆饲养的最大。蚕豆饲养的苜蓿蚜的产蚜量多于苜蓿饲养的。净增殖率和周限增长率以蚕豆上苜蓿蚜种群最高,其值分别为43.48和1.28;在豌豆上这2个参数最低,分别为28.65和1.19。苜蓿蚜的平均世代周期在豌豆上最长(19.05 d),苜蓿次之(16.39 d),蚕豆最短(15.46 d)。蚕豆、豌豆和苜蓿上苜蓿蚜种群的内禀增长率分别为0.244、0.172和0.207。蚕豆上苜蓿蚜种群加倍时间为2.84 d。由此可见,3种寄主植物中,蚕豆是苜蓿蚜最适宜的寄主植物,而豌豆的适合度最低。     

冷冻豆蚜为猎物对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探究冷冻豆蚜Aphis craccivora是否适合作为异色瓢虫 Harmonia axyridis种群扩繁的饲料, 本文研究了冷冻豆蚜对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响?结果表明:饲喂冷冻豆蚜?交替饲喂活豆蚜与冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期分别为19.6?18.4 d和19.3 d, 饲喂冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫成虫前发育历期显著长于饲喂活豆蚜处理(16.6 d)?饲喂不同饲料处理的异色瓢虫总存活率无显著差异?饲喂冷冻豆蚜?交替饲喂活豆蚜与冷冻豆蚜和幼虫期饲喂冷冻豆蚜成虫期饲喂活豆蚜的异色瓢虫产卵前期分别为41.2?14.8 d和9.6 d, 显著长于饲喂活豆蚜(8.8 d); 单雌产卵量分别为117.8?546.2粒和564.5粒, 显著低于饲喂活豆蚜(1 221.4粒)?从幼虫发育历期?总存活率?成虫寿命等方面综合考虑, 冷冻豆蚜可以作为异色瓢虫的替代饲料?     

3种蚜虫对方斑瓢虫适合度及种群增长的影响

方斑瓢虫是新疆农田常见的天敌昆虫之一,具有重要的控害潜能和应用前景。本文利用生命表技术探讨了棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜对方斑瓢虫生长发育、存活率、繁殖力、寿命和种群数量增长趋势的影响。结果表明,与饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群相比,饲喂棉蚜和桃蚜的种群幼虫发育历期和平均世代周期更短,存活率、雌虫产卵量、卵孵化率、成虫寿命、内禀增长率、周限增长率和种群趋势指数更高。饲喂棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫幼虫存活率分别为85.83%、88.33%和50.83%,单雌产卵量分别为516.71、439.95粒和209.00粒,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的幼虫存活率和雌虫产卵量均显著高于以豌豆修尾蚜为食的种群;取食棉蚜、桃蚜和豌豆修尾蚜的方斑瓢虫种群内禀增长率分别为0.216 9、0.212 5和0.044 3,种群趋势指数分别为164.10、130.93和20.98,以棉蚜和桃蚜为食的方斑瓢虫种群增长趋势均显著高于饲喂豌豆修尾蚜的种群。综合以上各项参数,棉蚜和桃蚜是方斑瓢虫的适宜天然猎物。其中,桃蚜规模饲养更为便捷,成本较低,是方斑瓢虫规模化扩繁的优选猎物。研究结果对方斑瓢虫的规模化人工饲养及释放应用具有重要的...     

不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响

[目的]掌握不同寄主植物对豌豆蚜生长发育及繁殖的影响规律。[方法]在(23±1)℃、光照时间16h、相对湿度80%的人工气候箱条件下,组建了豌豆蚜在4种寄主植物上的生命表,统计出种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。[结果]在蚕豆、豌豆、苜蓿、红豆草4种寄主植物上,豌豆蚜的发育历期存在显著差异,内禀增长率rm分别为0.263 2、0.261 9、0.224 3、0.217 1。[结论]豌豆蚜在蚕豆上的适应度和嗜食性最好,并且繁殖速度最快。     

人工饲料条件下大麦黄矮病毒GAV株系对麦长管蚜种群适合度的直接影响

植物病毒与介体蚜虫存在复杂的互作关系。前人关于植物病毒对蚜虫调控作用的研究主要集中在植物病毒通过寄主植物对蚜虫的间接影响上,未见植物病毒对介体蚜虫适合度直接调控的报道。鉴于此,我们以麦长管蚜Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi)为试虫,以其传播的大麦黄矮病毒-GAV(Barley yellow dwarf virus GAV,BYDV-GAV)为测试病毒,以全纯人工饲料加入BYDV-GAV病毒提取液饲养麦长管蚜4 d,使之在不接触寄主植物条件下获毒,然后分别在全纯人工饲料和无毒小麦叶片上继续饲养,直至死亡。利用生命表技术分析麦长管蚜生长发育和繁殖参数。研究结果表明:在无毒小麦叶片饲养条件下,与未获毒对照麦长管蚜相比,获毒后麦长管蚜生活史参数成虫历期和产仔天数显著降低,繁殖力显著增加;种群参数内禀增长率、净繁殖率、周限增长率显著增加,平均世代周期显著降低。在全纯人工饲料条件下,与未获毒对照相比,获毒后麦长管蚜仅成虫历期和产仔天数显著下降,而其他生活史参数及种群参数均无显著差异。说明BYDV-GAV使得介体麦长管蚜在小麦叶片上的适合度显著提高,这是由麦长管蚜与寄主植物互作引起的,而病毒对介体麦长管蚜的适合度无直接调控作用。     

4个苜蓿品种对两种体色豌豆蚜的抗生性

在抗蚜鉴定的基础上,在室内20℃条件下,选用4个抗蚜性不同的苜蓿品种,测定了不同苜蓿品种上两种体色豌豆蚜的生物学参数。结果显示,两种体色豌豆蚜在‘金皇后’上的发育历期、净生殖率、平均世代周期差异显著(P0.05),绿色豌豆蚜若虫的发育历期长于红色型,而红色豌豆蚜的净生殖率、平均世代周期大于绿色型;在‘甘农5号’上两种色型豌豆蚜的内禀增长率、周限增长率、种群加倍时间差异显著(P0.05),绿色豌豆蚜的内禀增长率、周限增长率高于红色型,种群加倍时间低于红色型。以内禀增长率作为测定抗生性的指标,4个苜蓿品种对两种色型豌豆蚜的抗性表现不同,其中‘金皇后’对绿色豌豆蚜的抗性较高,‘甘农5号’对红色豌豆蚜的抗性较高,‘猎人河’对两种色型豌豆蚜的抗性均较低,4个苜蓿品种对绿色豌豆蚜抗性的大小顺序为‘金皇后’‘甘农5号’‘甘农3号’‘猎人河’,对红色豌豆蚜抗性大小依次为‘甘农5号’‘甘农3号’‘金皇后’‘猎人河’。     

豆科植物繁殖烟蚜及扩繁烟蚜茧蜂的潜力

为探究豆科植物作为繁育烟蚜和扩繁烟蚜茧蜂寄主植物的潜力，本研究测试了烟蚜在豌豆、蚕豆、大豆和绿豆4种豆科植物上的发育历期和繁殖力，随后比较了豆科植物和烟草繁育的烟蚜茧蜂以及蚕豆烟蚜茧蜂回接烟草所获得的子代蜂在羽化率、体型、成虫寿命和寄生力等重要生物学特性上的差异。结果表明：与豌豆和蚕豆相比，大豆与绿豆上蚜虫发育历期更短；大豆与绿豆单头烟蚜总产蚜量为22.3头和25.2头，显著高于豌豆和蚕豆的21头和18.2头；不同植物上蚜虫扩繁速度有显著差异，绿豆不适合作为扩繁烟蚜和烟蚜茧蜂的寄主植物；豌豆与大豆上僵蚜羽化率为67.5%和78.33%，显著低于其他植物；各植物上子代蜂性比无显著差异；烟草繁育的子代蜂成虫寿命（6.89 d）和后足胫节长（雌蜂573.5 μm，雄蜂493.5 μm）均显著高于豆科植物；不同寄主植物繁育烟蚜茧蜂的寄生力由大到小为烟草，蚕豆，豌豆，大豆；回接组烟蚜茧蜂各项指标均不低于烟草组。综合考虑扩繁周期、时间、空间利用率及经济成本等因素，蚕豆有望成为烟蚜茧蜂规模化扩繁的寄主植物。     

绿豆抗感虫品种对豆蚜种群生命参数的影响

通过组建豆蚜在抗感虫绿豆品种上连续3代的种群生命表,研究了抗感品种对豆蚜种群参数的影响,为科学评价和制定综合防治策略提供理论依据。结果表明,在抗性绿豆品种长荚王上,随着世代的增加,豆蚜的世代历期明显延长,存活率逐渐降低。对比不同世代的蚜虫的生命参数发现,在抗虫品种长荚王上豆蚜的种群增长率(R0)在F3代为17.87头/雌,与感虫品种大明绿2号间存在极显著差异;内禀增长率(r_m)在F_3代为0.30,与感虫品种存在显著差异。绿豆抗虫品种对豆蚜有明显的抗生作用,且其抗生性在蚜虫世代间可能存在累加效应。     

Performance ofAphis Fabae on Chocolate Spot Disease-Infected Faba Bean Plants

The effect of chocolate spot disease (incited byBotrytis fabae) on the host plant quality of two cultivars of faba beans (Vicia faba) for the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae), was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Faba bean cultivar Bolero is resistant to the aphid, whereas cv. Diana is susceptible. On healthy leaves of cv. Bolero, aphids completed their development one day later than the aphids reared on infected leaves of this cultivar and those which matured on healthy or infected leaves of cv. Diana. Mean weight of apterous virginoparae, mean relative growth rate, and intrinsic rate of natural increase were enhanced if the aphids were reared on infected leaves of either cultivar. Mean total progeny per female increased only on infected leaves of cv. Bolero, but not on cv. Diana.     

Transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus by three aphid species

The transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) by three aphid vectors (i.e., Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and Myzus persicae) was studied. Efficiency was measured by single-aphid inoculation, group inoculation (using five aphids), duration of virus retention, and the number of plants following a single acquisition access period (AAP) to which the aphids could successfully transmit the virus. Single-aphid inoculation studies indicated that M. persicae (56%) and A. gossypii (53%) were significantly more efficient in transmitting PRSV than A. craccivora (38%). Further, in the former two species, the time required for initiation of the first probe on the inoculation test plant was significantly shorter compared to A. craccivora. PRSV transmission efficiency was 100% in all three species when a group of five aphids were used per plant. There was a perceptible decline in transmission efficiency as the sequestration period increased, although M. persicae successfully transmitted PRSV after 30 min of sequestration. A simple leaf-disk assay technique was employed for evaluating the transmission efficiency of three species of aphids. The results of leaf-disk assays also indicated that A. gossypii (48%) and M. persicae (56%) were more efficient PRSV vectors than A. craccivora. Using leaf-disk assays, the ability of individual aphids to inoculate PRSV serially to a number of plants was studied. Following a single AAP on an infected leaf, M. persicae was more efficient than the other two species with 52.5% transmission after the first inoculation access period (IAP). However, its inoculation efficiency significantly decreased with the second and subsequent IAPs. A. gossypii was able to transmit PRSV sequentially up to four successive leaf disks, but with significantly declining efficiency. Since A. gossypii is reported to be the numerically dominant vector in south India in addition to being a more efficient vector capable of inoculating PRSV to multiple plants, it should be the target vector for control strategies.     

麦蚜与天敌相互关系研究及麦蚜防治指标初报

试验结果表明:小麦产量损失率与麦长管蚜、七星瓢虫幼虫关系极显著,与禾缢管蚜关系显著。经对田间麦蚜防治指标初步试验探讨,揭示了在麦蚜、天敌共存的农田系统内,由于天敌捕食控制作用,原来仅以麦蚜为害单因素所制定的防治指标可有较大幅度的放宽。     

不同作物上棉蚜及其主要天敌的发生规律

随着化学农药的大面积推广使用,棉蚜的抗药性问题变得越来越突出,结合使用生物防治法来延缓或治理棉蚜抗药性问题已迫在眉睫。本研究在常规管理棉田条件下,对不同作物混栽区苗期6种作物上棉蚜及其主要天敌的种群动态进行了调查。结果表明,西葫芦上的棉蚜种群数量最大（峰值,11016.7头/百株）,其次是四季豆（峰值,6323.3头/百株）,棉花、黄瓜、豇豆和甜瓜上的棉蚜则相对较少,且其种群动态发生具有一致性。6种作物上的主要天敌的种群发生都滞后于棉蚜的发生,并以寄生蜂的种群密度最大,且具有指数增长效应。在本试验条件下,西葫芦上棉蚜数量多,僵蚜基数大,是室内饲养寄生蜂的良好寄主。     

Serological detection of plant viruses in their aphid vectors and host plants in Tunisia

DAS-ELISA was used to study the presence of viruses in four aphid species ( Aphis gossypii , Aphis craccivora , Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae ) and in their host plants potato, capsicum and tomato. Samples were collected in different regions in Tunisia: north, Cap Bon, Sahel, centre and south. A. gossypii and M. persicae carried all the viruses detected: Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus , Tomato aspermy cucumovirus , Tobacco etch potyvirus , Potato Y potyvirus , Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus and Potato leafroll polerovirus . These two aphids were also those that occurred most frequently on the crops concerned.     

A viral disease of broad bean caused by a non-aphid-transmissible strain of turnip mosaic virus

A viral disease of broad bean ( Vicia faba ) was observed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan Province, the People's Republic of China. Its typical symptom on infected leaves was a white mottle, and, rarely, red necrotic lesions on several broad bean cultivars. A non-aphid-transmissible strain of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was identified as the causal agent of the disease on the basis of biological properties, particle morphology, seed and aphid transmission and serological tests. The virus could not be transmitted by aphids in the non-persistent manner.     

蚕豆蚜数量动态预测研究

为害蚕虫的主要蚜种Ａｐｈｉｓ ｃｒａｃｃｉｖｏｒａ Ｋｏｃｈ、Ａｃｙｒｔｈｏｓｉｐｈｏｎ ｐｉｓｕｍ （Ｈａｒｒｉｓ）、Ｍｅｇｏｕｒａ ｊａｐａｎｉｃａ Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ，在蚕豆生长的季节，其发生发展具有明显的阶段性，即迁入定居、数量波动、扩散蔓延及消退４个阶段。数量动态预测模型；