白星花金龟成虫在吐鲁番葡萄上的发生规律及寄主对其繁殖能力的影响

近年来,白星花金龟Protaetia brevitarsis Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)已经成为吐鲁番葡萄、桃等果树成熟期的重要害虫。为明确其在吐鲁番葡萄上的发生规律,连续两年调查了新疆吐鲁番亚尔镇白星花金龟成虫的发生时期,并对日活跃高峰期和产卵高峰期进行了分析,同时开展了寄主对白星花金龟成虫繁殖的影响研究。结果表明:白星花金龟成虫在新疆发生时期为5月下旬至10月上旬,发生高峰期为6月中旬;产卵高峰期为7月上中旬;日活跃高峰期有两个,分别为10:00-12:00和16:00-18:00;不同寄主对白星花金龟成虫繁殖的影响不同,该虫单独取食葡萄不产卵,取食番茄、西瓜、桃和杏的成虫繁殖能力高于取食桑葚的试虫。     

白星花金龟行为学观察及其信息素的诱虫效果

白星花金龟(Potosia brevitarsis Lewis)在我国北方许多省份均有分布，成虫主要取食植物的花、嫩叶及果实。近几年陕西省水果产业迅速发展，为该虫提供了适宜的生存环境，使其田间种群数量急剧增加，很快上升为果园主要害虫之一。白星花金龟成虫对葡萄、桃、梨、苹果等果树的花及果实危害较严重，有用化学药剂防治该虫的报道，但害虫发生盛期正值这些水果成熟期，所以喷施化学药剂防虫的传统方法不宜采用。     

白星花金龟对9种植物的趋避行为

为明确对白星花金龟具有引诱或驱避作用的植物及醇提物, 利用自制选择行为装置和“Y”形嗅觉仪, 测定白星花金龟对9种气味植物鲜叶及醇提物的行为反应。结果表明:白星花金龟雌、雄成虫对植物及醇提物的嗅觉反应相似, 对紫茎泽兰、青蒿、菖蒲醇提物有极显著负趋性(P<0.01); 雌成虫对香樟、苍耳醇提物具有显著负趋性(P<0.05), 对蛇床和蓖麻醇提物有极显著正趋性(P<0.01); 幼虫对臭牡丹、苍耳、蓖麻醇提物表现为正趋性; 各龄幼虫对紫茎泽兰、菖蒲醇提物均表现出负趋性, 且随着龄期的增加负趋性逐渐增大。研究结果可为白星花金龟的引诱剂或驱避剂研发提供试验依据。     

白星花金龟严重为害玉米原因分析及治理对策

白星花金龟[Potosia(Liocola)brevitarsis(Lewis)],俗称白纹铜花金龟、白星金龟子、铜克螂。2002年在安阳市局部地区的玉米田发生严重。笔者就该虫在滑县白道口镇的发生为害情况进行了调查分析,提出了相应的治理对策。1发生为害特点1.1发生突然白星花金龟在本市农田为害,过去多见其成虫取食玉米花丝。2002年7月下旬至8月上旬的玉米吐丝授粉期至灌浆初期,田间很少见到该成虫,玉米花丝上更为少见;然而,8月中旬至9月上旬玉米灌浆盛期,突然在部分玉米田出现大量白星花金龟成虫啃食玉米籽粒。1.2为害严重白星花金龟成虫群集在玉米雌穗上,从穗轴…     

白星花金龟子的发生与无害化防治

白星花金龟子又名白纹铜花金龟、白星花潜、白星金龟子、铜色金龟子、铜克螂等,属鞘翅目,金龟子总科,花金龟子科.在山西、河南、宁夏等省(区)都有分布和为害,主要以成虫为害玉米、高粱、大豆、大麻和苹果、葡萄、桃、李、榆树等的幼叶、芽、花及果实.     

二氧化碳对三种蛴螬的引诱作用

本研究通过测定二氧化碳对蛴螬的吸引力为地下害虫的防治提供参考。试验采用"Y"形嗅觉仪测定3种常见蛴螬对不同浓度二氧化碳的趋向行为,并以最趋二氧化碳浓度测试蛴螬在寄主存在环境下的选择行为。结果表明,蛴螬对二氧化碳有明显的趋向性,取食习性影响蛴螬对二氧化碳的趋性行为,植食性的暗黑鳃金龟幼虫对3%~15%低浓度范围的二氧化碳具有较好趋向性,同样为植食性的铜绿丽金龟幼虫也趋向浓度较低的二氧化碳,腐食性的白星花金龟幼虫不仅对70%高浓度的二氧化碳具有显著趋向性,而且对较低浓度的二氧化碳有趋向性。有花生根存在的背景环境下,二氧化碳的引诱力减弱,对寄主植物的选择更为显著。     

华北大黑鳃金龟植物源引诱剂配方筛选及引诱效果

为研制华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita的植物源引诱剂,选取7种植物挥发物单体,筛选各单体最佳引诱浓度并据此设计35个三元配方,通过华北大黑鳃金龟成虫触角电位反应试验及进一步的趋势行为反应试验筛选出对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫引诱作用较强的配方,并通过笼罩引诱试验测试所筛选配方对成虫的引诱效果。结果表明,趋势行为反应试验中配方5(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+苯甲醇)、配方14(肉桂醛+苯甲醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方27(1-己醇+肉桂醛+苯甲醇)和配方35(1-己醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯+顺-3-己烯基异丁酸酯)对雌成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为62.09%、62.79%、60.22%和85.13%;配方3(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+肉桂醛+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)、配方6(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯+芳樟醇+顺-3-己烯基乙酸酯)和配方35对雄成虫引诱效果较好,选择反应率分别为69.12%、64.22%和89.05%。笼罩引诱试验结果表明,成虫对配方3、配方6和配方35的选择反应率分别为68.16%、60.24%和70.59%,均高于其它配方;配方3、配方6和配方35引诱的成虫数量分别为61、61和72头,均显著高于其对照引诱的成虫数量(29、40和30头)。表明配方3、配方6和配方35对华北大黑鳃金龟成虫具有显著引诱效果,可作为其引诱剂备选配方应用于生态防控。     

北京郊区果园食花金龟的初步研究

对北京郊区果园食花金龟种类、发生规律和危害情况进行调查 ,明确食花金龟主要有苹毛丽金龟和小青花金龟及其变种。每年 3月下旬末至 5月下旬果树花期危害 ,在杏、梨、李、桃、苹果、核桃、山楂花上辗转取食 ,开花较早的杏树受害最严重。本研究筛选出植物源杀虫剂 #2作诱剂 ,诱集金龟子成虫 ,效果达67.8%     

利用性诱剂防治花生田暗黑鳃金龟的研究

为明确暗黑鳃金龟(Holotrichia parallela Motschulsky)性诱剂对成虫的引诱效果及对幼虫虫口密度的降低作用,在全国主要花生产区开展了田间诱捕试验,调查诱捕成虫数、幼虫减退率及对花生的保果效果。结果表明:一台诱捕器一天内诱到的最大成虫数为977头;幼虫减退率最高可达78.8%,保果效果最高可达68.6%。表明暗黑鳃金龟性诱剂对成虫有很强的引诱效果,并能明显减轻幼虫为害。     

白星花金龟在玉米田的空间分布和抽样技术

应用平均拥挤度指标、扩散指数等6种聚集度指标以及Iwao回归法、Taylor幂函数法等方法分析了白星花金龟种群在玉米田空间分布特征。结果表明:白星花金龟种群呈现聚集分布特征,并且聚集程度较高;分析拟合了白星花金龟在玉米田中的理论抽样数学模型。     

六种手性三唑类杀菌剂对映体的超临界流体色谱法分离

采用超临界流体色谱,以超临界二氧化碳(CO2)作为流动相,研究了6种手性三唑类杀菌剂(苄氯三唑醇、联苯三唑醇、叶菌唑、乙环唑、糠菌唑和醚唑)在Chiralcel OD-H手性色谱柱上的对映体分离。考察了不同改性剂种类(甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇)、体积分数(0~15%)以及系统背压(13~17 MPa)对分离效果的影响,并与其在Sino-Chiral OJ和Chiralpak IB手性色谱柱上的分离效果进行了比较。结果表明:单独以超临界CO2为流动相时,6种三唑类杀菌剂的保留时间均大于60 min,而添加了醇类改性剂后其在40 min内均得到了洗脱。苄氯三唑醇、联苯三唑醇、叶菌唑和糠菌唑在柱温为34℃、系统背压为15 MPa、流动相流速为2 m L/min时,在20 min内均实现了基线分离(Rs≥1.5);优化改性剂(体积分数)分别为3%乙醇、13%乙醇、6%甲醇和7%乙醇。Chiralcel OD-H柱对6种供试杀菌剂的手性识别效果优于Sino-Chiral OJ和Chiralpak IB柱,但对映体分离时间要长10~20 min。     

Ethyl formate,formic acid and ethanol in air,wheat, barley and sultanas: analysis of natural levels and fumigant residues

Ethyl formate and ethanol in air, eg in fumigant studies, were readily detected by gas chromatography (GC) (flame ionisation). Residues in wheat, barley and sultanas were analysed by GC, after extraction in polar solvents (eg methanol, aqueous propanol). Both natural levels and levels resulting from fumigation with ethyl formate were measured. Formic acid was extracted from commodities with polar solvents (eg methanol, water) and analysed by GC after esterification. Solvent extracts of commodities were concentrated after addition of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, and an aliquot added to acidified alcohols (several combinations of acids and alcohols were tested) in a sealed container. Formic acid esters were determined by GC, from headspace sampling over the esterification solvent. Esterification was faster with strong acids than with boric acid. However, esterification with boric acid/butanol gave the least interference of all tested methods. Product identity was confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry. High natural levels of formic acid, and low natural levels of ethyl formate and ethanol, presented problems in identifying residues arising from fumigation. These natural levels are relevant to food regulations for ethyl formate, especially those based on ‘total formic acid, free and combined’. Polar columns (eg FFAP, carbowax) were useful for measurement of formic acid esters, which eluted before the alcohols used for esterification or extraction, whereas elution followed the molecular mass on non-polar columns, such as GS-Q or DB-624. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Use of some plant extracts to control Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with emphasis on some biological effects

The present work was carried out to evaluate, the molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of some plant species against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Preliminary screening tests on 10 plant species showed that the highest molluscicidal potency was recorded for Euphorbia splendens, Atriplex stylosa and Guayacum officinalis. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s methanol extracts led to a significant reduction in their survival and growth rates. In addition, newly hatched snails were susceptible to plant’s methanol extracts than elder ones. LC₂₅ of methanol extract from these plants caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to the snails. It caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results, also, revealed that the glucose concentration in treated snails was increased in haemolymph, while soft tissue glycogen decreased. The activities of glycogen phosphorylase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), glucose-6-phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with plants methanol extract, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) activity increased (P < 0.001). It was concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of methanol extracts of E. splendens, A. stylosa and G. officinalis may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

地肤子提取物对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用及对其菌体结构和功能的影响

为开发新型安全高效的植物源苹果树腐烂病防治剂,采用菌丝生长速率法测定中草药地肤子乙醇提取物及各层析流分L1～L9对苹果树腐烂病菌Valsa mali的抑制作用,同时通过室内常规分析方法观测流分L7对该菌菌丝形态结构、细胞膜通透性及物质吸收和代谢的影响。结果表明,地肤子乙醇粗提物浓度为2 mg/mL时对苹果树腐烂病菌具有较强的离体抑制活性,处理后96 h的抑菌率达到92.16%。分别用石油醚、氯仿、正丁醇萃取醇提物,石油醚萃取物对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制效果最为明显,其EC_(50)为0.07 mg/mL;在石油醚萃取物通过硅胶柱层析分离得到的9种流分中,流分L7对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用显著,离体抑菌率高达96.73%;且在流分L7处理下,病菌菌丝体出现肿胀、膨大或畸形等现象,细胞膜通透性增大,可溶性蛋白、还原糖以及丙酮酸的含量随流分L7浓度的升高而持续降低,当浓度为100μg/mL时,菌丝体可溶性蛋白、还原糖及丙酮酸的含量分别降低70.78%、71.74%和78.68%。表明在离体培养条件下地肤子乙醇提取物能明显抑制苹果树腐烂病菌的生长,并对菌丝体细胞膜结构和功能稳定性产生显著影响,具有进一步开发为新型植物源苹果树腐烂病防治剂的潜力。     

臭椿抗烟草花叶病毒活性物质的提取及其初步分离

以烟草花叶病毒为供试病毒,采用生物活性跟踪的方法对臭椿抗病毒活性物质进行了提取与初步分离。结果表明,臭椿乙醇提取物、甲醇提取物和丙酮提取物均有较好的抗烟草花叶病毒作用;通过系统溶剂提取、硅胶柱层析分离和活性筛选,从臭椿乙醇提取物的氯仿极性部位获得两个抗烟草花叶病毒活性组分Fr3与Fr6;经硅胶柱层析进一步分离,氯仿/甲醇梯度洗脱,得到4种相对较纯的活性成分C1、C2、C3、C4。生测结果显示,4种活性成分对烟草花叶病毒具有一定程度的抑制作用,但效果均低于原乙醇提取物,在活体条件下对烟草花叶病毒系统侵染的防治作用不明显。     

甘薯对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫趋化性的影响

由马铃薯腐烂茎线虫侵染造成的甘薯茎线虫病是一种严重影响甘薯产量和品质的病害。线虫向寄主根部移动及取食危害可能是受寄主释放的化感信息物质控制。为最终明确甘薯中对线虫具有高效引诱能力的物质,本研究利用水琼脂平板法测试了甘薯不同品种与不同组织对线虫的引诱作用。结果表明不同品种甘薯薯块和薯茎对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫引诱能力具有一定差异,感线虫品种栗子香的薯块对线虫的引诱率要高于其他测试品种。随着薯块/薯茎在水琼脂平板上放置时间延长,其吸引线虫的效果增加,96 h后引诱率达到20%。同一品种甘薯茎的引诱能力显著高于薯块、薯叶。甘薯中所含对线虫具引诱作用的活性物质对热稳定,80℃加热8 h后薯茎对线虫引诱率与新鲜茎相比无显著差异,为4.5%。甘薯茎经过不同有机溶剂分别萃取后,乙醇萃取物对线虫的引诱率为6.7%,显著高于其他萃取物。本文初步明确了甘薯中所含线虫趋化物的性质,为其开发应用奠定了基础。     

Attraction and antennal response of the common wasp,Vespula vulgaris (L.), to selected synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests

BACKGROUND: The common wasp, Vespula vulgaris (L.), and the German wasp, Vespula germanica (F.), are significant problems in New Zealand beech forests (Nothofagus spp.), adversely affecting native birds and invertebrate biodiversity. This work was undertaken to develop synthetic attractants for these species to enable more efficient monitoring and management. RESULTS: Seven known wasp attractants (acetic acid, butyl butyrate, isobutanol, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and 2,4‐hexadienyl butyrate) were field tested, and only heptyl butyrate and octyl butyrate attracted significantly higher numbers of wasps than a non‐baited trap. Accordingly, a series of straight‐chain esters from methyl to decyl butyrate were prepared and field tested for attraction of social wasps. Peak biological activity occurred with hexyl butyrate, heptyl butyrate, octyl butyrate and nonyl butyrate. Polyethylene bags emitting approximately 18.4–22.6 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate were more attractive than polyethylene bags emitting approximately 14.7–16.8 mg day^?1 of heptyl butyrate in the field. Electroantennogram (EAG) studies indicated that queens and workers of V. vulgaris had olfactory receptor neurons responding to various aliphatic butyrates. CONCLUSION: These results are the first to be reported on the EAG response and the attraction of social wasps to synthetic chemicals in New Zealand beech forests and will enable monitoring of social wasp activity in beech forests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

苯并咪唑衍生物对映体的高效液相色谱手性分离

在参照文献的基础上,合成了纤维素三(3,5-二甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯),并将其涂敷于小粒径的氨丙基化硅胶上,制备出涂敷型手性固定相。通过元素分析、红外光谱对该固定相进行了表征。正相高效液相色谱条件下,在该固定相上首次直接拆分了具有杀菌活性的2-(1-羟基乙基)-1H-苯并咪唑对映体。并考察了流动相组成对对映体保留和拆分的影响。随着异丙醇体积分数的减小,对映体的分离度逐渐增大,在异丙醇的体积分数为10%时,分离度达2.23。     

Optimisation of the pheromone blend of the swede midge,Contarinia nasturtii,for monitoring

BACKGROUND: The swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer, is a serious pest in crucifers. Its pheromone is a blend of (2S,9S)‐diacetoxyundecane, (2S,10S)‐diacetoxyundecane and (2S)‐acetoxyundecane. The pheromone is used in monitoring traps, and this study examines possible ways to optimise the traps. RESULTS: Two dispenser types were compared: polyethylene dispensers and cotton dispensers. Polyethylene dispensers attracted male C. nasturtii for more than 6 weeks, whereas cotton dispensers were attractive for only 2 weeks. All three pheromone components were important for attraction of male midges in the field. The importance of the stereoisomeric compositions of the pheromone compounds was also tested—both in the wind tunnel and in the field. In the case of 2,9‐diacetoxyundecane and 2‐acetoxyundecane, the non‐natural stereoisomers did not inhibit male C. nasturtii attraction, whereas one or both of the stereoisomers of 2,10‐diacetoxyundecane did. CONCLUSION: Pheromone traps with the synthetic pheromone in a 1:2:0.02 ratio emitted from PE dispensers were highly effective and long lasting. As the mixture of stereoisomers of 2,10‐diacetoxyundecane strongly inhibited attraction of male C. nasturtii while those of 2,9‐diacetoxyundecane and 2‐acetoxyundecane did not have any inhibitory effect, it is possible to produce traps that are effective and long lasting but cheaper to produce and maintain. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

杠柳的不同溶剂提取分离物对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和毒杀作用

以生物活性跟踪法测定了杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge 的不同溶剂提取液及其不同馏份对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食和毒杀活性。结果表明,杠柳根皮的乙醇提取液和氯仿提取液对小菜蛾具有较强的拒食和毒杀活性,该生物活性高于石油醚提取液。乙醇提取物水溶后分别用苯、正丁醇溶剂萃取。生物测定结果显示,苯萃取物对小菜蛾的活性最高,表明其活性成分主要分布在苯萃取物中。苯萃取物通过硅胶柱层析分离,淋洗液为石油醚、石油醚/乙酸乙酯不同比例混合液、乙酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯/甲醇不同比例混合液和甲醇,根据颜色和极性,将收集到的淋洗液分成8个馏份,其中5、6、7号3个馏份对小菜蛾幼虫具有强烈的拒食和毒杀作用,其200倍液对小菜蛾幼虫的拒食率分别为99.8%、99.1%和98.6%,校正死亡率分别为92.1%、91.5%和100%。