不同生境下的空心莲子草对南方菟丝子寄生的响应

为探讨不同生境下浙江省台州市本地新天敌南方菟丝子对入侵植物空心莲子草抑制作用是否存在差异及可能的防御机制,从野外陆生生境和水陆两栖生境中采集空心莲子草,比较分析其在相应生境下受到南方菟丝子寄生后的生长与防御的变化。结果显示,空心莲子草受到南方菟丝子寄生胁迫后表现出以下几点变化:(1)极显著降低了根生物量,但对茎、叶和总生物量影响不显著,陆生生境中空心莲子草根、茎、叶和总生物量显著高于水陆两栖生境。(2)降低了空心莲子草根冠比和根生物量分配比例,而极显著提高了叶生物量分配比例,对茎生物量分配比例影响不显著。无论是在水生生境下还是在水陆两栖生境下,空心莲子草根冠比、根生物量分配比例、叶生物量分配比例差异均不显著。在陆生生境下寄生处理降低了茎生物量分配比例,然而在水陆两栖生境下寄生处理提高了茎生物量分配比例。(3)极显著提高了总酚含量,对单宁和木质素含量影响不显著。单宁含量在陆生生境下极显著高于水陆两栖生境,总酚和木质素含量差异不显著。说明陆生型空心莲子草在受到寄生胁迫后,将更多的资源用于防御,将少量资源用于维系自身生长,与水陆两栖型的资源分配存在一定的差异。     

福清龙江不同断面空心莲子草生理生态特征比较

以福清龙江3个不同断面的空心莲子草为研究对象,分析其光合作用、呼吸作用、荧光参数、生物量等相关指标,了解入侵植物空心莲子草在不同生境下的生理生态特征,为龙江的污染治理提供理论参考。结果表明,空心莲子草净光合速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度等在不同断面处有着显著差异,生物量在各断面生境下也表现出明显的差异。这说明某种(些)环境因子的不同会导致龙江不同断面生境下空心莲子草生理生态特征出现显著差异。     

2种荒漠植物根系生物量分布与土壤水分、养分的关系

通过野外挖根试验和室内样品分析测试的研究,测定了2种荒漠植物多枝柽柳和梭梭群落内土壤水分、养分的含量及其分层根系生物量,分析了2种荒漠植物根系生物量的垂直分布与土壤水分、养分之间的关系。结果表明:1 2种荒漠植物的根系生物量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减少,符合指数递减模型,多枝柽柳的根系生物量是同林龄梭梭的2.36倍。2 2种荒漠植物群落内土壤水分含量差异显著,养分差异不显著。3 2种荒漠植物的根系生物量与土壤水分之间的相关关系显著,其中多枝柽柳与土壤水分呈显著正相关关系,梭梭与土壤水分呈显著负相关关系。表明在干旱区,土壤水分状况对植物根系生长、发育的影响极大。4 2种荒漠植物根系生物量与土壤养分的相关关系不显著,表明在本地区极端干旱的恶劣环境中,土壤养分不是植物根系生长的限制性因子。     

羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）克隆构型及不同环境中的分株种群特征

以古尔班通古特沙漠不同环境（沙丘不同坡位、不同伴生植物、不同流动性沙丘）中的羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）种群为研究对象,通过测定羽毛针禾分株平均高度、节间长、分蘖株数、根茎直径、地下根状茎数、平均地下根状茎长等指标,分析羽毛针禾的克隆构型及不同环境中的分株种群特征。结果表明：羽毛针禾分株强度大,分枝多,分株间的间隔物（节间长）高度缩短,表现出典型的“密集型”克隆生长构型。同时,比较半固定沙丘不同坡位羽毛针禾的分株种群特征,坡顶上的羽毛针禾在分蘖株数和平均根状茎长均显著高于坡底;分析羽毛针禾与不同伴生植物的分株种群特征表明,羽毛针禾与鹤虱的伴生群落中,其分蘖枝数显著高于羽毛针禾与白茎绢蒿的伴生群落,且有较高的分枝密度和较短的平均根状茎长;与半固定沙丘相比,生长于固定沙丘的羽毛针禾分株种群具有显著的分蘖株数、根状茎数,以及较长的根茎直径、较大的地上部分生物量和地下根状茎生物量。最后,结合克隆植物对资源的利用对策及表型的可塑性,对不同环境中的羽毛针禾分株种群特征进行了讨论。     

围栏封育对新疆山地退化草原植物群落特征的影响

围栏封育作为一种有效的退化草原管理措施,近年来在我国退化草原恢复中得到极为广泛的应用。以新疆巴里坤县退化温性荒漠草原为研究对象,通过连续4 a围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被调查资料,对比分析围栏封育样地和自由放牧样地的植被群落组成和地上生物量的动态特征。结果表明:(1)通过围栏封育措施,退化草原的物种多样性和群落生态优势度与自由放牧样地相比略有提高,群落均匀度略有降低,但通过t检验,差异均未达到显著水平(P0.05)。(2)随着封育措施的实施,总体上草原群落优势种为沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿,反映出西部内陆半干旱地区温性荒漠草原特有的特征;自由放牧样地,沙生针茅和伊犁绢蒿在群落中的优势地位发生变化。(3)围栏封育措施提高了植物群落的平均高度、地上生物量。随着围封时间的延长,群落地上生物量增加,且显著高于自由放牧区,然而4 a围栏封育并不能使温性荒漠草原产草量达到最高水平,也不能使植物群落的多样性指标与自由放牧样地形成显著差异。     

凝结水对温带荒漠一年生植物生态作用研究

选取一年生草本植物雾冰藜作为研究对象,设计有凝结水和无凝结水2个处理,每个处理又分干旱条件和人工浇水2组控制试验,研究凝结水的发生对雾冰藜的叶相对含水量、叶水势、净光合速率、气孔导度、生物量及生物量分配比例的影响。结果表明:2种土壤水分状况下凝结水的发生改善了一年生荒漠植物的叶片相对含水量。但只有在干旱条件下,凝结水的发生才显著提高了荒漠一年生植物的叶水势。只有在干旱条件下,凝结水的发生才显著提高了荒漠一年生植物的净光合速率及其最大值。凝结水对气孔导度的影响只发生在干旱条件下,而且只对上午10:00以前的气孔导度有显著影响。无论在人工浇水还是在干旱条件下,凝结水的发生均显著增加了一年生荒漠植物的生物量。但只有在干旱条件下,凝结水的发生才显著降低了一年生植物黄叶生物量。无论哪种水分处理,凝结水的发生都促进了荒漠一年生植物地上部分的生长,减少了根/茎比例,促进了光合产物在整个植株叶片中的积累,而相应减少了在茎中的分配比例。     

积雪和丛枝菌根真菌网络对尖喙牻牛儿苗幼苗生长的影响北大核心CSCD

通过野外原位监测及室内分析相结合,剖析了生物因素（土壤真菌菌丝网络）和物理因素（积雪改变）对古尔班通古特沙漠优势短命植物尖喙牻牛儿苗（Erodium oxyrrhynchum）生长的影响。结果表明：减雪与菌丝网络对该植物的生长具有显著复合生态效应。具体表现为：（1）在叶片性状指标方面,PVC旋转造成丛枝菌根真菌菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗各项叶片性状均有所下降。其中以减雪处理组最为明显,生长末期叶面积减少70.92%、叶周长减少37.26%。（2）在植株高度及根系长度方面,菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗株高均有所下降,加雪、减雪处理时下降显著（P〈0.05,分别为40.45%、39.47%）;根长在减雪组下降显著（47.75%）。（3）在植株地上地下生物量分配方面,菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗地上、地下生物量均有所下降,其中减雪处理组下降显著（P〈0.05,分别为80.32%和65.74%）。可见,生物因素和物理因素对植物生长具有双重影响,其中减雪处理与菌丝网络阻隔处理对尖喙牻牛儿苗幼苗生长发育具有显著复合生态效应。为推测荒漠短命植物对冬季降水变化的适应机制及荒漠生态系统的保育提供了科学依据。     

灌丛密度对毛乌素沙地南缘沙柳生长及土壤水分动态的影响

在毛乌素沙地南缘选择不同栽植密度(0.2、0.6株/m2和0.8株/m2)的沙柳人工灌丛,对沙柳生长特征及土壤水分进行研究。结果表明:不同栽植密度沙柳的生长特征存在显著差异,沙柳株高、平均冠幅直径、地上生物量、叶片生物量和茎生物量随着栽植密度的增加呈先增加后降低趋势。不同栽植密度沙柳灌丛土壤水分动态存在明显差异,沙柳灌丛土壤含水量随着栽植密度增大呈先增加后降低趋势,在栽植密度0.6株/m2(T2)达到最大值。在毛乌素沙地生境条件下,与水资源容量相适应的沙柳栽植密度约为0.6株/m2,在该栽植密度下土壤水分含量基本上能满足沙柳的生理生态需水。     

积雪和丛枝菌根真菌网络对尖喙牻牛儿苗幼苗生长的影响

通过野外原位监测及室内分析相结合,剖析了生物因素(土壤真菌菌丝网络)和物理因素(积雪改变)对古尔班通古特沙漠优势短命植物尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)生长的影响。结果表明:减雪与菌丝网络对该植物的生长具有显著复合生态效应。具体表现为:(1)在叶片性状指标方面,PVC旋转造成丛枝菌根真菌菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗各项叶片性状均有所下降。其中以减雪处理组最为明显,生长末期叶面积减少70.92%、叶周长减少37.26%。(2)在植株高度及根系长度方面,菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗株高均有所下降,加雪、减雪处理时下降显著(P0.05,分别为40.45%、39.47%);根长在减雪组下降显著(47.75%)。(3)在植株地上地下生物量分配方面,菌丝网络被阻断后,尖喙牻牛儿苗地上、地下生物量均有所下降,其中减雪处理组下降显著(P0.05,分别为80.32%和65.74%)。可见,生物因素和物理因素对植物生长具有双重影响,其中减雪处理与菌丝网络阻隔处理对尖喙牻牛儿苗幼苗生长发育具有显著复合生态效应。为推测荒漠短命植物对冬季降水变化的适应机制及荒漠生态系统的保育提供了科学依据。     

紫茎泽兰在不同群落中的生长与繁殖特征

为探讨不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰的生态对策,采用样方法对广西野外4个不同群落中紫茎泽兰的生长和繁殖特征进行调查研究。结果表明,野外不同群落之间紫茎泽兰的生长与繁殖特征大多存在显著差异,除株高外,其他参数都是开阔地最高,白栎黄檀混交林最低。不同群落之间紫茎泽兰的地上生物量以及繁殖分配存在显著差异,开阔地和桉树林中紫茎泽兰的地上生物量显著大于其他2个群落;开阔地中紫茎泽兰繁殖分配最大,显著大于其他群落。群落的郁闭度与紫茎泽兰的各生长和繁殖参数都呈极显著负相关关系,说明群落郁闭度影响紫茎泽兰的生长与繁殖。紫茎泽兰能根据不同的环境变化选择不同的适应对策,说明紫茎泽兰具有很强的适应能力,容易入侵到各个生境中。郁闭度较高的群落对紫茎泽兰有较好的控制作用,因而进行群落改造、增加群落的郁闭度,能有效地控制紫茎泽兰。     

不同生境芦苇根茎生长发育与根际微环境的比较研究

以临泽县4种生境(沙丘生境、盐渍生境、盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沼泽生境)芦苇根茎和芦苇根际土壤为研究对象,测定不同生境下芦苇根茎生长发育指标、根际土壤微生物数量及水分、盐分含量,分析了不同生境下根茎生长发育与根际土壤微生物数量、土壤含水量及含盐量的关系。结果表明:(1)对比4种生境下芦苇根茎发育,从盐渍生境,到盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沙丘生境,再到沼泽生境,根茎节间距呈缩短趋势,而节直径、根茎长度及不定芽数呈增长趋势,根茎含水量和根茎生物量、株高、基径也呈增加趋势。(2)根际土壤微生物数量在4种生境之间差异显著,盐渍生境下芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最多,细菌、放线菌数量最少;沼泽生境芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最少,细菌、放线菌数量最多。(3)相关性分析表明,芦苇根际土壤微生物数量对芦苇根茎数量特征的驱动作用不同。土壤细菌、放线菌数量、B/F值是芦苇根茎长度、根茎节直径、根茎生物量、根茎含水量、株高、基径的主要影响因子,土壤真菌是芦苇根茎节间距的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、B/F是芦苇根茎不定芽数的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、放线菌、B/F值为正向驱动,真菌为负向驱动。     

Evaluation of selected commercial oilseed rape cultivars for early vigour,weed suppression and yield in southern New South Wales

The potential of oilseed rape to suppress weed growth while maintaining optimal yield and quality is not well understood under field conditions in Australia. This study, conducted in Condobolin and Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW), during 2015 and 2016, examined a diverse range of commercial oilseed rape cultivars for their inherent ability to suppress weeds and maintain yields when in competition with natural weed infestations, with and without pre-emergent herbicide treatment. Cultivar differences were observed in oilseed rape canopy architecture and yield; however, early-season biomass, light interception, leaf area index and visual vigour ratings exhibited both year and location interactions. Cultivars with the highest biomass, light interception, leaf area indices and visual vigour were typically also the most weed-suppressive, in particular GT-50 and Hyola 600RR. Although crop and weed biomass accumulation differed significantly among cultivars for both location and year, weed biomass was inversely related to cultivar biomass in both years and locations. Hybrid Hyola and GT-50 cultivars exhibited up to 50% less weed biomass while maintaining consistently high levels of dry crop biomass. In addition, pre-emergent herbicide applications reduced weed infestation and contributed to higher crop yield in both locations and years. Given the consistent aboveground competitive ability of certain oilseed rape cultivars, our study demonstrated that diverse cultivar-dependent competitive traits such as early growth vigour, biomass production, absorption of photosynthetically active radiation and production and retention of crop residue significantly impacted weed establishment and total weed biomass. Our findings suggest that cultivar selection offers potential as a tool for maintaining suitable grain yield in the presence of weeds while potentially delaying the development of herbicide resistance through efficacious weed suppression.     

Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m~2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m~2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the Aqua Crop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m~2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m~2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m~2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.     

伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)个体功能性状对短期禁牧的可塑性响应

为了探讨禁牧对植物个体功能性状的影响,在新疆呼图壁县、玛纳斯县及昌吉市阿什里乡对短期禁牧下蒿类荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)的个体表型特征、构件生物量及其分配比进行了测定。结果表明:伊犁绢蒿个体功能性状对短期禁牧的响应因禁牧地点的差异而有所不同,呼图壁和玛纳斯样地的大多性状如株高、地上生物量、叶片数、叶生物量均呈显著增加(P 0. 05),而昌吉样地多数功能性状虽为增加,但均不显著。总体分析可知,短期禁牧后伊犁绢蒿的株高、地上生物量、叶片数、茎生物量、叶生物量依次显著增加21. 32%、48. 97%、104. 50%、50. 18%、100. 00%(P 0. 05),根颈直径、一级及三级分枝数出现显著下降,而二级分枝数、生殖生物量、各构件生物量分配比变化不显著。伊犁绢蒿个体表型性状与其构件生物量及分配比间均具有显著的联动效应,且短期禁牧可引起其部分个体功能性状间的相关关系发生显著改变。研究表明,短期禁牧促进伊犁绢蒿个体功能性状的恢复,利于退化蒿类荒漠草地的恢复。     

Simulation study of the competitive ability of erect, semi-erect and prostrate cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes

Ecophysiological simulation models provide a quantitative method to predict the effects of management practices, plant characteristics and environmental factors on crop and weed growth and competition. The INTERCOM interplant competition model was parameterised, calibrated by monoculture data for three cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes that differed in growth habit, common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and used to simulate competition of cowpea cover crops with sunflower or purslane. The simulation results were compared with observations from field competition experiments in 2003 and 2004. INTERCOM more accurately simulated actual field data for the competition of cowpea genotypes and sunflower than companion field experiments for the competition of cowpea and purslane. The validated simulation model of cowpea and sunflower at two densities was used to study the effects of cowpea growth habit on final biomass production of cowpea and sunflower. The model suggested that erect growth habit was more competitive than semi‐erect and prostrate growth habit, when cowpea genotypes were grown with sunflower. Cowpea leaf area distribution was important to higher cowpea biomass production, while cowpea height growth was important to reduce sunflower biomass. Our simulation approach is suggested as a method for crop breeders to gauge the likely success of selection for competitive crops before undertaking expensive long‐term breeding experiments.     

Fitness effects of the triazine resistance mutation in Amaranthus hybridus: relative fitness in maize and soyabean crops

Fitness costs of the triazine resistance mutation were estimated in experimental populations of Amaranthus hybridus L. from Maryland and Virginia (USA). Estimated costs were attributed directly to effects of the resistance mutation, through comparisons of lines bearing similar nuclear genomes, but either resistant or susceptible cytoplasm. Experimental weed plants were established from seed in the field at a wide range of A. hybridus and crop (maize or soyabean) densities, and experiments were repeated over 3 years. Resistant cytoplasm caused large reductions in several components of fitness, but substantial differences were observed among years in these fitness costs of resistance. For the fitness component of total biomass above-ground biomass production, relative fitnesses of resistant genotypes (resistant/susceptible ratios) ranged between 0.42 and 0.70. Costs of resistance were similar in weeds growing with either maize or soyabean crops. Certain costs of resistance differed between populations: impairment of seedling establishment and early growth by the resistance mutation was evident in the Virginia population, but not in the Maryland population. This functional difference between populations was associated with greater costs of resistance in the Virginia population with respect to mid-season leaf number and total above-ground biomass production; however, only the former population difference in fitness cost was statistically significant.     

Growth and yield responses of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to diclofop-methyl and ozone

We evaluated the combined effects of diclofop‐methyl herbicide application and the air pollutant ozone (O₃) on diclofop‐methyl‐resistant and ‐susceptible biotypes of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). We conducted two experiments, one with a long vegetative growth period and the other with a short vegetative growth in late spring with seed production in summer. As expected, because of its phytotoxicity, the herbicide alone reduced total vegetative biomass, leaf area, tiller number and seed production at most sampling periods in susceptible plants for both experiments. However, it had variable effects on resistant plants, including a positive effect on seed production. Ozone alone delayed vegetative biomass accumulation and reduced leaf area and seed biomass in both experiments. However, the effects of O₃ on some parameters were altered by herbicide rate and/or biotype. Especially notable was a greater reduction in seed biomass because of O₃ in resistant than in susceptible plants with no herbicide. If these apparent differential responses to herbicide and O₃ stress of susceptible and resistant plants are confirmed and persist over time, evolutionary tradeoffs may occur. For example, the frequency of resistant plants in a population may be altered in response to interactions between herbicides and other anthropogenic stresses.     

半干旱风沙区黄柳幼苗生长发育对沙埋的响应

以科尔沁沙地黄柳(Salix gordejevii)幼苗为研究对象,通过0 cm,10 cm,20 cm和40 cm 4个沙埋处理,研究其生长发育对沙埋的响应。结果表明：随着沙埋深度的增加,黄柳幼苗的死亡率增加,存活率下降。沙埋对黄柳幼苗的株高、相对高度增长率,分配到根、茎、叶的生物量和根冠比有显著影响,对绝对高度增长率和生物量无显著影响。轻度沙埋有利于黄柳幼苗高度增加,随着沙埋深度的增加,株高依然增加,相对高度生长率却下降。轻度沙埋使黄柳幼苗的生物量较多地分配到根,随着沙埋深度的增加,较多的生物量分配给地上部分,根冠比下降。说明黄柳幼苗可通过加快茎的生长或改变生物量的分配等方式维持光合作用能力,增加对沙埋的抵御能力。     

冬小麦分蘖期复水对根、冠生长及其相互关系的影响

以冬小麦品种北农6号为材料,通过温室管栽试验,研究了苗期中度和童度缺水条件下分蘖期复水对冬小麦株高、叶面积、根、冠干物质积累、叶面积比、根冠比、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率等指标的影响.结果表明,苗期受旱程度不同的冬小麦分蘖期恢复供水后,其株高、单株叶面积、生物量及产量等都超过中度和重度缺水对照,表现出明显的激发生长效应.同时,各复水处理与对照相比,分配到冠部的干物质比饲均增加,R/S下降.在不同土壤水分条件下,冬小麦的水分利用效率随耗水量的增加而降低,中度水分亏块后分蘖期充分供水的处理,可以在少减产的情况下节约大量用水,从而达到提高水分利用效率的目的.