退化沙质草地恢复过程中植被生物量变化及其与土壤碳的关系

植物生物量分配特征及其向土壤中的物质输入是退化沙质草地生态系统恢复,尤其是土壤碳含量增加的关键环节。本研究以科尔沁沙地不同恢复阶段的流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地为研究对象,调查分析草本植被生物量分配特征、根系性状和土壤理化性质特征,厘清生物量分配特征和根系性状与土壤碳的相互关系。结果发现：随着沙化草地逐步恢复,植被地上生物量、根系生物量、地表凋落物以及地下残体均呈显著的增加趋势（P<0.01）,相对于沙化严重的流动沙丘,半固定沙丘、固定沙丘和封育草地的植物总干物质（生物量+凋落物）分别增加了11.0%、116.3%和151.2%。与生物量变化趋势相同,土壤碳含量随沙化草地的逐步恢复显著增加（P<0.05）,其中0～10 cm层的增加速率高于10～20 cm层。结构方程模型（SEM）分析显示,0～10 cm层土壤碳含量受地表凋落物、地下残体和根表面积3个因素的影响,10～20 cm层土壤碳含量仅受地下残体和根表面积两个因素的影响,同时,两层土壤碳含量均与地上生物量无显著的关系。研究结果表明,在退化沙质草地恢复过程中,土壤碳含量主要受凋落物输入以及根系性状的影响,而...     

新疆针禾属(Stipagrostis Nees)植物叶片解剖结构的比较

利用光学显微镜,对新疆荒漠中针禾属植物大颖针禾(Stipagrostis grandiglumis)和羽毛针禾(Stipagrostis pennata)叶片进行微观形态结构特征的观察与比较.结果表明:大颖针禾和羽毛针禾的叶都具有典型的适应干旱及沙漠环境的形态结构特征;2种针禾叶片表面均具有角质层,但厚度不同;两者上表...     

古尔班通古特沙漠羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）种群种子雨特征

通过布设种子收集器收集种子,对收集的种子以时空差异进行分组分析,探讨羽毛针禾[WTBX]（Stipagrostis pennata）[WTBZ]种子散布规律以及古尔班通古特沙漠种群的种子雨特征。结果表明：① 羽毛针禾种子雨的积累密度平均达到3 766.30粒·株-1,其中饱满种子占19.56%;② 种子散布的高峰集中在6月25到7月15日,其落种量占整个种子雨的61.96%,其后种子雨密度随时间逐渐减小;③ 种子雨密度与生境之间均不存在显著性差异;④ 种子雨总量与其年龄之间存在显著性差异;⑤ 种子雨的前扩散过程中种子集中降落在背风方向4 m范围和株丛周围1 m内。古尔班通古特沙漠南缘种子雨虽质量不高,但密度大,对种群的自然更新具有一定的意义。     

民勤沙区不同稳定性沙丘植被生境条件研究

固定、半固定和流动沙丘生境条件测定结果表明：固定沙丘优势种均生长不良,枯梢、死亡普遍,其伴生植物的种类和密度均很小;沙丘水分条件决定了其生境条件,固定沙丘水分条件最差亦即生境条件最差;固定沙丘和半固定沙丘表面易形成粘粒、粉粒结皮,其表土层田间持水量大,影响降水下渗;固定沙丘表面田间持水量大是影响降水下渗的关键,其沙丘表土层粘粒、粉粒含量高是导致其田间持水量大的关键。其伴生草本植物密度并不随表土层田间持水量大而增加的原因,主要是由于当地降水少、气候干燥、表土层土壤水分易蒸发损耗所致。     

阿拉善荒漠特有珍稀濒危植物绵刺克隆生长构型研究

绵刺是阿拉善荒漠特有珍稀濒危植物 ,其具有独特的克隆生长构型 :由枝条下垂形成长间隔物的典型的游击型克隆生长构型和由根茎处形成的典型的密集型克隆生长构型。本文以环境塑造与克隆生长构型的可塑性关系研究绵刺的克隆生长构型 ,揭示其对环境表现出生态对策的高度适应性和可塑性     

土壤水分对鹅绒委陵菜表型可塑性的影响

研究了不同土壤水分条件对匍匐茎草本植物鹅绒委陵菜表型可塑性的影响,结果表明:间隔子、叶片数、分枝密度、分枝长度、分枝角度呈二次曲线变化;土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的64%左右的生境最为适宜;其复叶长对土壤含水量的反应可用YieldDensity曲线描述;其小叶间隔随着土壤水分的增加而增加,遵循Logistic曲线变化。克隆植物构型的可塑性有可能促进其对斑块性分布土壤水分资源的利用,因而具有一定的生态学意义。     

多效唑对柠条幼苗构型特征的影响

以1年生柠条(Caragana korshinskii)幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度多效唑处理对柠条幼苗株高、基径、分枝数、分枝角度等地上部分和根系特征参数等地下部分的影响,分析不同浓度处理之间柠条幼苗构型指标的差异。结果显示:随多效唑处理浓度的增加,柠条幼苗株高增长量显著减少、基茎增长量显著增加;分枝数和分枝角度随处理浓度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,400mg·L~(-1)浓度处理使幼苗根系表面积显著增大,根系分级数和各级根系数量增加,表明施用适宜浓度多效唑能够矮化柠条幼苗,增粗基茎,促进分枝、扩大分枝角度,增大柠条幼苗单位面积地表覆盖;同时,能够拓展地下根系的分布面积,增加各级根系数量;综合考虑,在调控柠条幼苗空间构型方面,适宜的多效唑处理浓度为300~400mg·L~(-1)。     

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘春秋季沙丘水分状况初步研究

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱区植被恢复的重点地区之一,当地降水稀少,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件,为掌握古尔班通古特沙漠边缘流动沙丘和固定沙丘不同部位的水分状况,从2003年3月到10月植物生长期内利用中子仪进行连续监测的结果表明:沙丘含水量月变化与月降水量分布相一致;流动沙丘0-30cm的含水量低于固定沙丘,而其它各层都高于固定沙丘;流动沙丘含水量从上部到下部依次升高,而固定沙丘则并无此规律;流动沙丘中部和下部稳定湿沙层处在距沙丘表面60cm以下,且厚度超过100cm,固定沙丘稳定湿沙层只存在于沙丘中部距沙丘表面60~150cm深度范围内,其厚度不超过100cm。     

不同生境芦苇根茎生长发育与根际微环境的比较研究

以临泽县4种生境(沙丘生境、盐渍生境、盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沼泽生境)芦苇根茎和芦苇根际土壤为研究对象,测定不同生境下芦苇根茎生长发育指标、根际土壤微生物数量及水分、盐分含量,分析了不同生境下根茎生长发育与根际土壤微生物数量、土壤含水量及含盐量的关系。结果表明:(1)对比4种生境下芦苇根茎发育,从盐渍生境,到盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沙丘生境,再到沼泽生境,根茎节间距呈缩短趋势,而节直径、根茎长度及不定芽数呈增长趋势,根茎含水量和根茎生物量、株高、基径也呈增加趋势。(2)根际土壤微生物数量在4种生境之间差异显著,盐渍生境下芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最多,细菌、放线菌数量最少;沼泽生境芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最少,细菌、放线菌数量最多。(3)相关性分析表明,芦苇根际土壤微生物数量对芦苇根茎数量特征的驱动作用不同。土壤细菌、放线菌数量、B/F值是芦苇根茎长度、根茎节直径、根茎生物量、根茎含水量、株高、基径的主要影响因子,土壤真菌是芦苇根茎节间距的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、B/F是芦苇根茎不定芽数的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、放线菌、B/F值为正向驱动,真菌为负向驱动。     

沙漠化过程中沙地植物群落生物量、热值和能量动态研究

对科尔沁沙地处于不同沙漠化阶段生境(丘间低地、固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘)的植物群落地上和地下(0~40 cm)生物量、热值以及能量现存量进行了初步研究。结果表明:①从丘间低地到流动沙丘,地上生物量、地下生物量、地上与地下生物总量随沙漠化的进展分别下降90.1%,90.4%和90.3%;②地上和地下生物量各组分热值均表现为流动沙丘最低,各生境内地上部组分平均热值高于地下部;地上活植物体热值随沙漠化进展呈现下降趋势,但其余组分热值不随生境改变而呈现规律性变化;③地上与地下能量现存总量大小为丘间低地(16 193 kJ.m-2)>固定沙丘(11 720 kJ.m-2)>半固定沙丘(7 980 kJ.m-2)>半流动沙丘(3 453 kJ.m-2)>流动沙丘(1 512 kJ.m-2);从丘间低地到流动沙丘5个不同类型生境,地上能量现存总量与地下能量现存总量的比值分别为0.57,0.59,1.09,0.80和0.58。     

Sand-fixing characteristics of Carex brunnescens and its application with straw checkerboard technique in restoration of degraded alpine meadows

Carex brunnescens(Pers.), a typical clonal species, is considered to be the only herb found to date that can develop on sand dunes in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China. However, the characteristics that C. brunnescens resists to harsh alpine environment have not been documented. In this study, we conducted a field investigation to determine the morphological, reproductive, and sand-fixing characteristics of C. brunnescens. Concomitantly, we transplanted the belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens to sand dunes and compared the abilities to restore degraded alpine meadows among sand dunes that had no further treatment(SD+N), sand dunes that had straw checkerboard technique but no transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens(SD+SCT), and sand dunes that had both SCT and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens(SD+SCT+P). We found that belowground vertical rhizomes and horizontal rhizomes(including branching rhizomes and main rhizomes) of C. brunnescens were highly developed and that population reproduction was dominated by horizontal rhizomes. C. brunnescens exhibited a significant sand-fixation effect under following conditions: population density was 145–156 ramets/m~2, vegetation cover was 31.2%–39.3%, total length of belowground rhizomes was 11,223 cm/m~2, total length of belowground first-order roots was 9161–10,524 cm/m~2, fresh weight of aboveground part was 198.5–212.6 g/m~2, and fresh weight of belowground part was 578.8–612.4 g/m~2. It should be particularly noted that SD+SCT+P treatment(sand dunes that had both straw checkerboard technique and transplanted rhizomes of C. brunnescens) was the best and SD+N(sand dunes that had no further treatment) was the worst in terms of following biotic indicators: total number of reproductive ramets, total number of belowground rhizomes, and fresh weight of aboveground and belowground parts of C. brunnescens, contents of soil organic carbon, available nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen. It implies that applying SCT in sand dunes and transplanting belowground rhizomes to sand dunes with SCT could improve both soil fertility and growth of C. brunnescens. These results suggest that the SCT-promoted high reproductive abilities of belowground rhizomes of C. brunnescens can successfully facilitate the establishment of ramets and can thus be an effective strategy to restore degraded vegetation in Maqu alpine region of northwestern China.     

Establishment of Cynodon dactylon from stolon and rhizome fragments

Summary A field survey and two field experiments were carried out to compare the performance of rhizomes and stolons of Cynodon dactylon , in terms of their sprouting efficiency and the dynamics and growth characteristics of the established ramets. The survey examined the relationships between morphological characteristics of above- and below-ground structures of ramets naturally established from both types of fragments in a crop field. The first experiment compared the emergence and early growth of ramets from standardized stolon and rhizome fragments, grown under uniform field conditions without competition. It also comparatively analysed the predictive value of the maximum stolon length on dry matter partitioning. The second experiment investigated fragment type × size interactions on the establishment, dry matter accumulation and partitioning in stolon- and rhizome-originated ramets. Results showed that under normal cropping conditions, more ramets can be originated from rhizome than from equivalent stolon fragments. Higher sprouting efficiency and dry matter partitioning to aerial structures, and a higher size dependence of the effective ramet recruitment were observed for stolon than for rhizome fragments. The observed differences between fragment type are dicussed in relation to their implications for predictions of weed emergence, and the efficacy of control strategies used under different cropping tillage systems.     

Can the riparian invader,Arundo donax,benefit from clonal integration?

Resource sharing through rhizomes of clonal plants supplements locally available nutrients to enhance recruitment and growth in resource‐limited environments. We investigated whether Arundo donax, an invasive clonal plant, can benefit from clonal integration. Sharing resources between ramets can facilitate resprouting from mowing, fire and herbicide treatments, but it is unknown whether clonal integration contributes to A. donax invasion success. Our first objective was to determine whether A. donax rhizomes transported water between ramets. Hydrogen isotopic–enriched water was applied on three 1 m diameter areas, and rhizome and soil samples were collected beyond the watering zone after 5, 24 and 48 h of the last watering. Logistic modelling indicated that water was able to move laterally at least 3.5 m. The second objective was to determine whether clonal integration enhanced growth and survival of A. donax ramets. We compared growth‐related responses in paired 1 m² plots with severed and intact rhizomes. In the first 19 days, rhizome severing nearly doubled ramet density, while by 77 days, the intact rhizomes produced 67% taller stems with 49% greater diameter and showed higher survival rate after flooding. This study provides initial evidence that physiological integration could be an important mechanism in A. donax, which can enhance its competitive abilities, accelerate rates of encroachment and strengthen its capability to recolonise disturbed areas. Our results highlight an important consideration of clonal invasive species in weed management.     

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) growth characteristics as related to rhizome length

Growth characteristics of johnsongrass [Sorghum halepence(L) Pers] grown in the field from rhizomes 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 cm long were studied in a sandy loam soil for 2 years. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, and fresh weight of new rhizomes and shoots were significantly dependent on the length of the planted rhizome 20, 40, 60, or 80 days after planting. All growth characteristics increased significantly as the length of planted rhizome increased from 2.5 cm to 10 cm to 25 cm Growth characteristics of Johnsongrass plants grown on rhizomes of adjacent lengths (differing by 5 cm) generally were not significantly different. Longer rhizomes (15, 20, or 25 cm) initiated new rhizome growth much earlier (about 20–30 days) than shorter rhizomes (2.5, 5, or 10 cm) Although all rhizome lengths showed a parallel growth potential, the lunger rhizomes were capable of more and faster growth, especially early after planting. It is suggested that Johnsongrass plants associated with longer rhizomes in the field as a result of limited tillage, coupled with their faster growth rate, are expected to interfere with crop production earlier than plants on shorter rhizomes unless controlled.     

Phenotypic plasticity in response to soil moisture availability in the clonal plant Eremosparton songoricum (Litv.) Vass.

Eremosparton songoricum(Litv.) Vass is a dwarf clonal shrubby legume developed on the windward slopes of mobile or semi-fixed sand dunes of Central Asia. It is assumed that E. songoricum must possess a high degree of phenotypic plasticity for such a heterogeneous habitat. The variations of E. songoricum plants growing in two typical microhabitats(the upper slope and the lower slope of semi-mobile dune) were investigated. The morphological characteristics and the biomass allocation patterns were measured and compared at the clonal fragment level. Compared with the clonal fragment on the lower slope of dune,the clonal fragment on the upper slope of the dune(a) declined in total biomass and ramet height,(b) increased the length of rhizomes and the number of roots,(c) increased the degree of asym-metry,and(d) heightened allocation to the belowground biomass. Our results confirmed the hypothesis of high phenotypic adjustment capacity of E. songoricum to habitat moisture availability. Phenotypic plasticity of E. songoricum contributed to reduce the damage risk,led to an environmentally induced specialization in function of resources exploitation,resulted in its persistence in heterogeneous environments and was adaptive in sand dune environment.     

海拔高度对羊草生物量和根茎形态可塑性的影响

内蒙古大青山地区羊草生物量和根茎形态可塑性随海拔高度(1000m-2000m)变化反应的研究结果表明,二者均具有显著可塑性。在生物量方面:羊草生物量、群落总生物量及两者比值随着海拔高度的升高均呈现出递增的趋势;根茎与须根的比值也是呈增加的趋势,这表明海拔高度影响其物质的分配比率,但根冠比却呈二次曲线的变化,即开始时下降随后又增加的趋势。在形态可塑性方面:根茎总长度、根茎节间长度随着海拔的升高,呈现出递增的趋势,而相邻分株间距没有表现出明显海拔差异。     

土壤温度和水分对不同类型沙丘土壤呼吸的影响

通过实验室土壤培养试验,测定了不同土壤温度(8,18,28,38℃)和含水量对科尔沁退化沙质草地不同生境(流动沙丘,半固定沙丘和固定沙丘)土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,在8~38℃范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在含水量为田间持水量(WFC)的5%~65%范围内,3种类型的土壤呼吸速率随含水量的增加而升高,当超过该范围时,流动沙丘的土壤呼吸速率仍呈上升趋势,而38℃培养条件下的半固定沙丘和18~38℃下的固定沙丘的土壤呼吸速率呈下降趋势。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互效应,不同类型沙化土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异。温度系数Q10值随含水量的变化为:流动沙丘1.90~2.15,半固定沙丘1.80~2.13,固定沙丘1.82~2.16。     

不同植被覆盖度沙垄土壤化学性质的空间分异

为了研究温带固定半固定沙漠土壤化学性质与地表植被的关系,本文以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘莫索湾地区沙漠-绿洲过渡带为研究区,分别选取植被覆盖度为10%和15%的半固定沙垄及植被覆盖度为30%的固定沙垄。采集了各沙垄不同地貌部位的土壤样品,室内测试了土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷等指标。结果表明:①随着植被覆盖度下降,沙垄西坡、坡顶和东坡,土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷呈逐渐降低趋势;②不同地貌部位的分布格局各沙垄表现不一致,沙垄A和沙垄B的pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷含量最大值均出现在垄间地,其他部位之间没有明显的规律,沙垄C的pH和电导率最大值出现在垄间地,而土壤养分含量在坡顶部位富集;③各沙垄不同土层土壤性质分布规律相对一致,土壤pH、电导率随着土层深度的增加呈上升的趋势,而土壤养分随着土层深度的增加而降低;④土壤化学性质空间分布异质性与植被的分布格局密切相关,相互影响,当植被覆盖度较高时,生物作用起主导作用,当植被覆盖度较低时,风蚀、地形等非生物因素作用加强,影响生物作用,植被对土壤颗粒和养分的拦截及富集作用逐渐减弱或消失。