黄土高原不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响

对长武县十里铺村长期定位试验旱地土壤,用重铬酸钾容量法对土壤有机质进行测定,用DTPA浸提-原子吸收法对有效态微量元素进行测定,研究不同轮作次序对土壤有机质和有效态微量元素分布的影响。结果表明,土壤有效态微量元素的分布除受微量元素总量的影响外,还与作物的轮作次序有关。不同轮作次序土壤有机质均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,有效铁由上到下持续增加,有效锰和有效锌呈现上高下低的趋势,有效铜的分布趋势是由上到下先增加后缓慢减少。粮草轮作体系80~100 cm土层有机质含量在11.08~11.89 g·kg~(-1)之间,粮豆轮作体系该土层含量为11.04~11.72 g·kg~(-1)之间。粮草轮作系统中3年小麦的土壤有效铁和有效锰含量较低,种植苜蓿和马铃薯可以提高土壤有效锰含量,连续种植小麦和连续种植苜蓿土壤有效锌和有效铜含量出现下降的趋势。粮豆轮作系统中小麦+糜子茬口土壤有效铁含量较高,小麦茬口的土壤有效锰含量最低,比小麦+糜子茬口和豌豆茬口的含量平均低7.73%~30.55%。粮草轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量高于粮豆轮作系统,在80 cm以上土层,两个轮作系统中土壤有效态微量元素的含量差异较大,在该土层以下,两个系统间的差异减小。     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤矿质氮累积与分布研究

对渭北旱塬6~37龄苹果园土壤剖面中硝态氮和铵态氮的含量进行了分析测定,以了解不同树龄,不同剖面深度土壤矿质氮累积与分布状况。结果表明,不同种植年限苹果园0~400 cm剖面土体中,氨态氮的含量和分布保持相对稳定;硝态氮含量和分布变化显著,含量在0.31~195.32 mg/kg之间,土体剖面硝态氮的累积量呈显著增加的趋势,累积层出现在40~260 cm土层,最高含量出现在15龄果园的100~120 cm土层中,其值为195.32 mg/kg。土壤剖面累积大量的硝态氮,可能会造成潜在的环境问题。     

不同施肥处理对作物产量及土壤中硝态氮累积的影响

通过4a定位试验研究了小麦-玉米轮作制度下不同施肥处理对作物产量及硝态氮(NO3--N)在土壤中累积和分布的影响。结果表明:长期大量施用氮肥,会造成土壤NO3--N的累积,且土体NO3--N的含量随施氮量的增加呈直线上升趋势;在土壤空间差异不显著的情况下,NO3--N在400cm土体中的分布呈一定的规律性,分别在60cm和200cm左右存在累积峰;配合施用磷肥、钾肥可以降低土壤剖面NO3--N的含量,尤其是钾肥可显著降低土壤上层NO3--N的含量,但作物无法吸收的NO3--N却有整体下移的趋势。提出华北山前平原高水肥投入地区NPK合理施用量为:N肥200kg/(hm2·a),P肥32.5kg/(hm2·a),K肥150kg/(hm2·a)。     

不同轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

在连续种植2年马铃薯的土壤上进行不同轮作方式田间试验,探讨轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响。试验结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作时土壤过氧化氢酶活性有增加的趋势;豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作条件下,土壤的蔗糖酶活性提高,且在马铃薯成熟期提高幅度最大,为47.95%。轮作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性低于连作;轮作方式不同,土壤脲酶活性变化明显,在马铃薯块茎膨大期,豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作方式的土壤脲酶活性比小麦-马铃薯-小麦高14.73%。马铃薯块茎膨大期根区土壤微生物数量测定结果显示:随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量及微生物总量降低,真菌数量升高了54.66%;小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作后,土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量最高,分别为6.40×106CFU·g-1和2.22×106CFU·g-1。     

长期施肥下黄土旱塬黑垆土磷平衡及农学阈值

为研究长期施肥条件下土壤磷平衡和土壤有效磷对磷盈亏的响应,明确土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,依托甘肃平凉肥料长期定位试验(始于1979),分析了黄土旱塬黑垆土36 a土壤磷盈亏动态、累积磷盈亏与有效磷的响应关系以及土壤磷残余,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤有效磷的响应关系,计算黄土旱塬黑垆土小麦和玉米的土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果表明:不施肥(CK)和单施氮肥(N)处理土壤磷始终亏缺,N处理每亏缺磷100 kg·hm~(-2),有效磷含量下降1.05 mg·kg~(-1);施磷处理土壤磷当季盈余4.3～207.9 kg·hm~(-2),累积盈余154.9～7 483.6 kg·hm~(-2),其中有机、无机配施(MNP)处理磷盈余最大;土壤累积磷盈余与土壤有效磷增量呈线性正相关,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm~(-2)磷,秸秆还田配施化肥(SNP,磷肥隔年施)、氮磷配施(NP)、有机肥(M)和有机、无机配施(MNP)处理土壤有效磷分别增加7.55、2.47、0.28 mg·kg~(-1)和0.46 mg·kg~(-1);黄土旱塬黑垆土农田有效磷的小麦和玉米农学阈值分别为22.05 mg·kg~(-1)和13.96 mg·kg~(-1),MNP处理土壤有效磷含量已高于作物农学阈值,NP和SNP处理土壤有效磷含量达到小麦农学阈值分别需要21 a和24 a,达到玉米农学阈值分别需要2 a和8 a,M处理土壤有效磷含量已高于玉米农学阈值,还需要3 a可达到小麦农学阈值。当磷投入量每年平均达22.9 kg·hm~(-2)时,土壤磷呈持平状态;当磷用量达33 kg·hm~(-2)时,不仅作物产量较高,而且磷肥当季利用率也较高;当磷用量增加到233 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量对增加磷投入无响应,土壤磷残余超过90%,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加了土壤磷素的流失风险。黄土旱塬小麦玉米一年一熟轮作黑垆土农田土壤有效磷农学阈值为13.96 mg·kg~(-1)(玉米)和22.05 mg·kg~(-1)(小麦),秸秆还田可促进旱地农田耕层土壤有效磷含量的增加。     

宁夏不同地区农田土壤矿质氮的空间变异特征

在宁夏灌区和旱区共计选定肥力水平不同的30块农田,分别采集了0~120 cm深土壤剖面样品和小麦植株样品,测定了土壤铵、硝态氮含量和小麦地上部含氮量,分析了土壤矿质氮的空间变异性及其与小麦吸氮量的关系。结果表明,在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中,NH4-N、NO3-N和矿质氮含量及其累积量,灌区土壤显著高于旱区土壤,测点之间存在极显著差异,变异系数相当高。但在土层间不论灌区还是旱区变化不明显,在剖面上下分布比较均匀。矿质氮含量在土层间存在着正相关。在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中,矿质氮累积量在灌淤土、黑垆土、黄绵土和灰钙土间差异较大,平均分别为370.0、155.1、117.5和61.0 kg/hm2。其累积量与小麦籽粒产量、生物学产量、地上部总吸氮量之间呈极显著正相关,表明土壤较深层次的矿质氮对作物吸氮量也具有重要贡献。     

耕作措施与秸秆还田对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤质量的影响

通过在陕西关中平原地区连续7年的田间定位试验,运用多元方差分析及因子分析法比较评价了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系下4种耕作措施(深松、旋耕、免耕、传统耕作)及2种秸秆管理措施(玉米秸秆还田、不还田)对土壤质量的影响。结果表明:玉米收获后0~20 cm土壤容重免耕处理最大,旋耕、翻耕处理次之,深松处理最小;秸秆还田0~10 cm土壤容重较不还田处理降低2.33%,达显著水平。小麦、玉米收获后0~20 cm土壤养分组、有机质环境组及酶活性组指标变量受不同耕作措施的影响均大于受秸秆管理措施的影响。传统耕作两季土壤质量均最差。深松、旋耕有一定后效,且有机质养分因子得分较高,免耕则相反。综合土壤质量、作物产量及经济效益,玉米秸秆还田/深松/旋耕/播种小麦-小麦秸秆高留茬/免耕/播种玉米模式适宜在该区推广。     

免耕对不同麦玉轮作方式土壤真菌群落结构的影响

为探讨耕作及轮作方式对农田土壤真菌群落结构的影响,设置免耕、传统耕作2种耕作方式,以及小麦-玉米轮作、小麦/玉米间作、小麦-冬油菜-玉米轮作3种种植模式,共形成6个处理,测定土壤理化性质并采用ITsDNA高通量测序技术分析不同处理对土壤真菌群落的影响.研究结果表明:与传统耕作相比,免耕显著增加了土壤有机碳、全磷、全氮、...     

塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分性状的影响

为了研究塔里木绿洲种植制度对棉田土壤养分特性的影响,以棉田轮作方式(水稻→棉花、水稻→冬麦→棉花、水稻→冬麦-绿肥→棉花)和连作年限(3、5、8、10、15 a)为试验因素,对0~100 cm土层土壤进行了调查与试验。结果表明:短期轮作对棉田土壤养分含量无影响,棉花连作年限是不同层次土壤养分含量变化的主要影响因素,连作3、8、10、15 a土壤0~20 cm速效氮平均为40.60、48.75、51.96、44.35 mg/kg;速效磷平均为10.16、26.72、27.00、23.37 mg/kg;速效钾平均为184.70、142.60、130.20、105.56 mg/kg;有机质含量分别为10.43 g/kg、12.10g/kg、12.93 g/kg、13.56 mg/kg;无论轮作类型、连作年限长短,从垂直分布上,连作15 a、3 a土壤速效氮F值分别为79.01、299.45;速效磷F值分别为88.99、17.54;有机质F值分别为77.27和171.6。表明长期连作降低了上下层土壤速效氮和有机质含量差异而增加了上下层土壤速效磷含量差异;有机质含量随着土层深度的增加而降低;速效钾含量有随着土层深度的增加而增加的趋势。棉花长期连作有利于增加各层次土壤速效氮、速效磷和有机质含量,同时降低深层土壤速效钾的含量;连作8~10 a耕作层土壤速效氮、有效磷含量达到最大值分别为52.35 mg/kg和27.45 mg/kg。     

施用磷肥对春小麦产量与吸氮特性及土体中硝态氮累积的影响

通过宁夏引黄灌区田间小区试验,研究施磷量分别为0、60、120、180 kg/hm2对春小麦产量、磷肥利用率、吸氮特性和土壤中硝态氮累积的不同影响,旨在明确该区合理施磷量.结果表明:合理施用磷肥(60～120 kg/hm2)能提高春小麦籽粒产量和生物量.当施磷量为120 kg/hm2,小麦籽粒产量最高,为6 215 kg/hm2.春小麦氮素累积动态呈先增加后降低的趋势,增施磷肥能增加小麦吸氮量,但到成熟期春小麦地上部氮素累积出现损失,损失量达7.7%～13.4%.当施磷量分别为60、120、180 kg/hm2时,0～150 cm土层中的NO3--N累积量分别比对照减少了50.6、58.5、62.9 kg/hm2.综合考虑磷肥利用率、小麦产量和降低土体中NO3--N残留等方面的因素,磷肥当季施用量应该控制在60～120 kg/hm2.     

喷灌冬小麦农田土壤NO-3-N分布特征及作物吸氮规律

以传统地面灌溉（畦灌）为对照，2002～2003和2003～2004两个生产年度田间试验分析喷灌对冬小麦农田土壤NO3^-—N分布和作物吸氮的影响。试验结果表明：喷灌与地面灌溉相比，土壤NO3^-—N含量蜂值迁移较浅，土壤NO3^--N主要分布在冬小麦主要根系分布层0～40cm土层内。与喷灌相比，在冬小麦根系层下部，地面灌溉土壤NO3^-N存在不同程度的累积。试验期间地面灌溉土壤NO3^-—N累积淋失量分别为8．68kg／hm^2和7．70kg／hm^2，喷灌条件下没有明显的土壤NO3^-—N淋失，最大累积淋失量只有地面灌溉条件下的3％。2003和2004年喷灌冬小麦地上部分吸氮量分别为235．7kg／hm^2和161，7kg／hm^2，分别比地面灌溉高7．0kg／hm^2和34．7kg/hm^2。与地面灌溉相比，喷灌有利于冬小麦后期吸收氮素，喷灌不同生育期冬小麦吸氮量年际之间的差异都小于地面灌溉。     

玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主处理包括玉米秸秆还田(S1)和不还田(S0)2个处理,副处理为5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm~(-2)和336 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明,施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm~(-2)和79 kg·hm~(-2)时),秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理,施氮量较高时则相反;两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%,施氮336 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0~40 cm土层;施氮量高于84 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势,其中0~20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%(武功试验地)。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低,此期秸秆还田处理0~20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明,秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势,不施氮肥处理0~1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关,施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低,引起作物速效氮供应的短期(返青期追施氮肥前)缺乏,影响小麦生长,进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积,减少向下淋溶。     

The influence of crop rotation and soil tillage on seed population dynamics of A vena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana

The dynamics of seed populations of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Durieu) Nyman in plots maintained under different crop rotations and tillage systems was studied over a 5-year period. The seed reserves buried in the soil were practically depleted during this period by using any of the three cropping systems evaluated. No significant differences were found between using a continuous barley rotation with annual application of herbicides and using a barley:fallow rotation with herbicides applied only as needed. The decline in seed populations was not affected by the tiliage system used during the fallow period (ploughing or no tillage). The tillage practices used in the various treatments, combined with the variable seed output from each treatment, resulted in different vertical distribution of the seeds in the soil profile. Shallow cultivation resulted in an accumulation of seeds in the upper soil layers; in contrast, a large proportion of the seeds were buried and maintained below 15 cm in the ploughed treatments. Although the seed distribution patterns produced by the various tillage systems had an effect on seedling recruitment, the largest changes in this parameter were associated with the different cropping sequences. Four times more seedlings were recruited in years under barley cropping than in those under fallow.     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

Minimal soil disturbance combined with spring cropping can halt soil seedbank accumulation of Alopecurus myosuroides

The basic mechanism of soil inversion tillage for control of annual weeds is based on the vertical translocation of weed seeds from the soil surface to deeper soil layers. Buried weed seeds either remain dormant in the soil seedbank and are exposed to biological and chemical decay mechanisms, or they germinate but the seedlings cannot reach the soil surface (fatal germination). However, depending on the seed biology of the respective target species, frequent inversion tillage can lead to a build-up of the soil seedbank. For soil seedbank depletion based on available knowledge of the biology of Alopecurus myosuroides seeds, soil inversion tillage is suggested to be reduced to every third or fourth year with reduced or even no-tillage (direct seeding) in between (rotational inversion tillage systems). Including spring crops in the crop rotation could further help dampening the population growth and hence the seed return into the seedbank. This study investigated the effect of rotational inversion tillage in combination with reduced tillage or direct seeding on the soil seedbank and population development of A. myosuroides. In a long-term field trial, set up in 2012, these tillage strategies were compared with continuous inversion tillage in a 3-year crop rotation with two consecutive years of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare). The results showed a significant decline in the soil seedbank following the spring crop, irrespective of the tillage system. The continuous inversion tillage system and inversion tillage before spring cropping with reduced tillage (shallow tillage with a disc harrow) before winter wheat both led to accumulation of seeds in the soil seedbank. In contrast, inversion tillage before spring cropping with direct seeding of winter wheat depleted the soil seedbank significantly after only one crop rotation. Although only covering one intensively studied field site, these findings highlight the need for diversified cropping systems and indicate potential avenues for reducing soil tillage while controlling economically important weeds.     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

不同滴灌量下冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累分配研究

在2013—2014年、2014—2015年田间试验研究了W1(2 550、2 325 m3·hm~(-2)),W2(3 450、3 000 m3·hm~(-2)),W3(4 350、3 675 m3·hm~(-2)),W4(5 250、4 350 m3·hm~(-2))4种滴水量处理对0~140 cm土层含水量及小麦叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累分配、水分利用效率及产量等的影响。结果表明,拔节至灌浆期间,在每次滴水225~900 m3·hm~(-2)的范围内,增加滴水量主要直接增加0~60 cm土层含水量,间接减少60~140 cm土层储水消耗量,W4土壤储水消耗较W1减少50%左右;增加拔节至成熟期间冬小麦群体叶面积指数、光合势;增加干物质积累量和花后光合产物对子粒的贡献率,降低花前营养器官贮藏物向子粒的转移量、转移率和其对子粒的贡献率,增加产量、降低灌溉水利用效率。总滴水量大于3 675 m3·hm~(-2)(其中,拔节至灌浆期间的滴水量大于2 700 m3·hm~(-2))增产不显著,并且大幅度降低灌溉水利用效率。降水量对冬小麦产量形成影响很小,灌水量对小麦产量和水分利用效率起决定性作用;北疆冬小麦全生育期适宜总滴水量为3 450~3 675 m3·hm~(-2)(其中,拔节期、孕穗期、开花期、灌浆期各450~675 m3·hm~(-2)),可以获得的产量是6 737.4~8 604.1 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) play a crucial role in determining the soil and environmental quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of 26 years(from 1984 to 2010) of farmland management on soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil N in abandoned, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) non-fertilized, wheat fertilized(mineral fertilizer and organic manure) and alfalfa(Medicago Sativa L.) non-fertilized treatments in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.29(24.4%) and 1.39 Mg/hm2(100%), respectively, after the conversion of farmland to alfalfa land. Compared to the wheat non-fertilized treatment, SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.64(26.4%) and 1.18 Mg/hm2(85.5%), respectively, in the wheat fertilized treatment. In addition, we found that the extents of changes in SOC, soil total N and mineral N depended on soil depth were greater in the upper soil layer(0–30 cm) than in the deeper soil layer(30–100 cm) in the alfalfa land or fertilizer-applied wheat land. Fertilizer applied to winter wheat could increase the accumulation rates of SOC and soil total N. SOC concentration had a significant positive correlation with soil total N concentration. Therefore, this study suggested that farmland management, e.g. the conversion of farmland to alfalfa forage land and fertilizer application, could promote the sequestrations of C and N in soils in semi-arid regions.