甘肃几个大麦品种茎秆形态生长模型试验研究

以甘肃培育和引种的三种不同品种大麦为供试材料,通过对不同播期三种试验大麦茎秆生长过程的两轮连续观测和定量分析,构建了甘肃大麦茎秆生长过程的动态模拟模型。本研究采用Logistic方程模型描述了不同节间长度和粗度以及节间伸长和增粗的动态过程,并采用根均方误(RMSE)方法对不同品种大麦进行检验,模型检验结果显示,不同品种的不同节间长和节间粗,其预测值的平均RMSE值范围分别在0.2371～1.0613 cm和0.0142～0.0775之间。试验表明本模型具有较好的预测性和可靠性。     

深松耕作对不同年代玉米品种生理成熟后的抗倒伏力学特性的影响

以1970—2010s主推玉米品种为材料,设置深松与浅旋耕处理,研究深松耕作对不同年代玉米品种生理成熟后的抗倒伏力学特征的影响。结果表明,生理成熟后玉米倒伏率增加;与浅旋耕相比,深松耕作使不同玉米品种的茎折率平均降低1.22个百分点,茎秆力学强度增加;高密度下玉米茎秆力学强度的增幅更加明显,1970s品种第4节间压碎强度增加了43.6%、第5节间弯曲强度增加了33.05%;1980s品种第3～5节间穿刺强度和第3、5节间弯曲强度、1990s品种第4节间压碎强度和第3节间弯曲强度、2000s品种第3～5节间穿刺强度和第3节间弯曲强度也有明显增加;而2010s品种在深松高密与浅旋高密下,茎秆力学强度指标无明显变化。深松耕作对玉米群体生理成熟后抗倒性的提高与第3、4节间穿刺强度、第4节间弯曲强度和第3、5节间压碎强度的增加密切相关;但随着品种演替茎秆力学强度无明显增强,第3节间穿刺强度以0.26×10⁷ N·m^-2·10a^-1的速率降低。由此可见,茎秆力学强度可作为构建玉米抗倒伏群体的指标,但评价品种抗茎折能力具有一定片面性,...     

DSSAT模型对豫西冬小麦保护性耕作效应模拟效果验证

简要介绍了美国乔治亚大学组织开发的DSSATV4.5模型,并利用洛阳市孟津县2005~2006年冬小麦田间试验结果对模型的模拟结果进行验证及其适用性分析。通过对冬小麦叶面积指数、产量和农田土壤水分、水分利用效率的模拟与实测结果的对比分析,认为DSSAT模型的模拟效果较好。分析结果表明:模型对叶面积指数的模拟误差RMSE在0.034~0.076之间;模拟各处理的产量与水分利用效率也与实测值的关系基本一致;对各处理土壤体积含水量的RMSE误差在0.051~0.151之间。研究结果认为DSSAT模型在豫西应用的适宜性较好,可为该地区研究保护性耕作对冬小麦生长及土壤水分的影响提供理论支持。     

应用粒子滤波同化条件植被温度指数的土壤水分估测

为了准确地获取2013—2015年关中平原冬小麦主要生育期土壤含水量(0~20 cm)的时空信息,基于Landsat-8遥感数据反演条件植被温度指数(CVTI),并结合CVTI和实测土壤水分间的线性相关性构建土壤水分反演模型。应用粒子滤波(PF)算法同化基于CVTI反演的和CERES-Wheat模型模拟的土壤水分,得到以天为步长的土壤水分同化值,利用土壤水分实测值分别检验土壤水分模拟值、反演值和同化值的精度。结果表明,CVTI和实测土壤水分间的线性相关性显著,尤其在小麦拔节期和抽穗~灌浆期,其相关性达到极显著水平(P0.01);土壤水分同化值和实测值间的线性相关性(r=0.96,P0.001)大于土壤水分模拟值和实测值间的相关性(r=0.71,P0.01)以及土壤水分反演值和实测值间的相关性(r=0.89,P0.001);土壤水分同化值的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)比土壤水分模拟值的RMSE和MRE分别降低了0.025 cm~3·cm~(-3)和2.70%,比土壤水分反演值的RMSE和MRE分别降低了0.016 cm~3·cm~(-3)和4.15%,同化过程提高了时间序列土壤含水量的估测精度。因此,基于CVTI和PF算法能够较为准确估测关中平原小麦主要生育期的土壤含水量。     

Hydrus-3D模型模拟田间点源入渗与水分再分布准确性评价

滴灌条件下水分入渗与再分布是评价滴灌灌溉效率的重要内容,通过Hydrus3D模型模拟单点源和点源交汇情况下水分入渗及其再分布过程,并利用田间试验实测资料进行验证。结果表明:采用Hydrus3D软件建立的模型可较好地模拟单点源水分入渗、水平湿润锋扩散过程及土壤剖面水分的分布情况,水平湿润锋距离的模拟值和实测值的误差在灌水结束时达到最大,且滴头流量越大,误差亦越明显,其中最大绝对误差为4.6 cm,最大相对误差达0.167,R2在0.95以上,F检验P值大于0.05,且RMSE在2.1以内;模型模拟的土壤体积含水量分布和实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值的R2在0.90以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.07;湿润范围模拟结果和实测结果的吻合度较高。灌水结束后20 h,模拟土壤剖面含水量的分布情况与实测值基本一致,模拟值和实测值R2在0.575~0.652之间,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE在0.013左右,双点源交汇区整个剖面模拟值和实测值R2为0.526以上,F检验P值大于0.05,RMSE均小于0.01,模拟结果较好,说明Hydrus3D模型可模拟土壤水分再分布情况。     

基于主成分和隶属函数分析的高粱品种耐深播性综合评价

采用盆栽试验,分别设置1、3、5、7 cm播深,对34个高粱品种在不同播深下的出苗率、幼苗形态和幼苗干物质量进行分析,筛选耐深播性鉴定指标,综合评价高粱品种的耐深播性。研究结果表明,随着播种深度的加大,出苗率、苗长、根长、根数和苗重均呈下降趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值分别为0.84～0.60、0.96～0.75、0.83～0.53、0.88～0.64和0.95～0.85;中胚轴长、根重和根冠比呈上升趋势,3、5、7 cm与1 cm播深上述指标测定值的比值为1.52～3.30、1.10～1.25和1.17～1.50;胚芽鞘长在播深间差异不显著。主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分的累积方差贡献率为77.647%,相对根冠比、相对根长、相对中胚轴长和相对出苗率载荷量最大,将其作为高粱耐深播性筛选的主要指标并计算隶属函数值。根据隶属函数值对高粱品种进行聚类分析,结果显示,34个高粱品种可聚为3类,晋粱白2号等11个品种为耐深播品种,红青壳等14个品种为中等耐深播品种,吉品609等9个品种为深播敏感品种。品种间耐深播性差异明显,杂交种较常规种耐深播性强。     

深层土壤水分对黄土塬区旱作冬小麦耗水的贡献

为研究不同土层尤其是深层土壤水对冬小麦耗水的贡献，本文首先对长武黄土塬区300 cm深度土壤水人工标记氘水，并通过测定抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和乳熟期小麦茎秆水δD值确定冬小麦是否能够利用300 cm深度以下土壤水分；其次通过测定小麦茎秆水、降水和不同土层土壤水δ¹⁸O值，分析降水以及不同深度尤其是300 cm以下土层土壤水对冬小麦耗水的贡献。结果表明：长武塬区降水分别贡献了旱作冬小麦抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和乳熟期耗水的49.2%、30.2%、35.9%和38.2%，土壤水分别贡献了50.8%、69.7%、64.1%和61.8%。50~100 cm、100~150 cm、150~200 cm和200~300 cm土层土壤水贡献了冬小麦抽穗期耗水的17.9%、15.2%、10.0%和7.7%，开花期耗水的24.6%、18.8%、14.0%和12.4%，灌浆期耗水的19.5%，14.4%、10.0%和8.7%，乳熟期耗水的18.6%、13.2%、10.3%和8.3%。冬小麦茎秆水δD值变化表明，冬小麦自灌浆期开始利用300 cm深度以下土壤水分，300~400 cm土层土壤水贡献了冬小麦灌浆期和乳熟期耗水的11.4%和11.5%。可见，深层土壤水分对于冬小麦水分供给具有重要意义，因此生产实践中需要做好夏闲期蓄水保墒措施，以增加雨水入渗量和入渗深度，促使深层土壤水分恢复，保证土壤水库调蓄功能的持续发挥。     

白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的生育期变化及复种潜力分析

研究北方不同生态区白菜型冬油菜的生育期差异,可为合理安排后茬作物、提高复种指数、优化种植制度提供依据。本研究以18份不同抗寒性白菜型冬油菜为材料,分析17个不同生态区冬油菜5年的生育期变化。结果表明:白菜型冬油菜在北方地区种植,总体表现为生育期在品种间、年份间差异较小,相差1~5 d左右;不同抗寒性的品种生育时期存在差异,抗寒性强的品种表现出越冬期延长(枯叶期提前,返青期推迟),营养生长向生殖生长的过渡期相对缩短,花期缩短,但籽粒灌浆期、成熟期延长。而不同生态地区间生育期差异较大,突出地表现为华北等气温较高的地区,播期较迟,收获期高温逼热促早熟,生育期较短,为240~270 d;而最冷月平均气温较低的甘肃河西地区、极端低温较低的新疆地区及高海拔的鄂尔多斯高原地区,生育期较长,为270~300 d。影响北方冬油菜生育期的环境因素主要是温度,其次为纬度、海拔等,随着纬度、海拔的升高,温度降低,冬油菜生育期延长。冬油菜5月下旬到6月中上旬收获,收获后可复种向日葵、糜子、谷子、荞麦、早熟马铃薯等,可实现一年二茬,提高复种指数,具有较大复种潜力。     

不同基因型大麦苗期对干旱胁迫的响应及HvPIPs基因表达特征分析

为研究不同基因型大麦苗期对干旱胁迫的响应,挖掘优质抗旱的大麦种质资源,以4份不同基因型大麦(2个高抗品种ZDM5430和ZDM5458,2个干旱敏感型品种7DCADA和IL-12)为材料,利用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件,综合分析不同品种大麦的苗期抗旱性差异;并通过对不同品种根系进行PIPs实时定量分析,研究水通道蛋白AQPs基因与干旱胁迫之间的应答关系。结果表明,持续干旱胁迫会使大麦生长变缓,各处理苗长、根长、叶含水量和根含水量都呈下降趋势,其中,4个品种的大麦叶含水量在干旱胁迫14 d时下降最为显著,与对照相比,其降幅分别为29.14%、52.64%、21.67%和72.15%。干旱胁迫对大麦苗期干物质积累量和根冠比的影响较小,各处理间差异不显著;但持续干旱后,抗旱品种ZDM5430的根冠比呈上升趋势,在胁迫7、14、21 d时较CK分别增加了4.92%、42.86%和21.05%。随着胁迫时间的延长,大麦旗叶叶绿素含量和根系活力也呈下降趋势,其中ZDM5430和ZDM5458较对照组降幅较小,说明抗旱品种的形态指标、叶绿素含量及根系活力受干旱胁迫的影响较小。通过PIP...     

渗水地膜覆盖栽培的土壤水温效应及对糜子生育的调控研究

在甘肃会宁,以陇糜5号为指示品种,研究了渗水地膜覆盖(T1)、普通地膜覆盖(T2)、露地(T3)3种种植方式土壤水分、地温效应及对旱地糜子生长发育的影响。结果表明,渗水地膜的渗水作用使其比普通地膜能接纳更多的雨水(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的20~40 cm及40~60 cm耕层,均是T1T2),微气孔蒸发作用使得其0~20 cm耕层水分含量略低于普通地膜(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的0~20 cm耕层,均是T2T1);与露地相比,渗水地膜和普通地膜覆盖都具有明显的增温和保温效果,且增产显著,增产幅度分别是46.79%和67.13%,但渗水地膜和普通地膜处理之间产量差异不显著。     

Disease-yield relationship in barley.

The effect of disease on growth and yield of two barley cultivars sown at different times and in different years was investigated in New Zealand. The data were used to develop yield-loss models based on both disease severity (measured as green leaf area) and yield target (estimated by duration of crop growth). Disease influenced yield differently in Triumph and Sonya barley (spring and winter types, respectively), and yield components were affected to different degrees. Empirical yield-loss models for individual cultivars, sowing dates and seasons had different slope values, and the best models were based on measurements of disease at different growth stages. Combined models were less significant and explained less variation in yield than the individual models. Models which included the duration of crop growth as an estimate of yield target improved the fit to the data. Empirical models were specific to cultivar, sowing date and season, suggesting that they were not applicable in the varying conditions tested. The inclusion of estimated yield target improved the general applicability of models, and provided a method of using models in crops sown at different times and in different seasons, without measuring yield target directly.     

土层置换对马铃薯根际土壤酶活性及晚疫病病情指数的影响

以常规施肥不置换土层为对照,研究了0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层置换、置换后增施15%磷肥、置换后增施有机肥及25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂土壤灭菌等不同处理对马铃薯根际土壤不同土层土壤酶活性及晚疫病病情指数影响,结果表明:土层置换处理及置换后增施磷肥或有机肥和土壤灭菌处理,对马铃薯田间根际不同深度土壤脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和磷酸酶活性均有影响。马铃薯播种后35 d时,土层置换及土壤灭菌处理降低了0~10cm土层土壤脲酶活性;土层置换并增施有机肥显著提高了各土层土壤蔗糖酶活性;土层置换并增施磷肥或有机肥可有效保持马铃薯根际土壤中磷酸酶的活性,其中以增施磷肥效果更为明显。土层置换后增施磷肥或对表土灭菌处理可减少马铃薯晚疫病的发病率;在播种后77 d时,置换后增施有机肥的病情指数分别比不置换土壤、土层置换、置换后增施15%磷肥和土壤灭菌处理分别提高17.5%、47.1%、60.8%和66.6%,在土壤置换后施用有机肥不利于降低马铃薯的晚疫病发病。     

Effects of the sowing depth and temperature on the seedling emergence and early growth of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and wheat

The experiment was conducted under a controlled environment to study the effects of different temperature regimes (15/10°C, 20/15°C, and 25/20°C day/night) and sowing depths (0, 2, 4, and 6 cm) on the seedling emergence and early growth (height gain) of wheat (cv. Marvdasht) and wild barley ( Hordeum spontaneum ). The cumulative emergence and plant height gain over time were modeled with the use of a logistic function. For a particular temperature regime, the maximum percentage emergence (E _max ) of wheat was higher than that of wild barley across all sowing depths. The maximum and minimum E _max values for both species occurred at 20/15°C and 25/20°C, respectively. The time taken to reach 50% of the E _max (i.e. E₅₀) increased with the sowing depth in both species under all temperature regimes. The E₅₀ of wild barley was greater than that of wheat for all temperature regimes, with maximum differences observed at 20/15°C. The greatest maximum plant height (H _max ) was observed at the surface planting for both plants. The H _max was reduced at temperatures either lower or higher than 20/15°C, with a more notable reduction in wild barley. At all temperature regimes, the time taken to reach 50% of the H _max (i.e. H₅₀) increased linearly with the sowing depth but, at higher temperatures, the accelerated growth rate reduced the H₅₀. The wild barley seedling emergence and height gain rate, as expressed relative to those of wheat, revealed the highest superiority of wheat over wild barley at 25/20°C and the sowing depth of 4 cm.     

玉米播期与玉米粗缩病病株率的关系

对1976～1979年河北辛集、晋县、正定、永年试验基地玉米不同播期与玉米粗缩病病株率试验数据的统计分析和经 1996～1999年 4年试验数据检验表明 ,4月10日以前播种的早春玉米玉米粗缩病发病株率低 ;5月份播种的晚春玉米和麦套玉米发病株率最高 ;6月份播种的夏玉米发病株率最低。玉米不同播期与玉米粗缩病病株率的关系式为Y=-673.5 -0.0439X²+11.5X。该关系式适用于传毒介体灰飞虱的常规发生和大发生年预测病情 ,符合率达80%～100%。但该关系式在灰飞虱极轻发生年不适用 ,符合率仅为20%。     

Comparison of mobile and stationary spore-sampling techniques for estimating virulence frequencies in aerial barley powdery mildew populations

Gene frequencies in samples of aerial populations of barley powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei ), which were collected in adjacent barley areas and in successive periods of time, were compared using mobile and stationary sampling techniques. Stationary samples were collected from trap plants in three periods within 1 week at a distance of more than 1000 m from the nearest barley field. At four dates within the same 8-day period, other samples were collected by a mobile spore trap along four sampling routes of a total distance of 130 km around the stationary stand of exposure. The samples were characterized by virulence genotypes defined according to infection types on 12 near-isogenic barley lines, and frequencies of single virulence genes were subsequently calculated. The three samples collected at the stationary site differed significantly with respect to allele frequencies at three loci. The main wind direction was different in the three sampling periods, implying different powdery mildew sources. For the mobile exposure, the differences between routes were not significant for any locus. However, the routes differed most for the loci under direct selection by host resistances genes, indicating a different distribution of source varieties along routes. There was no difference between allele frequencies at different dates, indicating that the proportions of spores from different source varieties were similar at these dates. In conclusion, samples collected by the stationary technique will mainly reflect the source varieties present in the local area, whereas samples collected by the mobile spore trap will mainly reflect sources close to the sampling route. Therefore, sampling sites as well as sampling routes should be defined such that source varieties are representative for the overall varietal distribution in the survey region considered.     

不同覆膜方式对粮饲兼用玉米田土壤温度的影响

在年降雨量240 mm的靖远县若笠乡曹岘村,以饲料玉米富试0601为栽培作物,进行秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺和不覆膜5种栽培模式试验,分别测定地表5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm的土层地温,以探索全膜双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤温度的影响.结果表明,在玉米生长的每一个生育期,不同土壤深度的地温和有效积温均是秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培＞春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培＞播前全膜双垄沟播栽培＞半膜平铺＞不覆膜.并且秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺的有效积温均能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温而不覆膜的有效积温则不能满足,这导致不覆膜饲料玉米难以成熟,产量低下,667m2产籽粒仅130.95 kg,而秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培的饲料玉米667m2产量达到567.27 kg,增产效果非常显著.     

引进美国无芒雀麦栽培技术的研究

引进美国无芒雀麦(Bromus stam ineus Desv.)是农业部948项目"旱生灌草植物资源的引进及开发利用"的引进草种之一,为了合理开发和利用它,本实验采用田间实验对比设计方法,研究不同播种方式和播种密度对其生长指标的影响;利用方差分析,确定了引进美国无芒雀麦的合理播种方式和播种密度。结果表明:1)撒播时,在播种密度为549粒.m-2处理下单位面积出苗率最高,分蘖数最多,鲜重最大,单株最高,种子产量最大;生长速度在播种密度为412粒.m-2处理下生长最快,密度为549粒.m-2处理下稍次之,结合方差分析可以初步确定它在撒播时的播种密度为549粒.m-2;2)条播时,在行距为25cm、播种密度为412粒.m-2处理下单位面积分蘖数最多,鲜重最大,单株最高,生长速度最快;种子产量在行距为15cm、播种密度为824粒.m-2处理下最大,在行距为25cm、密度412粒.m-2处理下次之;结合方差分析,就3种规格的行距来说,引进美国无芒雀麦条播时的行距为25cm,播种密度为412粒.m-2;就这两种播种方式来说,应该选择撒播。     

播种期对农牧交错带马铃薯生长发育和产量形成及水分利用效率的影响

为了研究不同播种期对农牧交错带马铃薯生长发育和产量形成以及水分利用效率的影响,为农牧交错带马铃薯适期播种和高产栽培提供科学依据,采用随机区组排列设计,分析了超早播(4月28日)、早播(5月8日)、中播(5月18日)、晚播(5月28日)和超晚播(6月8日)五个播期下马铃薯生育期、形态指标、产量形成和水分利用效率的变化情况。结果表明:播种期对马铃薯生育期、株高和叶面积指数影响显著。随播期推迟,马铃薯生育期缩短,播期每推迟10 d,生育期平均缩短6 d,而生殖生长期在总生长期中的比例增加,超早播和超晚播处理下分别为45%和59%。超早播和早播马铃薯地上部干物质积累显著低于其余播期,不同播期处理薯块鲜重增长符合Logistic生长曲线,播期间马铃薯总产量、大薯产量和大薯率差异均达显著水平,其中中播、晚播和超晚播产量差异不显著,平均达21 593 kg/hm2,超早播和早播产量平均为15 181 kg/hm2。马铃薯水分利用效率随播期推迟增加,超早播为45.2 kg/(hm2.mm),超晚播为86.3 kg/(hm2.mm)。建议农牧交错带马铃薯适宜播种期安排在5月中下旬。     

Integrated management of Bromus diandrus in dryland cereal fields under no‐till

As herbicides have limited effect in controlling Bromus diandrus in no‐till dryland cereal fields, the integration of chemical and cultural methods needs to be investigated. A field study was carried out in Lleida (Spain) during 2008–09, 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, in a no‐till winter cereal field integrating delayed crop sowing with herbicides in a barley–wheat–wheat rotation. Three crop sowing dates were considered: D1, mid‐October; D2, mid‐November; and D3, early December, and the herbicides mesosulfuron‐methyl plus iodosulfuron‐methyl‐sodium were applied in wheat. Weed density, cumulative emergence and fecundity were estimated for each sowing date. In all three seasons, a significant reduction in the cumulative emergence of B. diandrus as compared to D1 was observed in D2 (82.0, 97.5 and 98.1%) and D3 (80.8, 98.7 and 97.2%). In addition, a significant decrease in weed density and seed rain was observed across all sowing dates and seasons. The herbicide used in wheat was more effective under delayed sowing, due to lower weed density and presence of less developed weed seedlings. After three seasons, the populations of B. diandrus were completely depleted in D2 and D3. This study demonstrates the possibility of eliminating brome infestations in dryland cereal fields in no‐till systems through the integration of cultural and chemical strategies.     

不同玉米自交系耐深播能力的差异分析

以45个玉米自交系为材料,在播深10 cm和15 cm条件下,研究了出苗率、根数、根长、中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和、苗长与玉米耐深播性的关系。结果表明,随着播深的增加,根长、中胚轴长、胚芽鞘长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和大体呈增加趋势,而出苗率、根数、苗长呈下降趋势。不同播深条件下出苗率和胚芽鞘长度的变异系数较大;而根长、根数和中胚轴的变异系数较小。在10 cm播深条件下的出苗率与胚芽鞘长、根长和苗长显著相关,而15 cm条件下的出苗率与中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和、根数、根长、苗长显著相关。15 cm播深条件下的鉴定结果可以反映不同品种的耐深播能力。因此,在15 cm条件下,用出苗率、根数、根长、中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和以及苗长按耐深播性强弱将45份自交系分成3组;同时,将45份自交系划分为Lancaster、四平头、PA、PB、BSSS和旅大红骨共6个亚群,其中Lancaster（Lan）、四平头(SPT)、PA的出苗率、根数、根长、中胚轴长、中胚轴和胚芽鞘之和以及苗长较高,含有较多耐深播系和中等耐深播系,为重要的耐深播种质类群。