西北黄土塬地区集雨水的混凝沉淀优选试验研究

文中主要对西北黄土塬地区集雨水进行了混凝沉淀优选实验。通过混凝形态学中絮凝体的分形维数确定适合西北黄土塬地区集雨水的混凝剂及其最佳投加量、最佳雨水的p H值和最佳慢速搅拌时间。实验结果表明:从混凝效果和经济角度分析,PAC为最适混凝剂,且其最佳投加量为30mg/L;在最佳混凝剂的最佳投加量下,原水p H值为6~8,搅拌时间为10min时处理效果最好。     

臭氧-生物活性炭处理西北村镇微污染窖水实验研究

针对我国西北村镇分散式水窖微污染窖水的水质特性,探讨臭氧-生物活性炭工艺(03-BAC)处理微污染窖水的可行性.结果表明,活性炭挂膜过程可分为三个阶段:微生物适应期、生物膜生长期、生物膜成熟期.煤质活性炭在生物膜成熟期对窖水中CODMn、氨氮的去除率分别为81.02％、77.21％,适合作为生物活性炭工艺(BAC)的填料.预臭氧最佳投加量为3mg/L,03-BAC出水各项指标均符合生活饮用水卫生标准.03-BAC工艺适合处理西北村镇分散式水窖微污染窖水.     

MAP法处理农药行业氨氮废水的研究

向氨氮废水中投加磷源和镁源可以形成磷酸铵镁（MAP）沉淀。本试验采用轻烧镁粉作为MAP法的镁源。试验对配比、pH、反应时间对氨氮去除率的影响进行了研究。确定了最佳反应条件。实验结果表明：当摩尔比N：Mg：P=1：8：1（将轻烧镁粉看作纯氧化镁计算）、pH=7、反应时间为50min时,氨氮去除率达到92%,剩余磷含量为2mg/L。     

利用膜生物反应器处理农药废水的研究

采用一体式膜生物反应器工艺,以农药生产废水为处理对象,研究了pH值、营养和进水化学需氧量(CODCr)对膜生物反应器处理效果的影响。结果表明,膜生物反应器对农药废水中的CODCr、农药、浊度和臭等有很好的去除效果,其对污染物的去除率受pH及进水CODCr影响较大,最佳pH为8.0,最佳进水CODCr为1 500 mg/L。营养盐的添加对污染物去除率影响不大,在低浓度时有一定的促进作用。在最佳操作条件下,膜生物反应器对农药生产废水中的CODCr、农药总含量、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺、丁草胺、丙草胺和浊度的去除率分别为81.9%、94.9%、94.0%、88.6%、99.7%、97.5%和100%。     

农药中间体——三氯吡啶醇钠废水预处理技术研究

采用芬顿氧化、臭氧氧化相结合的方法对三氯吡啶醇钠废水进行了处理研究,探讨了影响处理结果的各种要素.试验结果表明芬顿反应的最佳条件是:废水初始pH=3～4,H2O2投加量为5mL/L,FeSO4 10％的量为5g/L,反应时间为2h;芬顿氧化后出水直接进行臭氧氧化,臭氧氧化停留时间为80min.经过预处理后,废水的化学需氧量去除率达到89.2％.处理后废水的5d生化需氧量/化学需氧量(B/C)由0.06提高到0.38.     

高效除氟药剂对神东矿区含氟矿井水的处理研究

目前国内外关于含氟水的去除方法如沉淀法、吸附法等存在效率低、成本高等问题.文中制备了一种高效除氟药剂CFYJ-L-1,并探讨了各主要影响因素对废水除氟效果的影响.实验结果表明:在最佳实验条件为80r/min反应10min,出水pH =6.0,投加0.3mL质量分数为0.4％的1600万的阴离子聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),80...     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂的研制及对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的防治效果

 采用单因素试验和响应面分析等方法优化解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57的发酵工艺。得到解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57发酵的最优条件为山梨醇10 g·L^-1、棉籽饼粉17 g·L^-1、NaH₂PO₄ 0.5 g·L^-1、Na₂HPO₄ 0.4 g·L^-1,初始pH 7.0、装液量80 mL/250mL三角瓶、接种量2.1%、培养温度30℃、转速180 r·min^-1、发酵时间32 h,此时含菌量达到3.8×10⁸ CFU·mL^-1,较优化前提高了80%。明确了解淀粉芽胞杆菌微粉剂的最佳配方为解淀粉芽胞杆菌母粉50%,白炭黑10%,分散剂木质素磺酸钠1%,表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠4%,保护剂羧甲基纤维素钠1%,硅藻土补足至100%。该制剂含菌量为3.26×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1,平均粒径8.31 μm,分散指数98.16%,浮游性指数85.37,含水率1.42%,坡度角68°,各项检测结果均符合标准。解淀粉芽胞杆菌ZF57微粉剂对黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的田间防治效果高达97.12%。     

液相微萃取-高效液相色谱测定水中甲霜灵残留的研究

文章建立了水中痕量甲霜灵残留的液相微萃取-高效液相色谱(LPME-HPLC)检测方法.详细研究了萃取溶剂、体积、萃取时间、搅拌速度、温度、盐度等因素对液相微萃取的影响,确定了最佳萃取条件:甲苯作萃取剂,萃取剂体积2μL,搅拌速度300r/min,30℃条件下萃取30min,盐度8%.此条件下甲霜灵的最低检出浓度为0.86μg/L.相对标准偏差(RSD)3.8%～5.4%.对甲霜灵标准水溶液测得加标回收率为95.0%～99.2%,实际水样加标回收率93.8%～99.6%.富集倍数60.3倍.     

分批发酵和补料分批发酵生产木霉素的研究

为了提高木霉素的发酵产量,以哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum Rifai菌株LC2为生产菌,在10L发酵罐中对分批发酵和补料分批发酵工艺进行了研究。结果表明,在分批发酵工艺中,在8%接种量、4L/min通气量和200r/min搅拌转速条件下,发酵72h时木霉素产量达到最大值149.6mg/L。在间歇补料分批发酵工艺中,分6次补料,使培养基中各成分的终浓度与分批发酵相同,木霉素的发酵产量提高到182mg/L,比分批发酵提高21.7%。     

包气带土壤氨氮污染的原位修复试验研究

以“典型污染区污染防控与修复技术研究及示范”课题为依托,在北京北天堂非正规垃圾填埋场进行包气带氨氮土壤污染原位修复试验研究,通过间歇布水、曝气的方式为包气带土著微生物提供适宜环境,强化氨氮的转化与去除.试验结果表明:由于土壤含水率相对较低和开放系统的非稳定性等因素造成前期氨氮的转化速度和效率相对较低;经改善试验条件和添加氨氧化工程细菌(AOB),氨氮的转化去除率由17.3％快速提高至63.0％左右;试验后期,上层点位(-4.2m)氨氮浓度由600mg/L逐步降低至300mg/L左右,土壤中氨氮浓度增加的趋势得以控制.试验分析方法和研究成果为类似试验研究积累了成功经验,可供包气带原位修复工程应用及推广提供借鉴与参考.     

Pest and disease control with low doses of pesticides in low and ultralow volumes applied to intensive apple trees

In 3 year field experiments on the development of more economical methods for pest and disease control on intensively planted dessert apple trees, low dose applications of one-tenth of the normal quantities of pesticide in one-hundredth, one-tenth and one-fifth of the normal volumes were compared with conventional high volume spraying at 2250 litres/ha. An experimental tractor-mounted mist blower, a motorised knapsack mist blower and a fan-assisted disc sprayer were each used to apply the pesticides in 225, 45 and 22.5 litres of water/ha. Control of the apple-grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum, obtained by low dose spraying of demeton-S-methyl (8 g a.i./ha) combined with azinphos-methyl (37 g a.i./ha) in 225 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1971 and of fenitrothion (70 g a.i./ha) in 225, 45 and 22.5 litres/ha in 1972 and 1973 was almost equal to that obtained by the conventional high volume method. Low dose applications of benomyl fungicide programmes gave poor control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis in 1971 when the disease incidence on the fruit was very high at 73%, but in 1972 and 1973, when it was moderately high at 42–45%, control was almost equal to that given by the conventional high volume method. Under these conditions all the low dose methods gave better control with benomyl than with dodine/captan programmes.     

低磷胁迫对红豆草根系构型的影响

为研究低磷胁迫对红豆草根系构型的影响，本试验采用营养液沙培法，对生长80 d的5份红豆草材料进行常规磷(1.00 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄,NP)和低磷胁迫处理(0.01 mmol·L^-1 KH₂PO₄,LP),分别在处理后0、12 d和24 d采样分析根系平面几何构型和立体几何构型的差异。结果表明，低磷胁迫下，供试红豆草根长增大，磷敏感红豆草6在胁迫12 d和24 d时增幅最大，分别较胁迫0 d增加了25.60%、35.06%,而其根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数的增长明显受到抑制，且随胁迫天数增加，抑制效果显著。随胁迫天数的增加，供试材料的最长根系通道内部连接总数增加，根系外部连接总数减少，胁迫24 d时，耐低磷红豆草5的外部连接总数降幅最大，较胁迫0 d下降了26.49%;供试材料的拓扑指数均较小，接近0.5,根系构型接近叉状分支，随胁迫时间的延长，拓扑指数增大，根系构型有向鱼尾形过渡的趋势，胁迫24 d时，与NP相比，耐低磷红豆草5和10...     

Effects of low temperatures on larvae of the genus Trichinella

We examined the effect of an exposure to -25 degrees C (for 8 days) on the histochemistry and the fine structure of 30-day-old Trichinella larvae from muscle fibres of the diaphragm. The larvae of T. pseudospiralis and T. nelsoni were either destroyed in the muscle fibres, dead, eosinophile, or were not found. The structureless mass of a degenerating, changed sarcoplasm was highly AIP-active, and gave a weak positive reaction for SS-groups of proteins. The wall of the deformed capsule around T. nelsoni, and the cuticle of the larva, stained diffusely; it did not contain AM. In a few muscle fibres exposed to -25 degrees C, histochemical reactions of the capsule surrounding larvae of T. nativa and sometimes of larvae of T. spiralis, and reaction of the changed sarcoplasm, were similar to those of the controls. A few mobile larvae were isolated by digestion only from a diaphragm infected with T. nativa. Deterrent to a prolonged survival of larvae were the formation of ice crystals and a denaturation of proteins by which the sarcoplasm of the infected muscle fibre was changed gradually into both a plasmolytically and karyolytically altered mass. Degenerative changes in the fine structure of infected muscle fibres were demonstrated by the presence of "spheromembranous bodies" in the sarcoplasm resembling myeline formations observed after exposure to poisonous substances, e.g., colchicine.     

蔬菜低温障害的识别与防治

蔬菜的低温障害,是指由低温引起的一类常见生理病害.低温障害可分为2种:1种是当温度低到0℃以下,蔬菜的细胞间水分结冰,致使细胞破裂、死亡引起的伤害,常称为冻害;另1种是温度尚未达到冰点,而使蔬菜生理机能受阻而引起的异常表现,常称为冷害.     

荔枝蒂蛀虫低温杀虫处理试验

荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensisBradley,是荔枝果实害虫之一,此虫偶尔见对龙眼果实有为害.鉴于此虫是以幼虫阶段为害果实,为解决对外贸易的荔枝和龙眼果实不带活虫,经过试验研究,证实在1.39℃±0.39℃温度下处理8天、10天和13天,可完全杀死感染在果实中的荔枝蒂蛀虫幼虫.     

低温贮藏对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率及繁殖力的影响

在(13±1)℃的条件下,分别对椰心叶甲初蛹、被寄生的椰心叶甲僵蛹、椰心叶甲啮小蜂雌蜂进行低温贮藏,研究其对椰心叶甲啮小蜂寄生率及繁殖力的影响寻求其适宜的贮藏期。试验结果分析表明:椰心叶甲初蛹的贮藏期11 d为宜;被寄生的椰心叶甲僵蛹的贮藏期14 d为宜;空贮(不补充营养)椰心叶甲啮小蜂成蜂时,贮藏期2 d为宜,补充10%的蜂蜜水条件下,适宜贮藏期可延长到5 d。     

The effects of low oxygen tensions on three stored-product insect pests

The relationship between different oxygen tensions and exposure times producing 95% mortality, and loss in weight of three stored-product insects at 54% R.H. and 26°C, was determined.Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) pupae andTribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults reacted in a similar pattern: the lower the oxygen concentration, the shorter the exposure time needed to produce 95% mortality, and the higher the rate of loss in weight. The response ofSitophilus oryzae (L.) adults was different: there was greater sensitivity at 1% oxygen than at the lower or higher levels of oxygen tested. A relationship was demonstrated between low oxygen tensions (0–5%) and the relative humidity of the environment for producing a lethal atmosphere forE. cautella pupae andT. castaneum adults.