入侵植物刺苍耳对小麦和苜蓿种子的化感作用

采用生物实验法,研究刺苍耳（[WTBX]Xanthium spinosum[WTBZ]）不同构件的水浸提液对小麦和苜蓿种子的化感效应。结果表明:刺苍耳植株不同构件的提取液对小麦和苜蓿种子的萌发均具有较强的抑制作用,而根、茎和叶水浸液产生显著抑制作用的起始浓度分别为0.012 50 g·mL-1,且化感作用随浸提液浓度的增加而增强。刺苍耳根、茎、叶水浸液对小麦和苜蓿种子萌发的抑制, 不仅表现为降低种子的最终发芽率,还表现为延长种子的萌发周期。不同构件水浸液的化感效应强度整体表现为：叶＞根＞茎,并且化感效应强度随水浸液浓度的增加而增强。     

野老鹳草水提取物对大豆、玉米、花生的化感作用

采用室内生物测定法研究野老鹳草(Geranium carolinianumL.)不同浓度(0、0.100 00、0.050 00、0.025 00、0.012 50、0.006 25 g/mL)茎水浸液对3种植物的化感作用。结果表明,野老鹳草水浸提液对3种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均存在化感作用,且化感作用大小与水浸液浓度呈正相关;所有浓度的野老鹳草茎水浸提液对大豆、玉米的化感综合效应均为负值;0.10、0.05 g/mL野老鹳草茎水浸提液对花生的化感综合效应为负值,即表现为抑制作用;0.025 00、0.012 50、0.006 25 g/mL野老鹳草茎水浸提液对花生的化感综合效应为正值,即表现为促进作用;3种受体植物对野老鹳草的化感作用敏感程度不同,玉米对野老鹳草茎水浸液较敏感,而花生、大豆对野老鹳草茎水浸液较不敏感。     

银胶菊对苘麻化感作用初步研究

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊水浸提液对苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,根、茎、叶、花水浸提液的化感作用强度存在差异,花、叶水浸提液对苘麻的化感抑制强度高于根、茎,且抑制强度随处理浓度的升高而增强;在20％浓度下,花、叶水浸提液完全抑制苘麻幼苗生长,对苘麻种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9％、78.4％.     

银胶菊的花与叶对苘麻化感作用联合测定

运用室内培养皿生物测定法对银胶菊(Parthenium hysterophorus L.)花、叶水浸提液乙酸乙酯相化感作用联合测定发现,混配物抑制苘麻胚轴的生长,但混配物并未表现出化感抑制作用的增效效应,这表明二者之间的化感物质是相互独立起作用的.     

外来入侵性杂草--胜红蓟

胜红蓟属于菊科藿香蓟属，在我国主要分布于华南和西南地区，入侵农田后造成农作物减产，属于区域性恶性杂草。胜红蓟也是一种具有强烈化感作用的植物，可对生态、环境和人体健康带来危害，是一种有毒生物污染物。本文对胜红蓟的生物学特征及分布、异株克生作用、主要危害、防除措施及利用价值等进行了介绍。     

三叶鬼针草化感作用的初步研究

运用生物测定法,对三叶鬼针草的化感作用进行研究。比较了用不同部位及其不同浓度水浸提液对不同作物化感作用的差异,并初步探讨了三叶鬼针草对小麦和莴苣幼苗生长的化感机制。结果表明,三叶鬼针草不同部位水浸提液对2种受体植物影响均表现出抑制效应,其强弱为叶>茎>根。其水浸提液对2种受体植物的种子萌发、幼苗生长和光合色素均有显著的抑制作用。Peason相关性分析表明,叶绿素A和叶绿素b含量与水浸提液浓度存在显著的负相关性,类胡萝卜素无明显变化。丙二醛随浓度增加而有上升趋势,但差异不显著,说明三叶鬼针草对受体植物膜的透性影响不大。     

大叶芥菜对牛膝菊的化感作用潜力

以牛膝菊为受体,研究大叶芥菜水浸提液对牛膝菊的化感作用。结果显示,浓度分别为0.250 00、0.125 00、0.062 50、0.031 25 g/m L的大叶芥菜水浸提液对牛膝菊种子的萌发抑制效应以0.250 00 g/m L最高,平均抑制率为56.03%;低浓度(0.031 25 g/m L)处理对牛膝菊种子萌发基本上没有抑制作用。此外研究发现,大叶芥菜水浸提液对牛膝菊胚根、胚芽的萌发和鲜质量积累都有明显的抑制作用,对鲜质量平均抑制率分别为75.75%、35.82%、17.48%、18.81%;对牛膝菊种子萌发、胚根、胚芽、鲜质量的化感综合效应分别为60.36%、30.45%、14.23%、16.50%。结果表明,大叶芥菜对牛膝菊有很强的化感潜力,能为牛膝菊的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

外来入侵植物黄顶菊与白三叶草异株克生研究

以白三叶草和外来植物黄顶菊成熟植株为材料,用蒸馏水做活性物质浸提,得到0.1g/ml、0.075g/ml、0.05g/ml共3个不同浓度的植株地上部分水浸提液,以蒸馏水作对照,用培养皿法对二者的异株克生,即化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明:①不同浓度黄顶菊水浸提液对白三叶草种子发芽率、根长、根茎比有显著抑制作用,其抑制强度随浓度加大而上升;②不同浓度的白三叶草水浸提液对黄顶菊种子发芽率无显著影响,但抑制了黄顶菊幼苗的根长、根茎比;③化感综合效应指数(SE)表明,0.1g/ml黄顶菊水浸提液化感抑制最大,0.05g/ml、0.075g/ml白三叶草浸提液化感抑制最弱。     

木薯对伴生杂草化感作用的初步研究

以白菜和木薯园伴生杂草(假臭草、三叶鬼针草)为受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究了新鲜木薯叶片4种浸提液的化感作用.结果表明,4种浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、根长和茎长的生长发育均有不同程度的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;其中乙酸乙酯和水浸提液的抑制作用较强,甲醇和氯仿浸提液的抑制作用相对较弱.研究表明,木薯叶浸提液中含有抑制伴生杂草(假臭草和三叶鬼针草)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感物质,为进一步开展具有化感潜力木薯品种的研究提供了理论基础.     

大叶芥菜对眼子菜化感作用潜力的初步评价

以眼子菜为受体,研究大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜的化感作用。结果显示,浓度分别为0.500 0、0.250 0、0.125 0、0.085 0、0.062 5、0.050 0、0.033 5、0.008 5 g/m L的大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜种子的萌发抑制效应以0.500 0 g/m L最高,平均抑制率为100.00%;低浓度(0.008 5 g/m L)处理对眼子菜种子萌发的抑制率为13.89%。此外研究发现,大叶芥菜水浸提液对眼子菜叶片数量及鲜质量积累有明显的抑制作用,对鲜质量积累的平均抑制率分别为100.00%、74.68%、65.19%、55.70%、47.79%、46.20%、35.13%和8.23%;对眼子菜种子萌发和鲜质量的化感综合效应(SE)分别为100.00%、74.84%、57.59%、47.29%、43.34%、36.99%、34.23%和11.06%。结果表明,大叶芥菜对眼子菜有很强的化感潜力,能为眼子菜的绿色防控提供理论依据。     

Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of black mustard on germination and growth of alfalfa

The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of various black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) plant parts on alfalfa germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) leaf, stem, flower and root plant parts were made to determine their effects on germination and dry weights of hypocotyl, and radicle length of 5-day-old alfalfa seedlings over a range of extract concentrations. All aqueous extracts significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth when compared with the distilled water control. Increasing the aqueous extract concentrations of separated Brassica nigra plant parts significantly inhibited alfalfa germination, seedling length and weight. Based on significant radicle length reactions to aqueous extracts, the toxicity may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: flower, leaf, mixture of all plant parts, root, and stem. Increasing the concentration of aqueous flower extracts significantly inhibited the water uptake by germinated alfalfa seeds. The greatest inhibition in water uptake occurred at a 12 g kg⁻¹ extract concentration for seeds soaked for 8 h.     

地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻的化感机理研究

为了探明地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻的化感机理,以盆栽试验结合实验室分析,研究了不同浓度的地肤地上部水浸提液对胡麻抗氧化性酶——超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及脂质过氧化产物——丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,在不同浓度地肤地上部水浸提液胁迫下,胡麻的SOD、POD活性均随着胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势,MDA含量呈平稳上升趋势;在同一处理时间段,随着处理浓度的升高,SOD、POD活性促进(抑制)率变大,MDA含量增大。表明地肤地上部水浸提液化感物质对胡麻保护性酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用有重要影响。     

蒙山莴苣化感作用对4种草坪草种子萌发的影响

为了合理地控制草坪生长与管理草坪,初步研究蒙山莴苣[Mulgedium tataricum（L.）DC.]根、叶、茎的浸提液及5个不同浓度茎浸提液对校园内采的高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）、高羊茅千年盛世（Millennium）、一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorumL.）蓝天堂（Blue Heaven）、多年生黑麦草（L.perenneL.）球道（Fairway）4种草坪草的化感作用,通过对受体种子发芽率、幼苗长度、根长以及幼苗中过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等指标的测定发现：蒙山莴苣浸提液对草坪草的种子萌发以及幼苗的生长均表现出抑制作用,其强度为茎〉叶〉根。总体上随着茎浸提液浓度的增大,草坪草受抑制作用有所增强。蒙山莴苣浸提液对幼苗中CAT活性影响各异,且抑制幼苗中可溶性蛋白合成,其中茎浸提液抑制作用最大。     

小麦幼苗及其次生代谢产物丁布对杂草的异株克生活性

研究了小麦活体、小麦水提液及小麦次生代谢产物丁布对几种杂草的异株克生活性。小麦与马唐、反枝苋、野燕麦、早熟禾、稗草等杂草混播的盆栽试验呈现出小麦播种密度越大,杂草种子萌发率越低的趋势。小麦水提液对马唐、反枝苋、早熟禾、稗草、野燕麦根和茎的生长均有明显的异株克生作用,IC₅₀(根)<1.5 mg/mL,IC₅₀(茎)<3.0 mg/mL,而对黑麦草、圆叶牵牛无明显的抑制活性。除马唐外,小麦水提液对供试杂草种子萌发抑制效果不明显。小麦次生代谢产物丁布对3种不同杂草的根、茎总体抑制效果为反枝苋>马唐>野燕麦,IC₅₀(根、茎)<1.5mg/mL,IC₅₀(种子萌发)<3.5 mg/mL。比较IC₅₀可知,生物活性:丁布>小麦水提液。丁布是小麦中具有异株克生活性的次生代谢物。     

石刁柏4种浸提液对几种受体植物的化感作用

用白菜、假臭草和红毛草为受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究了石刁柏新鲜茎叶4种浸提液的化感作用,结果表明：红毛草受石刁柏茎叶浸提液的抑制作用最强;4种溶剂的浸提液对假臭草萌发率的作用效果表现出“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”的双重效应,而对其幼苗根茎生长具有明显的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;4种溶剂的浸提液对白菜萌发率和根长的作用在总体上也表现出显著的抑制作用,但对其茎长却有明显的促进作用。说明4种浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、幼苗的根长和茎长均有不同程度的化感作用,这为利用石刁柏的化感作用控制杂草提供了理论基础。     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊对绿豆的化感作用

研究了三裂叶蟛蜞菊各器官水提液对绿豆种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,各器官水提液浸种能显著降低绿豆种子发芽率,且发芽率随水提液浓度增大而降低;各器官水提液能显著抑制绿豆幼苗的生长,5d后绿豆平均根长随水提液浓度增大而变短;对绿豆种子萌发的化感作用从强到弱依次为茎〉叶〉全株〉根。     

Allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and different moisture conditions

The allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower [ Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray] in soil under natural field conditions and the effect of water stress on the growth and allelopathic activity of this plant were investigated. Seed germination, shoot growth and root growth of tested plant species in soil collected from a field where Mexican sunflower had been grown for 5 years were less than those in soil from an area without the plant. Growth of young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, stem and roots of Mexican sunflower was reduced with decrease in soil moisture level. The allelopathic activity of water extracts (per dry weight of starting material) from each part of the plants grown at low soil moisture levels was greater than that of the water extracts from the same part of the plants grown at high soil moisture levels. The allelopathic activity was found in the soil from the pots previously planted with Mexican sunflower to a similar extent (per plant) at different soil moisture levels. These results suggested that, in the field, under water stress conditions, the growth of Mexican sunflower was reduced but the plants contained a greater amount of allelopathic substance(s) per dry weight than in the absence of water stress. It was considered that allelopathic activity of Mexican sunflower in soil was maintained to a similar extent under various soil moisture conditions in natural fields.     

Potential allelopathic effects of Suregada multiflorum and the influence of soil type on its residue's efficacy

This experiment was conducted to determine the potential allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts and dried leaf powder of Suregada multiflorum and to find the herbicidal effects of its granule on the weed species, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis), in various growth media (germination paper, sand, and soil). Observations in this study demonstrated that the potential and magnitude of their inhibitory effects varied among the plant parts. The leaves and branches possessed the strongest inhibition levels, followed by the bark. The aqueous extract from the leaves of S. multiflorum had a remarkably stronger inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of slender amaranth, compared with barnyardgrass; when applied at the concentration of 100 g L^–1, it completely inhibited the germination and initial seedling growth of slender amaranth. In addition, all the treatments of the dried leaf powder had stronger inhibition effects than the aqueous extract. Interestingly, the inhibitory effects of the dried leaf granule of S. multiflorum were stronger than the effects of the dried leaf powder at equal rates. The degree of inhibitory effect of the S. multiflorum granule, applied in various growing media, can be classified in order of decreasing inhibition as germination paper = sand > clay soil. The present study indicates that the S. multiflorum granule product that was developed in this research has the potential to provide a powerful organic herbicide for controlling slender amaranth.     

茼蒿水浸液和挥发物对三七根腐病菌的抑制活性及其抑菌物质分析

为明确茼蒿水浸液和挥发物对三七根腐病菌的抑制活性及主要的抑菌物质,采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium solani F-3和锈腐病菌Ilyonectria destructans RS006的抑制活性,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析水浸液和挥发物的成分,进一步验证化合物的抑菌活性。结果表明,茼蒿茎、叶水浸液对F-3的抑制效果强于RS006,叶水浸液比茎水浸液抑菌效果更好。叶水浸液浓度为15.0%时,对F-3的抑制率为55.1%。挥发物对RS006的抑制活性存在明显的浓度效应,茎叶用量为2.0 g/皿时,茎和叶挥发物对RS006的抑制率均高于85.0%。茼蒿茎挥发物对F-3的抑制率较低且不同浓度间差异不显著,叶挥发物在叶用量为1.0 g/皿时对F-3抑制效果最好,抑制率为35.3%。茼蒿茎水浸液的主要成分为糖类和有机酸类,叶水浸液的主要成分为有机酸类。茼蒿茎叶挥发物的主要成分为萜烯类。挥发物中芳樟醇对两种病原菌的抑制效果较好。利用茼蒿或其化感物质可为三七根腐病的绿色防控提供思路。