外来植物黄顶菊根、茎、叶的化感作用初探

对黄顶菊［Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze］营养器官进行了解剖学观察,发现其根、茎、叶均存在分泌结构或分泌物。以白菜（Brassica pekinensis Rupr.）作为受试植物,从白菜种子发芽率、幼苗的简化活力指数、幼苗下胚轴及胚根伸长、幼苗中叶绿素、丙二醛（MDA）及可溶性糖（WSS）含量等指标对黄顶菊根、茎和叶水浸提液的化感作用进行了探讨。研究发现,根、茎、叶的浸提液降低了白菜种子发芽率和幼苗胚根长度;幼苗中叶绿素a及总叶绿素随浸提液浓度的升高最终呈下降趋势;MDA和WSS含量随叶片和茎的浸提液浓度升高相应增加。白菜种子萌发及幼苗生长对黄顶菊不同器官浸提液反应有差异,其对叶片浸提液的浓度响应最明显。     

木薯对伴生杂草化感作用的初步研究

以白菜和木薯园伴生杂草(假臭草、三叶鬼针草)为受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究了新鲜木薯叶片4种浸提液的化感作用.结果表明,4种浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、根长和茎长的生长发育均有不同程度的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;其中乙酸乙酯和水浸提液的抑制作用较强,甲醇和氯仿浸提液的抑制作用相对较弱.研究表明,木薯叶浸提液中含有抑制伴生杂草(假臭草和三叶鬼针草)种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感物质,为进一步开展具有化感潜力木薯品种的研究提供了理论基础.     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊对绿豆的化感作用

研究了三裂叶蟛蜞菊各器官水提液对绿豆种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,各器官水提液浸种能显著降低绿豆种子发芽率,且发芽率随水提液浓度增大而降低;各器官水提液能显著抑制绿豆幼苗的生长,5d后绿豆平均根长随水提液浓度增大而变短;对绿豆种子萌发的化感作用从强到弱依次为茎〉叶〉全株〉根。     

黄花刺茄浸提液对番茄种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为明确入侵植物黄花刺茄对当地主栽经济作物番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,本文采用培养皿滤纸法,在智能光照培养箱的变温控制条件下,分别研究了黄花刺茄根、茎、叶浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数及幼苗根长和苗高的影响。结果表明:(1)黄花刺茄不同器官的浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高的影响不同,其茎、叶浸提液的化感作用较为显著(P<0.01)。(2)黄花刺茄同部位浸提液对番茄种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗根长和苗高不同指标的影响也不同。根浸提液对种子发芽率、幼苗根长影响不显著(P>0.05),但对种子发芽指数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。茎和叶浸提液各浓度对种子发芽指数的影响比种子发芽率、幼苗根长和苗高的影响显著(P<0.01)。     

假臭草化感作用研究

假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)水浸提液对小白菜和萝卜的发芽率、根生长、茎生长具有不同程度的化感作用,总体上呈现出低促高抑的现象,且随着溶液浓度增大抑制作用也增强。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.25g/m l、0.50g/ml时,小白菜不能发芽、幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液浓度为0.50g/ml时,萝卜幼苗不能存活。鲜样浸提液和干样浸提液的化感作用有显著差异。     

入侵植物刺苍耳对小麦和苜蓿种子的化感作用

采用生物实验法,研究刺苍耳（[WTBX]Xanthium spinosum[WTBZ]）不同构件的水浸提液对小麦和苜蓿种子的化感效应。结果表明:刺苍耳植株不同构件的提取液对小麦和苜蓿种子的萌发均具有较强的抑制作用,而根、茎和叶水浸液产生显著抑制作用的起始浓度分别为0.012 50 g·mL-1,且化感作用随浸提液浓度的增加而增强。刺苍耳根、茎、叶水浸液对小麦和苜蓿种子萌发的抑制, 不仅表现为降低种子的最终发芽率,还表现为延长种子的萌发周期。不同构件水浸液的化感效应强度整体表现为：叶＞根＞茎,并且化感效应强度随水浸液浓度的增加而增强。     

银胶菊对苘麻化感作用初步研究

通过室内培养皿法,研究了银胶菊水浸提液对苘麻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,根、茎、叶、花水浸提液的化感作用强度存在差异,花、叶水浸提液对苘麻的化感抑制强度高于根、茎,且抑制强度随处理浓度的升高而增强;在20％浓度下,花、叶水浸提液完全抑制苘麻幼苗生长,对苘麻种子萌发的抑制率分别为91.9％、78.4％.     

蒲公英水提液对几种植物的化感作用

采用培养皿滤纸法,以反枝苋（Amaranthus retroflexus L．）、番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Miller．）、生菜（Lactuca sativa L．var．ramosa Hort）、小白菜（Brassica rapa L．Chinensis Group）和小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）5种植物为受试植物,对蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）水提液的化感作用进行了测定。结果表明,蒲公英水提液对5种植物种子的萌发均有一定的抑制作用。当浓度为0．1g／ml时,对5种植物种子萌发的抑制率均为100％,随着浓度降低,对种子萌发的抑制率减小。当浓度为0．1、0．05、0．025g／ml时,对5种植物根的生长、茎的生长均有一定抑制作用。当浓度为0．0125g／ml时,对反枝苋、番茄和生菜的幼苗茎生长有抑制作用,而对小白菜和小麦幼苗茎生长有促进作用。     

草坪锈病的发生特点与防治

锈病可以侵染多种冷季型草坪,是一种严重的真菌病害.它主要危害草地早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、狗牙根、高羊茅、台湾草(细叶结缕草、天鹅绒草)、马蹄金等,其中尤以草地早熟禾、黑麦草受害严重.草坪草受锈病危害后,生长不良,叶片和茎变成不正常的颜色,生长矮小,光合作用下降,严重时导致草坪死亡.     

石刁柏4种浸提液对几种受体植物的化感作用

用白菜、假臭草和红毛草为受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究了石刁柏新鲜茎叶4种浸提液的化感作用,结果表明：红毛草受石刁柏茎叶浸提液的抑制作用最强;4种溶剂的浸提液对假臭草萌发率的作用效果表现出“低浓度促进,高浓度抑制”的双重效应,而对其幼苗根茎生长具有明显的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强;4种溶剂的浸提液对白菜萌发率和根长的作用在总体上也表现出显著的抑制作用,但对其茎长却有明显的促进作用。说明4种浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、幼苗的根长和茎长均有不同程度的化感作用,这为利用石刁柏的化感作用控制杂草提供了理论基础。     

Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of black mustard on germination and growth of alfalfa

The present study investigated the allelopathic effects of various black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) plant parts on alfalfa germination and seedling growth. Aqueous extracts of black mustard ( Brassica nigra L.) leaf, stem, flower and root plant parts were made to determine their effects on germination and dry weights of hypocotyl, and radicle length of 5-day-old alfalfa seedlings over a range of extract concentrations. All aqueous extracts significantly inhibited alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth when compared with the distilled water control. Increasing the aqueous extract concentrations of separated Brassica nigra plant parts significantly inhibited alfalfa germination, seedling length and weight. Based on significant radicle length reactions to aqueous extracts, the toxicity may be classified in the following order of decreasing inhibition: flower, leaf, mixture of all plant parts, root, and stem. Increasing the concentration of aqueous flower extracts significantly inhibited the water uptake by germinated alfalfa seeds. The greatest inhibition in water uptake occurred at a 12 g kg⁻¹ extract concentration for seeds soaked for 8 h.     

剑麻叶不同溶剂浸提液对假臭草萌发和生长的影响

以剑麻园常见伴生杂草假臭草为受体植物,白菜和萝卜为参照受体植物,采用生物测定的方法研究剑麻新鲜叶片石油醚、乙酸乙酯、三氯甲烷、蒸馏水4种溶剂浸提液对受体植物种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明,4种溶剂浸提液对受体植物种子萌发率、根长和茎长生长均有不同程度的影响。500mg／mL蒸馏水浸提液和三氯甲烷浸提液对假臭草种子的萌发和幼苗的根长总体上具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别达到29％和50％;500mg／mL蒸馏水浸提液对萝卜种子萌发和根长生长具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别达到45．00％和64．22％;500mg／mL乙酸乙酯浸提液对白菜种子萌发和根长生长的抑制作用较强,抑制率分别达到30．49％和56．59％。说明剑麻不同溶剂、不同浓度浸提液对不同的受体植物均存在不同程度的化感作用,这为进一步开展利用剑麻的化感物质抑制杂草的研究提供了理论基础。     

狗尾草水提取物对6种植物的化感作用

采用室内培养皿法测试了狗尾草地上部分水浸提液对小麦、高梁、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜等农作物和牛筋草（杂草）的化感作用。结果表明：狗尾草水浸提液对植物种子萌发和幼苗生长具有较高的化感抑制作用;当水浸提液的质量浓度为0．0250g／mL时,除绿豆外,小麦、黄瓜、萝卜和高粱等农作物的种子萌发均受到显著或极显著的抑制作用,其发芽率的彤值分别为-0．56、-0．17、-0．28、-0．27;在0．0500g／mL浸提液处理下,除黄瓜苗高、苗鲜重、根鲜重、绿豆根鲜重外,5种农作物根和苗的生长受到极显著的抑制,小麦、绿豆、黄瓜、萝卜、高粱根长的脚值分别为-0．75、-0．60、-0．61、～1．00、-0．61;当浸提液浓度为0．030g／mL时,牛筋草种子不能萌发,而小麦、绿豆的叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量则从生理生化水平反映出不同程度的化感效应。综合研究结果可知,狗尾草显示出极强的化感作用,为进一步分离、鉴定和开发环境友好型除草剂提供了理论依据和支持。     

Allelopathic potential of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Water extracts obtained from the roots, shoots, and fruits of mature wild onion ( Asphodelus tenuifolius ) plants and soil taken from an A. tenuifolius field were used to determine their allelopathic effects on the germination and seedling growth of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum ) in the laboratory. The roots, shoots, and fruits of A. tenuifolius were soaked individually in water in a ratio of 1:20 (w/v) for 24 h to prepare the extracts. Distilled water was used as the control. The germinated seeds were taken out from the Petri dishes and counted every day for 12 days. The seeds of chickpea were also sown in sand and in each of the controlled, normal soil and the soil taken from the A. tenuifolius -infested field in Petri dishes to record the length and weight of the roots and shoots 18 days after sowing. The mean germination time reached the maximum amount for the stem and fruit extracts. The fruit extract caused the most reduction in the germination index and the germination percentage of chickpea. The different wild onion organ extracts significantly reduced the root and shoot length and biomass of the chickpea seedlings compared with the distilled water. The fruit extract of wild onion proved to be the most detrimental to the root length, shoot length, and dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. The soil beneath the A. tenuifolius plants significantly reduced the emergence, root length, shoot length, shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight but increased the root dry weight of the chickpea seedlings. It is suggested that A. tenuifolius releases phytotoxic compound(s).     

外来入侵植物黄顶菊与白三叶草异株克生研究

以白三叶草和外来植物黄顶菊成熟植株为材料,用蒸馏水做活性物质浸提,得到0.1g/ml、0.075g/ml、0.05g/ml共3个不同浓度的植株地上部分水浸提液,以蒸馏水作对照,用培养皿法对二者的异株克生,即化感作用进行了初步研究。结果表明:①不同浓度黄顶菊水浸提液对白三叶草种子发芽率、根长、根茎比有显著抑制作用,其抑制强度随浓度加大而上升;②不同浓度的白三叶草水浸提液对黄顶菊种子发芽率无显著影响,但抑制了黄顶菊幼苗的根长、根茎比;③化感综合效应指数(SE)表明,0.1g/ml黄顶菊水浸提液化感抑制最大,0.05g/ml、0.075g/ml白三叶草浸提液化感抑制最弱。     

反枝苋种子休眠解除方法研究

研究了光照和黑暗两种条件下氢氧化钠（NaoH）、盐酸（HC l）、赤霉素（GA3）和乙烯利（ETH）处理对反枝苋种子萌发的影响。结果表明,氢氧化钠、盐酸、赤霉素和乙烯利浸泡处理均可以明显提高反枝苋种子的发芽率,且随着试剂浓度的提高,发芽率表现出单峰变化曲线,浓度过低或过高均不利于种子的萌发。其中,赤霉素对解除反枝苋种子休眠最有效,且以200 mg/L浸泡处理24 h效果最好,发芽率可达90.8%,比对照提高了52.5百分点。其次为4%NaOH和6%HC l处理1 h,与800 mg/L ETH处理24 h的效果相当,发芽率在70%~75%之间。黑暗条件不利于反枝苋种子的萌发,发芽率略低于光照条件。     

Allelopathic effect of leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and rhizosphere soil of Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler on the growth of plants

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of dwarf lily turf ( Ophiopogon japonicus Ker-Gawler) on lettuce, alfalfa, timothy and mustard plant growth. Dry leaf debris, aqueous extract of fresh leaves and O. japonicus grown soil were investigated. Emergence, dry weight, and root and shoot length of all bioassay species were inhibited when grown in soil incorporated with oven-dried leaves of O. japonicus. The inhibitory effects were often dependent on the concentration. However, the degree of inhibition varied among the test plant species. The aqueous leaf extract was highly phytotoxic and it significantly reduced germination, seedling growth, and the fresh weight of all the test species at all rates. The emergence and growth of all four tested plants were severely inhibited when planted in O. japonicus contaminated soil. These results indicate that O. japonicus incorporated leaf debris, leaf aqueous extract and its rhizosphere soil suppress seed germination, radicle growth, seedling emergence and seeding growth of certain weeds and suggest that these responses were attributed to an allelopathic effect.