全膜垄作栽培对旱作马铃薯产量及土壤水热和酶活性的影响

为了明确全膜垄作对黄土高原旱作马铃薯土壤保水改土效果及产量形成的影响,以"克新1号"为供试材料,研究全膜双垄垄上播(A1)、全膜单垄垄上播(A2)、全膜单垄垄上微沟播(A3)和露地平作(CK)对马铃薯生长、产量、土壤含水量、温度及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:全膜垄作可明显地提高马铃薯株高、茎粗、冠幅和叶片叶绿素SPAD值;显著地影响了全生育时期0~40cm土层土壤含水量、0~30cm土层土壤温度、0~60cm土层的土壤蔗糖酶活性和脲酶活性;显著地增加马铃薯产量,降低马铃薯青薯率和烂薯率;同时,全膜垄作处理中以全膜单垄垄上微沟播表现最好,可作为内蒙古黄土高原旱作区节水高产栽培模式。     

沟垄覆膜栽培对旱作马铃薯生长及产量的影响

以当地主栽品种“新大坪”为试验材料,研究了不同沟垄覆膜种植模式对旱作马铃薯生长和产量的影响.结果表明:沟垄覆膜种植能显著提高马铃薯根际的温度、株高、开展度、主根长以及相对生长率(RGR).与传统平畦不覆膜(T1)相比,平畦覆膜(T2)、全膜双垄沟播(T3)、全膜双垄垄播(T4)、半膜膜侧种植(T5)和半膜沟垄垄播(T6)种植分别增产36.29％、59.68％、60.49％、47.58％和45.97％,其中T3和T4的产量最高.沟垄覆膜种植有利于马铃薯产量性状的改善,提高了大薯率和中薯率总和,其中以全膜双垄垄播(T4)最为显著.在该区采用全膜双垄垄播(T4)最有利于马铃薯的生长及产量性状的提高.     

不同覆盖种植方式与平衡施肥对马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同覆盖种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,三种覆盖种植方式中,全膜覆盖垄播种植方式有利于马铃薯碳水化合物的合成,增加马铃薯干物质积累量,N、P、K平衡施肥干物质积累量增加效果显著;与裸地平作相比,全膜覆盖垄播和全膜覆盖平作马铃薯块茎产量分别增加43.4%~60.7%和18.8%~32.5%,水分利用效率分别提高59.4%~79.6%和38.3%~50.3%;N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为210、105、90 kg·hm-2时,全膜覆盖垄播处理马铃薯产量和水分利用效率最高。研究表明,马铃薯在全膜覆盖垄播栽培条件下,平衡施肥可显著提高马铃薯块茎产量和水分利用效率。     

不同覆盖种植模式对马铃薯土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

以陇薯6号为试验材料,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对甘肃定西马铃薯田土壤温度、水分和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析比较。结果表明,全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播和全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播处理在马铃薯整个生育期0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK增加2.2℃和2.5℃,秸秆带状覆盖处理平均土壤温度较CK降低了1.0℃。覆膜垄沟集雨和秸秆带状覆盖技术都能明显改善土壤水分状况,在马铃薯生长前期集雨保墒效果尤为明显,出苗期全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播、秸秆带状覆盖在0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较CK提高2.6%和2.2%和1.6%。各处理马铃薯土壤温度和含水量垂直变化随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播和秸秆带状覆盖增产效果明显,产量分别较CK增加33.6%、28.6%和23.2%。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播纯收益最高,秸秆带状覆盖次之,纯收益较CK分别增加7 201.56元·hm~(-2)和5996.04元·hm~(-2)。因此,黑膜全覆盖双垄垄作侧播技术在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是定西地区马铃薯种植的高效栽培模式。     

半干旱区不同覆膜时期、方式与膜色对土壤水分及马铃薯水分利用效率的影响

在宁夏中部干旱区,通过两年田间试验研究了不同覆膜时期、方式及膜色处理对马铃薯农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：与裸地栽培相比较,各处理均能提高土壤水分。早春双垄全膜0～100 cm土壤水分含量沟内白膜18.10%和黑膜19.73%,节水18.66 mm和38.46 mm,半膜覆盖白膜17.94%和黑膜16.70%,节水16.77 mm和1.89 mm;马铃薯苗期—现蕾期—开花期—块茎生长期生育阶段,2010—2011年各处理0～200 cm土壤贮水量较裸地高,早春白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水39.23～40.65、24.51～31.08 mm和21.75～30.88 mm,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水56.85～20.21、37.81～-4.72 mm和29.06～-3.26 mm,播期白膜双垄全覆膜处理节水84.04、88.46 mm和58.87 mm,播期黑膜双垄全覆膜处理节水94.90、60.59 mm和71.94 mm,早春白膜半膜平覆处理节水45.53～-12.25、22.95～6.28 mm和44.97～32.45 mm,早春黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-7.42～18.15、-15.83～16.53 mm和15.85～-17.12 mm,播期白膜半膜平覆处理节水24.03、-3.79 mm和20.32 mm,播期黑膜半膜平覆处理节水-5.2、-40.42 mm和-3.34 mm。各处理0～200 cm土壤水分垂直变化,0～40 cm土壤水分最活跃层次,无明显变化规律,40～80 cm土壤水分变化呈现出规律变化,土壤水分含量表现为高—低—高—低,水分蓄墒层,80～120 cm土层水分缺墒层,120～200 cm深墒 稳定层。地膜栽培能提高马铃薯产量,早春白膜双垄全覆膜模式马铃薯鲜薯产量35 007.85 kg·hm^-2,较裸地增产29.31%,降水生产效率116.35 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高36.15%,早春黑膜双垄全覆膜模式33 823.75 kg·hm^-2,增产24.9%,降水生产效率105.7 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1,提高25%。在干旱地区应推广提早覆膜、双垄全覆膜、膜色黑膜或白膜的抗旱节水栽培模式,该模式节水、增产、生态效益明显。     

黄土丘陵区（庄浪）旱作马铃薯全膜覆盖关键技术集成研究

以建立黄土丘陵区地膜覆盖栽培的最佳模式,高效利用降雨资源为目的,于2011-2013年在庄浪县旱地进行了不同降雨年份地膜覆盖盖度、垄型、覆膜时期、垄高4因素马铃薯产量、经济效益和水分利用效率试验。结果表明：覆盖度、垄型、覆膜时期是全膜覆盖的关键因素,起垄高度在干旱年对产量影响明显。对产量和水分利用效率的影响次序为覆盖度＞垄型＞覆膜时期＞起垄高度。覆盖度显著影响产量、效益和水分利用效率,全覆盖优于半覆盖,半覆盖优于露地栽培。全覆盖较露地增产鲜薯21．2％,大中薯重提高23．63％,水分利用效率增加26．19％,半覆盖较露地增产鲜薯16．1％,大中薯重增加10．91％,水分利用效率增加16．62％。垄型对马铃薯产量影响明显,“凹”型双垄优于“弓”型单垄,其垄内0～60 cm的土壤储水量比“弓”型垄提高3．46％,其中20～40 cm增加10．58 mm,提高4．48％,增产16．9％,大中薯增加26．47％,水分利用效率增加18．20％。“秋覆膜”、“顶凌覆膜”、“播前覆膜”3个覆盖时期,以秋覆膜最佳,比播前覆膜产量增加15．31％,水分利用率提高14．56％,顶凌覆膜次之,较播前覆膜增产9．54％,水分利用率提高8．98％。“低垄”、“中垄”、“高垄”3个起垄高度,在不同降雨年份表现不同,降雨偏多的年份高垄栽培利于增产,降雨较少的年份低垄栽培为佳,各年度平均显示,低垄型和中垄型分别比高垄型增产1．72％和1．79％,水分利用效率提高3．61％和2．76％。在黄土高原旱作区马铃薯地膜全覆盖栽培以中垄型双垄垄播秋覆全膜栽培为最佳模式,较露地栽培增产49．16％,纯收益增加78．06％,水分利用效率提高56．79％,较全膜垄作侧播增产23．07％,纯收益增加43．93％,水分利用效率提高24．25％,实现了降雨资源的高效利用。     

旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米高效用水机制研究

通过田间试验对半干旱区不同栽培方式下玉米土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的研究,探明了全膜双垄沟播玉米农田高效用水的机制。结果表明:全膜双垄沟播栽培不同位置大垄、垄沟、小垄土壤平均含水量在0~60 cm土层内差异显著(P0.05),且垄沟含水量最高,其次为大垄,小垄最低;播种期0~60 cm土层平均体积含水量全膜双垄沟播与露地平作差异显著(P0.05),升高14.19%,且拔节期以前全膜双垄沟播种植土壤贮水量最高,表明全膜双垄沟播栽培有利于玉米的出苗及前期的生长;全膜双垄沟播栽培较半膜平作增产26.76%,水分利用效率较半膜平作提高14.83%。     

沟垄覆膜对旱作马铃薯土壤养分运移及产量的影响

为了明确沟垄覆膜种植方式对旱作马铃薯田养分运移规律及产量的影响,试验设置平畦不覆膜（T1）、平畦覆膜（T2）、全膜双垄沟播（T3）、全膜双垄垄播（T4）、半膜膜侧种植（T5）及半膜沟垄垄播（T6）6个处理,研究了不同沟垄覆膜条件下0～40 cm土壤养分运转分配规律及马铃薯产量表现。结果表明,通过沟垄覆膜处理能促进土壤有机质分解,显著提高马铃薯根区土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。在全生育期,各处理0～20 cm土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量变化规律基本一致,均呈先上升后下降趋势,7月份含量最高,且各沟垄覆膜处理均高于T1;20～40 cm土壤速效氮磷钾含量变化规律为先下降后上升再下降,以8月份养分含量最高,各处理间差异显著;而各沟垄覆膜处理0～40 cm土壤有机质含量均低于T1。与T1相比,T2、T3、T4、T5和T6分别增产36.3%、59.7%、60.5%、47.6%和46.0%,其中T4产量最高。沟垄覆膜种植提高了大薯率和中薯率总和。各处理综合表现以T4最好。     

玉米双垄全膜模式土壤水分与降水的灰色关联分析及水分利用率研究

对玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术条件下的降水利用、土壤蓄水、保水和供水特征进行了研究,结果表明:在15 d测定时段,双垄全膜覆盖栽培模式的0～60 cm土层平均储水量分别比全膜平铺覆盖、半膜覆盖和露地多14.7 mm、17.9 mm,29.6 mm;4种模式土壤储水量与降水量的灰色关联序为露地(0.727)＞双垄全膜覆盖(0.645)＞全膜平铺覆盖(0.641)＞半膜覆盖(0.635),说明玉米双垄全膜覆盖集雨沟播栽培模式接纳降水的能力仅次于露地;在双垄面全膜覆盖栽培模式下,玉米的耗水系数分别比露地、半膜覆盖和全膜平铺覆盖减少35.9%、10.5%和17.1%,水分利用效率分别提高10.41、3.34和4.95 kg/(mm·hm2).由此得出,玉米双垄面全膜沟播栽培技术可使旱作雨养农业区有限的水资源得到高效利用.     

双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验。结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07%、67.24%、71.59%、82.47%;作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76%和58.07%,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52%、54.99%和102.96%,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21%、76.30%和74.89%。玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm.hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm.hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm.hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm.hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm.hm2)。黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高。     

垄沟覆膜集雨系统膜垄保墒增温对马铃薯产量的影响

大田试验,观测半干旱黄土高原地区垄沟覆膜集雨系统中覆膜垄的增温保墒作用对马铃薯产量的影响.试验设4个处理,P30:30 cm宽垄覆膜,60 cm宽沟;P45:45 cm宽垄覆膜,60 cm宽沟;P60:60 cm宽垄覆膜,60cm宽沟;P0:裸地平作.结果表明,覆于垄上的地膜有提高垄下土壤温度和保持垄下土壤湿度的作用,集于沟中的部分降雨会渗透到垄下,形成降雨在沟中和垄下的分布.由于部分根系在膜垄下生长,从而使马铃薯受到地膜覆盖的增温保墒作用,生长迅速.P20、P45、P60的产量、水分利用效率显著高于裸地平作,而耗水量显著低于裸地平作.     

黄土高原马铃薯晚疫病发生发展与气象条件关系的研究—以甘肃定西市为例

应用1991-2005年马铃薯晚疫病发生地点、面积、发展趋势等资料,结合气象要素观测资料,采用数理统计方法,分析马铃薯晚疫病发生发展及其与气象条件的关系。结果表明:研究区域马铃薯晚疫病历年发病面积比例呈显著上升趋势,发病面积比例以每年3.5437%的速度增加。马铃薯晚疫病发病面积比例与5~10月马铃薯生长季相对湿度、降水量、气温等呈正相关,而与日照时数、平均风速呈负相关。当可控条件一定时,气象条件是马铃薯晚疫病发生发展的主导因素。本文建立了马铃薯晚疫病发病面积比例气候预测模型,为马铃薯晚疫病的积极防治及科学决策提供了依据。     

Prediction studies supported by computer on potato late blight in central Anatolia in Turkey*

Prediction of potato late blight epidemics, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, was studied in three different villages of Bolu Province having large potato growing areas with the Winstel and Ullrich Schrodter models in the years 2002–05. During these years, a late blight outbreak was observed only in 2005 with the disease being less apparent in the other years. The Ullrich Schrodter model was found to poorly predict potato late blight epidemics in 2005. The Winstel model gave first warnings too early but correctly predicted late infections. Both the A1 and A2 mating types were found in Central Anatolia for the first time, in Bolu province.     

The effects of host diversity and other management components on epidemics of potato late blight in the humid highland tropics

ABSTRACT A field study at three highland sites near Quito, Ecuador, was conducted to determine whether host-diversity effects on potato late blight would be as important as recently found in studies conducted in temperate areas. We compared three potato mixtures and use of mixtures in combination with different planting densities and two fungicide regimes. Treatment comparisons were made by absolute and relative measures of host-diversity effects and incorporating a truncated area under the disease progress curve as a means of standardizing comparisons across sites. Potato-faba intercrops consisting of only 10% potato provided an estimate of the effects of dilution of susceptible host tissue. Host-diversity effects were very different across study sites, with a large host-diversity effect for reduced disease only at the site most distant from commercial potato production. Planting density had little influence on host-diversity effects or on late blight in single-genotype stands. Fungicide use in combination with potato mixtures enhanced a host-diversity effect for reduced late blight. Potato-faba intercrops produced only a small decrease in potato late blight. Effects of host diversity on yield were variable, with the greatest increase in yield for mixtures treated with fungicides at the site most distant from commercial potato production. The effects of host diversity on late blight severity may be less consistent in the tropical highlands than in the temperate zone, but can contribute to integrated disease management.     

Differential interaction of Phytophthora infestans on tubers of potato cultivars with different levels of blight resistance

Differential interactions in tuber blight attack between potato cultivars and Phytophthora infestans isolates were studied using whole tuber and tuber slice assays. Tuber blight incidence and severity were studied in a whole tuber assay, whilst necrosis and mycelium coverage were evaluated in a tuber slice assay. The overall defence reaction of the potato cultivars tested varied considerably. Cultivars like Kartel and Producent showed resistant reactions, whilst Bintje and, to a lesser extent, Astarte reacted more susceptibly after inoculation with aggressive strains of P. infestans . A highly significant cultivar by year interaction was observed when tuber blight incidence was evaluated in two successive years. Differential responses were revealed by changing ranked order of cultivars after exposure to aggressive isolates of P. infestans . The results show that cultivar by isolate interactions existed for all components of tuber blight resistance studied. The quantitative nature of the observed resistance responses suggests the presence of quantitative trait loci governing resistance to tuber blight. The consequences of differential interactions in relation to the stability of tuber resistance are discussed.     

中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统“China-blight”的组建及运行

马铃薯晚疫病是严重威胁世界马铃薯生产和粮食安全的重要病害之一,同时也是植物病害中流行速度最快的病害之一。由于品种多不抗病,目前国内外主要依靠化学防治控制该病害。为了提高用药的时效性,将信息技术与植物病害流行学原理相结合,设计并组建了中国马铃薯晚疫病监测预警系统"China-blight"(www.china-blight.net)。该系统由"中国晚疫病实时分布"、"未来48小时不同区域晚疫病菌侵染危险性预测"和"晚疫病化学防治决策支持系统"等子系统构成,此外还包括"晚疫病防治方法"、"品种抗病性"、"化学药剂库"、"其他病虫害"、"问题与经验交流"和"用户田间管理电子档案"等知识信息与服务功能。通过对2009年我国北方马铃薯一作区6-7月份病害侵染时段出现次数与晚疫病实际发生情况进行比较,预测信息与病害实际发生程度相符,该系统可以用于对马铃薯晚疫病田间防治的指导。     

Estimating the global severity of potato late blight with GIS-linked disease forecast models

Global severity of potato late blight was estimated by linking two disease forecast models, Blitecast and Simcast, to a climate data base in a geographic information system (GIS). The disease forecast models indirectly estimate late blight severity by determining how many sprays are needed during a growing season as a function of the weather. Global zonation of estimated late blight severity was similar for both forecast models, but Blitecast generally predicted a lower number of sprays. With both forecast models, there were strong differences between potato production zones. Zones of high late blight severity include the tropical highlands, western Europe, the east coast of Canada and northern USA, south-eastern Brazil and central-southern China. Major production zones with a low late blight severity include the western plains in India, where irrigated potato is produced in the cool dry season, north-central China, and the north-western USA. Using a global GIS data base of potato production, the average number of sprays was calculated by country. These averages were compared with estimates of current fungicide use. The results using Blitecast and Simcast were correlated but only Blitecast estimates correlated with observed data for developed countries. The estimated number of sprays, whether from Blitecast or Simcast, did not correlate with the observed number of sprays in developing countries, and in a number of developing countries the predicted optimal number of sprays was much higher than the actual number observed. In these countries, increased access to host resistance and fungicides could have a strong economic impact.     

玉米全膜双垄沟气动直插式穴播机设计与仿真

玉米全膜双垄沟播农艺技术抗旱、增产,实现其机械化膜上播种将是必然趋势。依据玉米全膜双垄沟农艺技术要求,设计了气动直插式穴播机,对作业机关键作业参数进行了设计计算,并结合STEP控制函数对其播种运动轨迹进行仿真分析。为揭示气动播种单体成穴器与种床土壤互作机理,借助ABAQUS有限元法构建了成穴器与种床土壤互作三维模型,分别获得了对应的Mises应力云图、空间位移云图和塑性应变云图。仿真结果分析表明:在相同的气动直插播种作用力下,锥形成穴器与种床土壤互作应力最大值约为1.541 MPa,是楔形成穴器与种床土壤最大值的1.39倍;在相同的载荷与分析步时间内,锥形成穴器对种床土壤作业下的最大塑性变形量约为19.35mm,楔形成穴器对种床土壤的最大塑性变形量约为12.35 mm。因此,锥形成穴器较楔形成穴器形成播种穴孔的能力及动土量效果更好。研究结果将为西北旱区玉米全膜双垄沟机械化播种装置的研发提供参考。     

近年来中国马铃薯晚疫病的时空演变特征及防控情况分析

为系统全面地了解马铃薯晚疫病在我国的发生演变特征及防控情况,基于2008—2017年国家统计局官方数据、《中国农业统计资料》《全国植保专业统计资料》及全国马铃薯品种分布等数据,对全国及各马铃薯产区晚疫病的发生及防治情况进行综合量化分析。结果表明：马铃薯晚疫病在我国连年发生,年平均发生面积约197.47万hm²,占马铃薯总种植面积的40.66%;晚疫病造成马铃薯年平均产量损失占所有病害所致产量损失的63.54%,远高于其他病害,损失巨大;在我国马铃薯4大产区中,马铃薯晚疫病在北方一作区的年平均发生面积最大,约73.44万hm²,而在西南混作区造成的年平均产量损失最高,约14.29万t;晚疫病发生与马铃薯种植区域的重心在空间上呈现相似的迁移趋势;以费乌瑞它为代表的高感晚疫病品种在全国大面积种植,但近年来部分抗病品种的种植面积正在逐年增加;近年来我国对马铃薯晚疫病的防治面积大幅度提升,但仍太过依赖化学防治,应加大绿色防控技术的推广和应用力度。     

Exploiting host resistance to reduce the use of fungicides to control potato late blight

Field trials in 1996, 1997 and 1998 with six potato cultivars differing in levels of foliar and tuber race-nonspecific resistance to late blight were treated with 100, 50 and 33% of the recommended dose of the fungicide fluazinam at application intervals of 7, 14 and 21 days. Using a mixed inoculum of six or seven indigenous isolates of Phytophthora infestans small potato plots were inoculated via infector plants. A foliar blight model for the relationship between the effects of resistance, fungicide application and disease pressure was developed using multiple regression analysis. Cultivars with a high level of quantitative resistance offered the greatest potential for fungicide reduction. The model showed that the effect of resistance on integrated control increased exponentially with increasing cultivar resistance. Reducing fungicide input by lowering the dose resulted in less foliar disease than extending application intervals. The higher the disease pressure, the greater the risk associated with reducing fungicide input by extension of application intervals. The field resistance of cultivars to tuber blight mainly determined the frequency of tuber infection. Exploiting high foliar resistance to reduce fungicide input carried a high risk when cultivar resistance to tuber blight was low. When field resistance to tuber blight was high, a medium level of resistance in the foliage could be exploited to reduce fungicide dose to c . 50%, provided application was at the right time. At a high level of field resistance to both foliar and tuber blight, application intervals could be extended.