北方农牧交错带沙地生物结皮研究

为了解我国北方农牧交错带生物结皮的生态意义,本文以宁夏盐池为例,采用样线调查法进行结皮及植被调查,并在有结皮和无结皮覆盖两种情况下进行入渗试验。研究表明:北方半干旱区生物结皮对植物生长存在先促进、后抑制的过程。在风蚀环境条件和不稳定的土壤条件下,生物结皮的出现可创造适合植物生长的微环境,为植物的生长提供了条件。方差分析显示有结皮时的植被盖度明显高于无结皮覆盖的植被盖度。当环境条件改善时,结皮开始抑制植物的生长,两者存在一种显著的线性负相关关系。研究区从封育边缘到核心,结皮盖度为核心>边缘,植被盖度正好相反,两者的相关系数高达-0.920;生物结皮对入渗具有明显的阻碍作用,结皮盖度与入渗深度之间呈线性负相关,相关系数为-0.765,说明结皮的存在使土壤水分呈现浅层化趋势。     

草原植被-土壤的关系及对干扰响应差异研究

草原土壤跟植被有密切的关系,它们之间的关系对草地的退化和恢复机制研究十分重要。通过对内蒙古草原区(主要是典型草原)具有不同群落特征的14个样点进行植被与土壤调查,分析植被群落数量特征与土壤理化指标之间的相关关系,探讨围封与放牧作用下植被、土壤响应差异。结果表明:群落地下生物量、群落盖度、单位面积物种数与土壤有机碳、全氮含量均呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05),与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系(p<0.05)。土壤全磷含量与群落地下生物量和群落盖度存在显著正相关关系(p<0.05),而与单位面积物种数相关不显著。由于地上现存生物量受随机放牧和围封的影响较大,与土壤各项指标之间相关不显著。在围封26年、7年、2年和自由放牧4个样地中,土壤各指标除表层容重变化显著外,土壤粒径组成和有机碳、全氮、全磷含量变化均不明显(P>0.05),但4个样地在群落盖度、高度、生物量、群落物种数量、丰富度指数、多样性指数等群落数量特征上均呈现显著差异(P<0.05)。基于上述研究结果讨论了植被与土壤之间的关系,并提出了人为驱动力作用下草原植被-土壤响应差异的概念模型。     

生物结皮对荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响

通过人工去除生物结皮试验,分析古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮对常见荒漠草本植物群落结构的影响。根据人为去除生物结皮的试验结果,结合生物结皮对种子萌发、幼苗存活以及土壤养分和水分等影响,综合分析生物结皮对草本植物多样性的影响。结果表明:尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)、条叶庭荠(Alyssum linifolium)、琉苞菊(Hyalea pulchella)、荒漠庭荠(Alyssum desertorum)及旱麦草(Eremopyrum triticeum)的生物量总和占总生物量的90%以上,是该沙漠的优势草本植物。去除生物结皮后,草本植物的植被高度、物种丰富度和多样性指数都显著提高;但是,植被盖度、密度和群落生物量却显著降低。说明生物结皮的存在改变了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘荒漠草本植物的群落结构,植被盖度和群落生物量提高,这对于防风固沙、稳定沙面具有重要的生态意义。     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素

水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。(2)草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。(3)在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。(4)不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。     

不同强度放牧对贝加尔针茅草原群落和土壤理化性质的影响

在一个生长季内,比较分析了贝加尔针茅草甸草原不同放牧强度地段(非牧段,轻牧段,中牧段和重牧段,以放牛为主)植物群落的总地上现存量、总投影盖度、平均高度和土壤理化性质的变异。结果表明,不同强度放牧条件下各项指标均呈规律性变化,表现为植被的生长状况和土壤状况随着放牧强度的增加而劣化,且群落总地上现存量、总投影盖度、群落高度之间具有显著的相关性。土壤的pH值和电导率与地面凋落物的量之间存在显著负相关。考虑各项指标对放牧反应的敏感性、变化的稳定性和测定的方便性,可以把群落盖度、土壤化学性质的变化作为草地健康评价的关键指标。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生物土壤结皮理化性质

为了解黄土丘陵沟壑区生物结皮发育过程中理化性质的变化,分析了不同盖度水平结皮的机械组成、养分、化学元素以及土壤因子与生物结皮盖度的相关性和结皮发育过程中土壤因子之间的相互作用。结果表明:随着结皮的发育,土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈增长趋势,pH值则相反;土壤细砂粒含量(0.25~0.05 mm)减少,粗粉粒(0.05~0.01 mm)含量增加;土壤中的化学元素含量也呈增加趋势。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、pH值、细砂粒、粗粉粒、Ca,Mg,Na和Fe含量与生物结皮的形成发育密切相关(P0.01)。此外,各土壤因子之间存在着相关关系,特别是粗粉粒含量和pH值,与其他因子有显著的相关性。     

荒漠结皮对土壤水分状况的影响

本研究针对鄂尔多斯沙地生物结皮进行调查 ,利用人工喷水模拟降雨分析结皮对土壤入渗性能的影响。研究表明 :生物结皮能显著地降低土壤水分的入渗速率。在去掉结皮时 ,表层下 5 cm处的土壤含水量在 1 0分钟时即开始显著增加 ,而有结皮时 ,此处的含水量则在 1 5分钟时才开始显著增加。利用圆盘入渗仪测定有结皮和无结皮条件下的土壤饱和导水率表明 :固定沙丘间地有生物结皮的土壤饱和导水率范围是 :2 9.1 0 - 82 .2 1 mm/ h;半固定沙丘有微弱结皮时饱和导水率为 1 43.5 4 - 2 30 .2 5 ;去掉结皮后土壤的饱和导水率可显著上升数倍 ,无结皮的流沙的饱和导水率最高。     

围栏与不同放牧强度对东祁连山高寒草甸植被和土壤的影响

在东祁连山高寒草地,对围栏7年和不同放牧强度的草地进行了物种数、地上生物量、地下生物量、土壤理化性质等研究。结果表明,围栏7年的高寒草地鲜草产量为425.8 g·m-2,显著高于夏季中牧159.3 g·m-2和夏季重牧91.0 g·m-2,但与冬季轻牧、夏季轻牧差异不显著。围栏条件下的物种数为26.3种·16 m-2,显著低于其他放牧条件下的物种数,但显著高于夏季重牧条件下的物种数23.0种·16 m-2;轻度或重度放牧都会使物种数减少,夏季中牧下的物种数最高(33.5种·16 m-2)。在0~10 cm的表层土壤中,围栏7年的草地根系生物量显著高于其他放牧强度。随着放牧强度的增加,根系生物量在0~10 cm土壤中呈下降趋势,在30~40 cm土壤中则表现为升高趋势。围栏7年的土壤容重低于其他放牧强度下的土壤容重,但差异不显著;夏季重牧的土壤容重显著高于围栏7年和其他放牧强度的土壤容重。随着放牧强度的增加,0~10 cm土壤碱解氮增加,围栏7年草地最低。围栏封育可有效改善和恢复草地植被,但不能长时间禁牧不进行放牧利用。合理的放牧能够维护高寒草甸草地生态系统功能、促进物种丰富度和土壤营养的均衡。     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮对土壤温度的影响

土壤温度对作物生长发育、土壤水盐运移、生物的数量与活性、土壤碳平衡等均有较大的影响。为了研究毛乌素沙地生物结皮区和裸沙区土壤温度的差异,于2010年9~11月在陕北毛乌素沙地东南缘神木县圪丑沟地区,选择晴朗天气进行定位观测试验。结果表明: ① 同一剖面深度,生物结皮样地土壤温度的日变化趋势同裸沙样地一致;且从6:00~21:00时每隔3 h,土壤垂直剖面的温度沿着“\” 型、 微“（”型、明显“（”型、“/” 型、微“）”型、“\”型进行周期性变化。② 生物结皮的覆盖极显著降低了地表的土壤温度（[WTBX]P[WTBZ]＜0.01）。③ 生物结皮样地和裸沙样地表层土壤温度变幅最大,随剖面深度的增加土壤温度变化趋缓。当气温和土壤含水量较低时,生物结皮对同一深度土壤温度变化幅度的影响更明显。从垂直剖面角度看,生物结皮降低了土壤温度及其变幅。④ 生物结皮提高了0~25 cm深度土壤温度对气温的敏感程度。表明土壤温度的变化是多因素作用的结果,前人仅根据生物结皮的颜色来判断其对土壤温度的影响是不够的。生物结皮对土壤温度造成影响的主要原因,可能是其改变了土壤表层结构及土壤水分状况。在今后相关研究中如水分蒸发、土壤化学性状的改变等,要特别注意生物结皮的温度效应对这些过程的影响,从而使分析更加客观深入。     

Precipitation and soil particle size co-determine spatial distribution of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,China

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are bio-sedimentary associations that play crucial ecological roles in arid and semi-arid regions. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of China, more than 27% of the land surface is characterized by a predominant cover of lichen-dominated BSCs that contribute to the stability of the desert. However, little is known about the major factors that limit the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale. In this study, the cover of BSCs was investigated along a precipitation gradient from the margins to the center of the Gurbantunggut Desert. Environmental variables including precipitation, soil particle size, soil p H, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, total salt, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium were analyzed at a macro scale to determine their association with differing assemblages of BSCs(cyanobacteria crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts) using constrained linear ordination redundancy analysis(RDA). A model of BSCs distribution correlated with environmental variables that dominated the first two axes of the RDA was constructed to clearly demonstrate the succession stages of BSCs. The study determined that soil particle size(represented by coarse sand content) and precipitation are the most significant drivers influencing the spatial distribution of BSCs at a macro scale in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The cover of lichen and moss crusts increased with increasing precipitation, while the cover of cyanobacteria crusts decreased with increasing precipitation. The cover of lichen and moss crusts was negatively associated with coarse sand content, whereas the cover of cyanobacteria crusts was positively correlated with coarse sand content. These findings highlight the need for both the availability of soil moisture and a relatively stable of soil matrix, not only for the growth of BSCs but more importantly, for the regeneration and rehabilitation of disturbed BSC communities in arid and semi-arid lands. Thereby, this study will provide a theory basis to effectively increase soil stability in desert regions.     

Species composition, distribution patterns and ecological functions of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert

As one of the most important biological factors that maintain the stability of the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China,the Gurbantunggut Desert,the biological soil crusts (BSCs) develop well and play critical ecological roles in the desert ecosystem. In this paper,we briefly summarize our research findings since 2002 including species composition,distribution pattern and ecological functions of BSCs in the desert. Our results indicate abundant species diversity of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert in comparison to other deserts in China. At the scales of sand dune or whole desert,the distribution patterns of BSCs are location-specific. The existence of BSCs in this desert could:(1) accelerate the formation of desert soil and the weathering of minerals; (2) accumulate organic matter in surface soil through related species in soil crusts; (3) enhance the abilities of sand surface to resist wind erosion; (4) influence seed germination of vascular plants; and (5) enhance the production of dew deposition on sandy soil surface.     

Responses of microbial activities and soil physical-chemical properties to the successional process of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0–2 cm. Variations of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that microalgal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients(organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K) were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs.     

Carbon fixation and influencing factors of biological soil crusts in a revegetated area of the Tengger Desert,northern China

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are an important type of land cover in arid desert landscapes and play an important role in the carbon source-sink exchange within a desert system. In this study, two typical BSCs, moss crusts and algae crusts, were selected from a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert in northern China, and the experiment was carried out over a 3-year period from January 2010 to November 2012. We obtained the effec- tive active wetting time to maintain the physiological activity of BSCs basing on continuous field measurements and previous laboratory studies on BSCs photosynthesis and respiration rates. And then we developed a BSCs carbon fixation model that is driven by soil moisture. The results indicated that moss crusts and algae crusts had significant effects on soil moisture and temperature dynamics by decreasing rainfall infiltration. The mean carbon fixation rates of moss and algae crusts were 0.21 and 0.13 g C/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual carbon fixations of moss crusts and algae crusts were 64.9 and 38.6 g C/（m2.a）, respectively, and the carbon fixation of non-rainfall water reached 11.6 g C/（m2.a） （30.2% of the total） and 8.8 g C/（m2.a） （43.6% of the total）, respectively. Finally, the model was tested and verified with continuous field observations. The data of the modeled and measured CO2 fluxes matched notably well. In desert regions, the carbon fixation is higher with high-frequency rainfall even the total amount of seasonal rainfall was the same.     

Topographic differentiations of biological soil crusts and hydraulic properties in fixed sand dunes,Tengger Desert

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) play an important role in surface soil hydrology. Soils dominated with moss BSCs may have higher infiltration rates than those dominated with cyanobacteria or algal BSCs. However, it is unnown whether improved infiltration in moss BSCs is accompanied by an increase in soil hydraulic conductivity or water retention capacity. We investigated this question in the Tengger Desert, where a 43-year-old revegetation program has promoted the formation of two distinct types of BSCs along topographic positions, i.e. the moss-dominated BSCs on the interdune land and windward slopes of the fixed sand dunes, and the algal-dominated BSCs on the crest and leeward slopes. Soil water retention capacity and hydraulic conductivity were measured using an indoor evaporation method and a field infiltration method. And the results were fitted to the van Genuchten–Mualem model. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivities under greater water pressure(–0.01 MPa) and water retention capacities in the entire pressure head range were higher for both crust types than for bare sand. However, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities in the near-saturation range(–0.01 MPa) showed decreasing trends from bare sand to moss crusts and to algal crusts. Our data suggested that topographic differentiation of BSCs significantly affected not only soil water retention and hydraulic conductivities, but also the overall hydrology of the fixed sand dunes at a landscape scale, as seen in the reduction and spatial variability in deep soil water storage.     

Effects of artificially cultivated biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and biological activities in the Loess Plateau

Biological soil crusts （BSCs） play an important role in the early succession of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. To evaluate the effects of artificially cultivated BSCs on the soil surface micro-envir- onment, we obtained natural moss crusts and moss-lichen crusts from the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi province, and subsequently inoculated and cultivated on horizontal and sloping surfaces of loess soil in a greenhouse. The chemical and biological properties of the subsoil under cultivated BSCs were determined after 10 weeks of cul- tivation. The results indicated that BSCs coverage was more than 65% after 10 weeks of cultivation. Moss crust coverage reached 40% after 5 weeks of cultivation. Compared with the control, soil organic matter and available nitrogen contents in moss crust with the horizontal treatments increased by 100.87% and 48.23%, respectively; increased by 67.56% and 52.17% with the sloping treatments, respectively; they also increased in moss-lichen crust with horizontal and sloping treatments, but there was no significant difference. Available phosphorus in cultivated BSCs was reduced, soil pH was lower and cationic exchange capacity was higher in cultivated BSCs than in the control. Alkaline phosphatase, urease and invertase activities were increased in artificially cultivated BSCs, and alkaline phosphatase activity in all cultivated BSCs was obviously higher than that in the control. Numbers of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes were increased in the formation process of cultivated BSCs. These results indicate that BSCs could be formed rapidly in short-term cultivation and improve the mi- cro-environment of soil surface, which provides a scientific reference for vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau. China.     

不同沙丘部位和不同结皮类型对土壤种子库的影响

采用萌发法对古尔班通古特沙漠沙垄不同部位生物结皮类型的种子库进行研究,发现不同沙丘部位和结皮类型种子分布特征有一定的规律性:藻类结皮的种子数量、丰富度和多样性均显著高于地衣和苔藓结皮。生物结皮从藻类到地衣和苔藓的演替,有降低种子数量和种子多样性的现象。在不同沙丘部位,沙丘顶部流沙的种子数量和多样性较低,与丘顶流沙相比沙丘底部的藻类结皮显示出较高的丰富度和多样性,但沙丘底部的地衣和苔藓结皮与丘顶流沙相比未表现出明显的差异。背风坡中部的藻类结皮种子多样性较高,显著高于迎风坡中部的藻类结皮。     

沙漠生物结皮对维管植物养分吸收的影响

生物结皮是沙地表面被固定的重要特征,并能够富集养分,通过降水淋溶作用改善沙丘土壤的性质。研究表明,生物结皮层覆盖对植物体的养分元素吸收具有促进作用,但是,由于不同植物养分生理特性的差异及其根系分布深度的不同,不同植物吸收养分时对生物结皮层肥岛效应的敏感程度不同。     

新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构

在对新疆沙漠区域环境特点分析的基础上,基于新疆1[JP18]∶[JP]1 000 000数字地貌图和TM影像数据及Google Earth等资料,利用GIS技术,编制了新疆沙漠分片图与沙漠类型分布图,对新疆沙漠空间分布与类型结构进行了分析。结果表明：① 新疆共有577块沙漠,可以划分为35片区。按照区域可分为塔里木盆地沙漠区、准噶尔盆地沙漠区、阿尔泰山沙漠区、准噶尔西部山沙漠区、昆仑山-阿尔金山沙漠区、天山沙漠区6个区;② 新疆沙漠面积达428 977.14 km²,占新疆总面积的26.12%;沙漠分布广泛,平原、丘陵和山地均有分布,但各区域的沙漠面积相差悬殊;沙漠在空间上呈聚集分布,主要分布在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地;沙漠景观破碎化程度具有很大空间差异性,在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地中面积较大沙漠的破碎化程度低,而在山地与两大盆地的过渡地带面积较小的沙漠破碎化程度较高。③ 新疆沙漠具有独特的地貌类型、稳定性和类型丰富度等类型结构,地貌类型以沙丘和沙垄为主,沙漠植被覆盖度差,以流动性沙丘和流动性沙垄为主,多数沙漠的类型丰富度贫乏,只有少数沙漠类型数量可以达到中等乃至极丰富。