果树新害虫叔白颜果蝇Drosophila triauraria在山东省的发生规律

正果蝇属双翅目果蝇科果蝇属昆虫,多数种类仅以腐烂果实为食物,少数可为害健康果实。已报道的为害多种水果的果蝇有斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii、黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster等(任路明等,2014)。2017年用装有糖醋酒液的诱捕器在山东省烟台市、泰安市、济南市、日照市4个市的樱桃园和葡萄园收集果蝇,调查发现一种新的果蝇——叔白     

山东临朐不同品种樱桃上果蝇发生种类及种群动态调查

为了解不同品种樱桃果蝇的发生情况,于2019年在山东临朐应用糖醋液诱捕器监测果蝇成虫发生动态,并调查了不同品种樱桃受果蝇为害情况及相关品质指标。结果表明,不同樱桃品种间果蝇成虫发生量及发生高峰期不同,以黄蜜和美早上果蝇的发生数量最多,监测成虫发生高峰期较先锋、红灯、拉宾斯晚。樱桃果实成熟期,美早和黄蜜上果蝇幼虫数量和蛀果率最高,幼虫量分别为128.3头/百果和131.3头/百果,蛀果率分别为65.3%和69.0%。当地樱桃园中果蝇为黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)和伊米果蝇(Drosophila immigrans),以黑腹果蝇为主。果实品质测定结果发现美早和黄蜜的总糖、固酸比、可溶性固形物的含量均较高。     

山东青岛设施蓝莓果蝇发生动态及鲜果受害情况调查

于2019年在山东青岛采用糖醋液诱捕和鲜果抽样调查的方法对设施蓝莓果蝇发生及为害展开了调查。结果表明,设施塑料大棚内果蝇成虫主要有黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇,表面无伤的鲜果内果蝇幼虫则均为斑翅果蝇。鲜果内果蝇幼虫的检出量高峰比棚内果蝇成虫发生高峰大约延后4～5 d;幼虫检出量在果实采收期内总体呈增加趋势,在采收接近90%时果蝇幼虫检出量达到最高,为2.2头/500g鲜果。斑翅果蝇为害隐蔽、影响鲜果品质,应在防治中引起重视。     

温度和相对湿度对斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇飞行能力的影响

为研究不同温度和相对湿度对斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii与黑腹果蝇D. melanogaster飞行能力的影响,了解2种果蝇的飞行规律,利用26路昆虫飞行磨系统测试2种果蝇在不同条件下的总飞行距离、总飞行时间和平均飞行速度。结果表明,斑翅果蝇雌虫飞行的最适宜温度为18℃,总飞行距离达358.04 m,总飞行时间为3 082.68 s;雄虫更适宜在较高温度下飞行,当温度为30℃时,其总飞行距离和总飞行时间分别为171.37 m和3 075.89 s,且飞行速度较快。黑腹果蝇雌虫的飞行能力在30℃时最强,总飞行距离为702.77 m,雄虫的最适飞行温度是18℃和24℃。当相对湿度为75%时,斑翅果蝇雌虫的飞行能力最强,总飞行距离为262.10 m,总飞行时间也较长,为1 224.12 s,雄虫则在相对湿度44%时表现出较强的飞行能力;当相对湿度为58%时黑腹果蝇雌、雄虫的总飞行距离均达到最大,分别为554.30 m和514.47 m,此条件下雌、雄虫的总飞行时间也最长,分别为2 606.57 s和6 079.07 s。表明温度和相对湿度对2种果蝇飞行能力的影响存在差异,低温高湿条件有利于斑翅果蝇雌虫飞行,高温低湿条件下斑翅果蝇雄虫的飞行能力最强,高温中湿环境下黑腹果蝇的飞行能力较强,且黑腹果蝇的飞行能力总体上强于斑翅果蝇。     

糖醋液诱捕樱桃果蝇试验

为研究十堰市樱桃果蝇发生规律,探索有效防治樱桃果蝇的方案,我们选取12个观测点,采用红糖、醋、白酒、水按照1:1:3:6的质量比配制诱液,诱杀樱桃果蝇,设置了早熟品种和晚熟品种对照,并在周边桃、草莓园设置观测点。结果显示诱杀虫量高峰期与樱桃成熟期基本一致,且诱杀果蝇中斑翅果蝇数量比例高低也与樱桃成熟期一致,在樱桃生产结束前平均占64%,樱桃成熟后降至40%以下,黑腹果蝇比例上升至50%以上。樱桃收获后,周边草莓、桃等瓜果类作物上诱虫量逐渐上升,并与期成熟期一致。     

斑翅果蝇对寄主果实及其挥发物嗅觉趋性的研究

斑翅果蝇是一种主要为害软皮水果的害虫, 诱捕剂诱捕是防治该害虫的重要手段。为明确斑翅果蝇对寄主果实及其挥发性物质的趋性, 进而研发植物源引诱剂, 本研究利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了斑翅果蝇成虫对不同种类（葡萄、树莓、杨梅、蓝莓、樱桃和草莓）和不同成熟程度鲜果的趋性, 并分析了寄主果实挥发物成分。结果表明:1)斑翅果蝇成虫对过熟鲜果的趋性最强, 其次为成熟鲜果和未熟的鲜果; 2)成虫对葡萄的趋性最强, 其次分别为树莓、杨梅、蓝莓、樱桃和草莓; 3)葡萄挥发物中含量最高的成分为反式-2-己烯醛, 樱桃和树莓中为苯甲醇, 蓝莓中为乙醇。研究结果为进一步开发高效的斑翅果蝇植物源引诱剂奠定了基础。     

浙江省杨梅园果蝇及其寄生性天敌种类多样性调查

首次系统地调查了浙江省杨梅主要产区果蝇及其寄生性天敌种群资源，明确了为害杨梅的果蝇主要类群及其寄生性天敌优势种类。采用形态学鉴定与COI分子生物学方法相结合，分析发现我省杨梅果蝇种类主要有6种：黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster、斑翅果蝇D.suzukii、拟果蝇D.simulans、高桥氏果蝇D.takahashii、伊米果蝇D.immigrans和黑果蝇D.virile；浙江省杨梅果蝇寄生蜂有9种，分属于4个科，它们分别是茧蜂科Braconidae的开臂反颚茧蜂属Asobara、环腹瘿蜂科Figitidae的丽匙胸瘿蜂属Ganaspis和小环腹瘿蜂属Leptopilina、锤角细蜂科Diapriidae的毛锤角细蜂属Trichopria和金小蜂科Pteromalidae的蝇蛹金小蜂属Pachycrepoideus。同时，不同年份杨梅果园果蝇种群数量变动较大，其中2018年各地区斑翅果蝇比例明显高于2019年。大部分地区（杭州除外）开臂反颚茧蜂属Asobara寄生蜂数量明显多于其他寄生蜂，为浙江省果蝇优势寄生蜂。本文最后就各类寄生蜂生物学特性及其生防潜力进行了讨论，旨在为杨梅果园及其他果园果蝇害虫的生物防治提供基础资料。     

斑翅果蝇的PCR-RFLP快速鉴定方法

应用PCR-RFLP技术分析斑翅果蝇及其相关种间的差异。选用果蝇COI基因通用引物并通过PCR扩增斑翅果蝇、亚艳丽果蝇等11种15个样品COI基因序列,对PCR产物进行回收和测序,根据测序结果及NCBI上序列比对结果,选用限制性内切酶ApaⅠ和HinfⅠ分别对果蝇COI基因PCR产物进行酶切,酶切产物经琼脂糖电泳分析。结果表明:同时使用ApaⅠ和HinfⅠ酶,可以将斑翅果蝇与其他种相区分。根据果蝇COI基因建立的PCR-RFLP技术可对斑翅果蝇快速、准确进行鉴定。     

一种危险性有害生物——斑翅果蝇研究现状

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)最早于日本发现,近年来传入欧美多国,并对其浆果产业造成严重危害。因其传播速度快、寄主种类多、为害成熟或亚成熟果实,已经成为全球范围内的水果害虫。由于我国浆果产业的不断扩大,斑翅果蝇作为一种潜在的危险性有害生物,需要对其加以重视。笔者针对斑翅果蝇的发生情况、形态特征、生物学特性、寄主和为害状以及有效防治方法进行了综述。     

两种昆虫生长调节剂对黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇的生物活性

为探讨昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster和斑翅果蝇D.suzukii的毒性机制,采用室内生测法测定氟铃脲、虱螨脲对2种果蝇2龄幼虫的毒力,以及其在亚致死浓度LC_(10)、LC_(20)下对2种果蝇体内几丁质酶活性的影响。结果显示,经不同浓度的氟铃脲和虱螨脲处理后,随着时间的延长和浓度的增加,2种果蝇的死亡率均明显增加,氟铃脲处理可使2种果蝇的死亡率最高达到83.33%,明显高于虱螨脲处理后黑腹果蝇(65.00%)和斑翅果蝇(66.66%)的死亡率。亚致死浓度LC_(10)和LC_(20)的虱螨脲处理果蝇2龄幼虫24 h后,黑腹果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性呈下降趋势,而斑翅果蝇2龄幼虫体内的几丁质酶活性则呈上升趋势。另外,亚致死浓度的氟铃脲可明显抑制黑腹果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性。表明昆虫生长调节剂氟铃脲和虱螨脲对果蝇有较强的毒力,氟铃脲的毒力高于虱螨脲,且果蝇体内几丁质酶的活性与氟铃脲和虱螨脲密切相关。     

Developing Drosophila suzukii management programs for sweet cherry in the western United States

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is a newly introduced pest of sweet cherry on the west coast of North America which produces about 97% of the value of the US sweet cherry crop. D. suzukii initially caused considerable economic loss to cherry growers, who were unaware of this new pest. Little control information was available at the time of initial infestation. Pest control studies were initiated to examine the materials, timings and application methods to control D. suzukii in three major cherry‐producing states (California, Oregon and Washington). RESULTS: Three classes of registered insecticides, organophosphates, pyrethroids and spinosyns, have demonstrated good topical or residual activity against D. suzukii. Neonicotinoids and the systemic organophosphate dimethoate appear to be able to kill eggs or larvae in fruit. Preliminary timing studies indicate that at least two preharvest insecticide sprays are required to obtain control of D. suzukii in California cherry orchards. Aerially applied malathion ULV (ultra‐low volume) appears to be a viable control tactic for this pest. CONCLUSION: The results presented here form the basis for developing D. suzukii management programs in the western United States. Additional studies are needed to refine management practices for the different growing regions and conventional versus organic production requirements. Cherry growers will likely need to apply broad‐spectrum insecticides in a prophylactic manner until treatment thresholds and monitoring methods have been developed and validated. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The susceptibility of small fruits and cherries to the spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

BACKGROUND: The spotted‐wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is native to Asia and was first detected in the North American mainland and Europe in 2008–2010. Drosophila suzukii is a serious economic pest to stone and small fruits because the female lays eggs within ripening fruit on a plant before harvest, which can lead to crop loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries and strawberries to D. suzukii among various ripeness stages and cultivars. RESULTS: In 26 no‐choice and choice replicated laboratory cage tests on ripeness stages, fruits were generally susceptible to D. suzukii once fruits started to color. Few D. suzukii developed on green fruit, wine grapes or overripe blueberries. In seven cultivar tests, D. suzukii preferences ranged from no differences to fourfold differences for specific cultivars of blackberries, blueberries, raspberries and wine grapes. As brix levels increased, more eggs were laid or more D. suzukii developed on blackberries, blueberries, cherries, raspberries and strawberries. In a choice test of various fruit types, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, cherries and blueberries were more susceptible to D. suzukii than green table grapes ('Thompson'). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that fruits may become susceptible to D. suzukii as they start to turn color, and that specific varieties of grapes and overripe blueberries have low susceptibility to D. suzukii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Factors influencing oviposition behaviour of the invasive pest,Drosophila suzukii,derived from interactions with other Drosophila species: potential applications for control

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) or spotted wing Drosophila is a worldwide invasive pest of soft- and stone-fruit production. Female D. suzukii lay their eggs in ripening fruit and the hatched larvae damage fruit from the inside, rendering it unmarketable and causing significant economic loss. Current methods to reduce D. suzukii population in the field primarily rely on chemical insecticides which are not a sustainable long-term solution and increase the risk of resistance developing. Several studies demonstrate that when D. suzukii encounter or coexist with other Drosophila on a food source, this is usually a disadvantage to D. suzukii, leading to reduced oviposition and increased larval mortality. These effects have potential to be exploited from a pest management perspective. In this review we summarise recent research articles focusing on the interspecific interactions between D. suzukii and other Drosophila species aimed at understanding how this drives D. suzukii behaviour. Potential semiochemical and microbiome impacts are postulated as determinants of D. suzukii behaviour. Development of control practices focusing on reducing D. suzukii populations and deterring them from laying eggs by utilising factors that drive their behaviour are discussed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.     

Spread of the spotted wing drosophila – Drosophila suzukii (Diptera,Drosophlidae) and new distribution records in Dalmatia region of Croatia

A specific survey for the detection of Drosophila suzukii Matsmura 1931 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) in Dalmatia region of the Republic of Croatia during 2013, confirmed that the pest is present and widespread. Adults were detected in traps suspended in Prunus cerasus L. (sour cherry), Prunus persica L. (peach), Ficus carica L. (fig) and Morus alba L. (mulberry) orchards and individual trees, during the fruit maturation period, in 16 (of the 51 locations) where traps were placed in Dubrova?ko–neretvanska, Splitsko–dalmatinska, ?ibensko–kninska and Zadarska counties. This confirmed the rapid spread of D. suzukii in Croatia and this pest is a great concern for areas that are not yet infested that have favourable conditions for the pests’ development. The results of the survey highlight the importance of the development and implementation of long‐term sustainable control.     

Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of small‐fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect is able to oviposit into and damage ripe and ripening fruit, making it unmarketable. Because this is a new pest in the United States, it is necessary to identify registered insecticides to manage this insect effectively in conventional and organic production systems. RESULTS: The present laboratory bioassays and field trials identified a number of insecticides representing various modes of action that are effective in controlling D. suzukii. Products that performed well in the laboratory bioassay also performed well in the field, indicating that screening of new chemistries in the laboratory is a worthy exercise. Field application of pyrethoids, organophosphates or spinosyns provided 5–14 days of residual control of D. suzukii. The efficacy of the neonicotinoids as adulticides was not satisfactory compared with the other contact‐mode‐of‐action chemistries. Based on the zero tolerance by the small‐fruit industry and the individual effects mentioned above, neonicotinoids are not currently recommended for D. suzukii management. CONCLUSIONS: There are effective insecticides registered for controlling D. suzukii infestations in susceptible small‐fruit crops. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Laboratory survival of Drosophila suzukii under simulated winter conditions of the Pacific Northwest and seasonal field trapping in five primary regions of small and stone fruit production in the United States

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii was first found in Oregon in August 2009. The threat of this pest to regional small and stone fruit production industries led to investigations on its overwintering capabilities in fruit‐growing regions in the Pacific Northwest. Knowledge of its cold tolerance will help in the development of computer models to forecast seasonal population growth and decline. RESULTS: Of 1500 adults or pupae, 22 (1.4%) individuals survived the 84 day experimental chilling period. Most (86%) of the survivors were subjected to 10 °C temperature treatments. Survival decreased significantly at lower temperature treatments. Freezing temporarily increased the mortality rate but did not significantly affect overall mortality over the trial period. Flies that emerged from pupae are estimated to survive for up to 103–105 days at 10 °C and for shorter periods at lower temperatures. Field trapping in five fruit production areas has demonstrated overwintering survival in California and Oregon, but lower survival is predicted in Eastern Washington and Michigan. CONCLUSION: The experiments reported here indicate that long‐term survival of D. suzukii is unlikely at temperatures below 10 °C. Field data from five climatic regions indicated extended low initial D. suzukii field presence in 2010 in all regions except California, where field presence was recorded earlier. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Baseline susceptibility of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to four key insecticide classes

BACKGROUND

The invasive drosophilid pest, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is affecting berry production in most fruit‐producing regions of the world. Chemical control is the dominant management approach, creating concern for insecticide resistance in this pest. We compared the insecticide susceptibility of D. suzukii populations collected from conventional, organic or insecticide‐free blueberry sites.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of D. suzukii to malathion and spinetoram declined slightly across the 3 years of monitoring, whereas it was more consistent for methomyl and zeta‐cypermethrin. The sensitivity of D. suzukii to all four insecticides (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values) did not differ significantly among the blueberry fields using different management practices.

CONCLUSIONS

The baseline sensitivity of D. suzukii has been characterized, allowing future comparisons if field failures of chemical control are reported. The concentration achieving high control indicates that effective levels of control can still be achieved with field rates of these four insecticides. However, declining susceptibility of some populations of D. suzukii to some key insecticides highlights the need for resistance monitoring. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry