山东青岛设施蓝莓果蝇发生动态及鲜果受害情况调查

于2019年在山东青岛采用糖醋液诱捕和鲜果抽样调查的方法对设施蓝莓果蝇发生及为害展开了调查。结果表明,设施塑料大棚内果蝇成虫主要有黑腹果蝇和斑翅果蝇,表面无伤的鲜果内果蝇幼虫则均为斑翅果蝇。鲜果内果蝇幼虫的检出量高峰比棚内果蝇成虫发生高峰大约延后4～5 d;幼虫检出量在果实采收期内总体呈增加趋势,在采收接近90%时果蝇幼虫检出量达到最高,为2.2头/500g鲜果。斑翅果蝇为害隐蔽、影响鲜果品质,应在防治中引起重视。     

一种危险性有害生物——斑翅果蝇研究现状

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura)最早于日本发现,近年来传入欧美多国,并对其浆果产业造成严重危害。因其传播速度快、寄主种类多、为害成熟或亚成熟果实,已经成为全球范围内的水果害虫。由于我国浆果产业的不断扩大,斑翅果蝇作为一种潜在的危险性有害生物,需要对其加以重视。笔者针对斑翅果蝇的发生情况、形态特征、生物学特性、寄主和为害状以及有效防治方法进行了综述。     

不同诱捕器对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的诱杀效果

用多功能房屋诱捕器、球形诱捕器、矿泉水瓶诱捕器、黄板喷粘-TT等对蓝莓园斑翅果蝇进行诱杀试验,以应用于生产。试验结果表明,不同诱捕器诱虫量差异极大,多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂对斑翅果蝇的诱虫效果最好,平均每个屋诱虫400.1头;多功能房屋诱捕器+害虫科普惠农饵料诱虫量居第二位,平均每个屋诱虫257.5头;球形诱捕器诱虫量居第三位,平均每个球诱虫量111.3头;瓶制诱捕器+实蝇诱杀剂、瓶制诱捕器+害虫饵料、黄板喷粘-TT诱虫量较少,分别为25头、16.5头和4.5头。多功能房屋诱捕器+果瑞特实蝇诱杀剂诱虫效果好,对环境和蓝霉无污染,且不受多雨天气的影响,可用于蓝莓园斑翅果蝇的绿色防控。     

斑翅果蝇检疫研究进展

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii Matsumura),是世界范围内浆果类和核果类等软皮水果的重要害虫,被欧洲和地中海区域植物保护组织、澳大利亚、新西兰等地区和国家列入检疫性有害生物名单。我国出口澳大利亚等国的油桃、葡萄等水果因可能携带斑翅果蝇而被要求实施检疫处理。本文对斑翅果蝇的分布、危害、检疫地位、检疫处理技术的研究进展等进行了回顾和分析,并对可能携带斑翅果蝇水果的检疫处理技术应用研究趋势进行了讨论和展望,以期为相关研究提供技术资料,为斑翅果蝇口岸防控提供依据。     

2013―2017年河南省南亚果实蝇种群动态监测

南亚果实蝇(Zeugodacus tau(Walker)),俗称南瓜实蝇,是一种重要经济性实蝇,被河南省列为补充检疫性有害生物。本研究以诱蝇酮为引诱剂,自2013年至2017年在河南省9个地市27个监测点针对南亚果实蝇成虫开展了诱捕监测,并进行了种群动态分析。结果表明,信阳、三门峡、南阳诱到南亚果实蝇成虫较多;南亚果实蝇在河南的发生高峰期在7―9月份,与寄主植物的结实挂果期基本一致。本研究能够为河南省南亚果实蝇入侵防控工作提供科学依据。     

河南省重要实蝇的种群动态监测

2014—2018年,在河南省选择9个地市39个监测点,针对实蝇类检疫性有害生物成虫开展诱捕监测,并进行种群动态分析。监测结果表明,39个监测点诱捕到的5种实蝇中,以具条实蝇数量最多,占诱捕总数的33.36%;其次为橘小实蝇和南亚果实蝇,分别占诱捕总数的24.17%和21.36%;再次为瓜实蝇,占9.53%;三点棍腹实蝇诱捕数最少,仅占4.84%。具条实蝇、南亚果实蝇、瓜实蝇与三点棍腹实蝇的发生高峰期均在7—9月份;橘小实蝇发生稍晚,高峰期在8—10月份,与其寄主的收获期基本一致。     

山东省樱桃主产区果蝇的调查与鉴定

为了解山东省樱桃主产区果蝇的发生情况,本研究选择了山东省主要樱桃产区的7个地点进行调查,并通过形态学特征和分子鉴定法对果蝇的种类进行鉴定。结果发现,山东省樱桃主产区有4种果蝇,通过形态特征与分子鉴定法最终确定4种果蝇,分别为斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii、黑腹果蝇D.melanogaster、海德果蝇D.hydei和伊米果蝇D.immigrans。这4种果蝇对樱桃的为害程度与种植地区、果实腐烂程度和樱桃的品种均有关系;莱芜和泰安地区果蝇分别有4种和3种;烟台和威海地区则只有斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇2种。烟台地区果蝇为害率最高,且数量最多,其中烟台丁家夼村樱桃为害率高达45.16%,在第2次采集中烟台薛家村每100粒樱桃中斑翅果蝇和黑腹果蝇的数量最多。美早和先锋2个品种樱桃对果蝇的吸引力较强;采摘后期腐烂的果实可吸引大量的果蝇产卵。因此,应对烟台地区进行重点预防、早期防治,并减少美早和先锋品种樱桃在山东省的种植。     

杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对猕猴桃橘小实蝇的诱捕效果

研究了2018—2019年贵州猕猴桃上的橘小实蝇发生规律、趋光行为、不同诱集方法包括杀虫灯,引诱剂及杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用对橘小实蝇成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,7—9月为橘小实蝇的盛发期,其对540 nm的绿色光波有明显趋性。杀虫灯、诱捕器及其组合使用对橘小实蝇均有诱杀效果。其中,杀虫灯平均诱虫量为31头/诱捕器;甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂平均诱虫量为201.67头/诱捕器,与其他引诱剂差异显著;杀虫灯与甲基丁香酚实蝇诱捕剂组合使用的平均诱虫量为509.67头/诱捕器,诱捕效果显著优于其他处理。杀虫灯与引诱剂组合使用可显著提高橘小实蝇成虫诱捕总量。     

基于最大熵模型的斑翅果蝇适生性研究

斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)是重要的水果果实害虫,近年来在全球的扩散、为害备受关注。为防控斑翅果蝇入侵,保护我国果品生产安全,采用最大墒模型(MaxEnt)与ArcGIS相结合的技术模式,在收集、整理斑翅果蝇全球地理分布信息及筛选气候变量的基础上,预测了当前及未来气候条件下该虫在全球及我国的适生区分布。结果表明,在当前气候条件下,斑翅果蝇在全球的适生范围较广、适生程度较高;我国适生区面积比为61.68%,其中,高度适生区、中度适生区和低度适生区面积比分别为7.59%、27.81%和26.28%,在2050年RCP26和RCP85的气候条件下,斑翅果蝇在全球及我国的适生范围和适生程度均呈扩大趋势,其适生区北界向北拓展。建议有关部门加强针对斑翅果蝇虫情监测、综合治理及出口检疫的工作力度。     

褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素诱捕效果评价及应用

褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus是一种严重为害针叶树的钻蛀性害虫,近年来在我国胶东沿海松材线虫病疫区黑松林严重发生。本研究以ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯为基础,配合褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素,在烟台黑松林中进行诱捕效果及其应用试验。结果发现,ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯对褐梗天牛诱捕效果较好,单个诱芯诱捕量高于APF-1型诱芯;林间监测时间从褐梗天牛羽化期一直持续到9月末,在6月初和7月中旬有两个羽化高峰;平均每个诱捕器可诱捕天牛126头,褐梗天牛与松褐天牛的比例为4.28:1;褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素与寄主利它素引诱剂相结合可以显著增加诱捕效果。由于ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯对褐梗天牛和松褐天牛都具有较好的诱捕效果,可以用于褐梗天牛和松褐天牛的种群监测和大量诱杀防治,而且与褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素相结合诱捕效果更强,具有广阔的应用前景。     

山东临朐不同品种樱桃上果蝇发生种类及种群动态调查

为了解不同品种樱桃果蝇的发生情况,于2019年在山东临朐应用糖醋液诱捕器监测果蝇成虫发生动态,并调查了不同品种樱桃受果蝇为害情况及相关品质指标。结果表明,不同樱桃品种间果蝇成虫发生量及发生高峰期不同,以黄蜜和美早上果蝇的发生数量最多,监测成虫发生高峰期较先锋、红灯、拉宾斯晚。樱桃果实成熟期,美早和黄蜜上果蝇幼虫数量和蛀果率最高,幼虫量分别为128.3头/百果和131.3头/百果,蛀果率分别为65.3%和69.0%。当地樱桃园中果蝇为黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)、斑翅果蝇(Drosophila suzukii)和伊米果蝇(Drosophila immigrans),以黑腹果蝇为主。果实品质测定结果发现美早和黄蜜的总糖、固酸比、可溶性固形物的含量均较高。     

橘小实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵偏好及其与寄主果实理化性质的相关性

为明确橘小实蝇寄主偏好性机理,2018年于广西番石榴主产区测定橘小实蝇对14种不同寄主果实的产卵选择性、对嗜好寄主不同生育期果实的产卵选择性及嗜好寄主不同生育期的果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量,并对果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量与橘小实蝇产卵率的相关性进行分析。结果表明,广西番石榴主产区不同月份均有多种不同种类的橘小实蝇潜在寄主果实成熟,但橘小实蝇偏好在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴上产卵,产卵率分别为43.98%和39.43%,且对两者产卵无显著偏好性;橘小实蝇偏好在这2个番石榴品种的成熟期果实上产卵,产卵率分别为48.01%和44.84%,膨大期次之,产卵率分别为40.75%和41.75%。台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量均最低,分别为3.18 kg/cm2和0.10 mg/g,均显著低于其他2个生育期;台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实可溶性糖含量为32.72%,显著高于其他2个生育期。西瓜红番石榴3个生育期果实硬度、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与台湾珍珠番石榴一致。橘小实蝇在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴果实上的产卵率与果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量呈负相关,...     

Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.     

Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on three species of Rhagoletis fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: Chlorantraniliprole formulated as a 350 g kg^?1 WG (Altacor 35WG) for management of apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), blueberry maggot R. mendax Curran and cherry fruit fly R. cingulata (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was evaluated in laboratory assays and field trials. RESULTS: A tarsal contact toxicity bioassay showed that a surface residue of 500 mg L^?1 of chlorantraniliprole caused significantly higher mortality of male and female flies of all species compared with a control. Male apple maggot and blueberry maggot mortality was significantly higher than that for females, but there was similar mortality of male and female cherry fruit flies. An ingestion toxicity bioassay showed that 500 mg L^?1 of chlorantraniliprole in diet caused significantly higher mortality of male and female flies of all species than the control, but there were no significant differences among the sexes. Delayed egglaying by females that had ingested chlorantraniliprole was found, but there were no significant sublethal effects on either the number of eggs laid or the egg hatch. Field trials with apple maggot and cherry fruit fly showed that protection of fruit by chlorantraniliprole was comparable with that of standard broad‐spectrum insecticides. CONCLUSIONS: The present data indicate that chlorantraniliprole has suppressant activity against Rhagoletis fruit flies, preventing fruit infestation primarily through direct lethal effects. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

In Focus: Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, across perspectives

In August 2008, the first detection of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, to the North America mainland in California caused great concern, as the fly was found infesting a variety of commercial fruits. Subsequent detections followed in Oregon, Washington, Florida and British Columbia in 2009; in Utah, North Carolina, South Carolina, Michigan, and Louisiana in 2010; and in Virginia, Montana, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Mexico in 2011. In Europe, it has been detected in Italy and Spain in 2009 and in France in 2010. Economic costs to the grower from D. suzukii include the increased cost of production (increased labor and materials for chemical inputs, monitoring and other management tools) and crop loss. An effective response to the invasion of D. suzukii requires proper taxonomic identification at the initial phase, understanding basic biology and phenology, developing management tools, transferring information and technology quickly to user groups, and evaluating the impact of the research and extension program on an economic, social, and environmental level. As D. suzukii continues to expand its range, steps must be initiated in each new region to educate and inform the public as well as formulate management tactics suitable for the crops and growing conditions in each.     

河北昌黎与广西资源两地区葡萄霜霉菌致病力分化分析

为明确河北昌黎、广西资源两地不同葡萄品种来源霜霉菌致病力分化情况,本研究利用离体叶盘接种法测定了河北、广西主栽品种‘红宝石无核’、‘红地球’及‘巨峰’来源葡萄霜霉病菌对不同鉴别寄主的致病力,观察不同地区、不同寄主来源病菌对同一感病材料以及同一寄主来源病菌对不同感病材料的致病力大小是否存在差异。结果表明:不同地区同一寄主来源病菌及同一来源不同菌株间致病力均存在差异,说明两个地区病菌群体间和群体内各菌株间均存在分化;两地不同寄主来源病菌群体对同一感病材料的致病力及同一寄主来源病菌群体对不同感病材料的致病力均存在显著差异,且广西资源地区菌株间差异性比河北昌黎地区更明显,说明不同寄主来源的菌株存在一定程度的分化。     

果蝇毛锤角细蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹不同龄期的选择性

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigen是浆果类水果的果实害虫之一，对葡萄果实为害严重。毛锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae是黑腹果蝇的蛹寄生蜂之一。本文在温度26℃、相对湿度50%、光周期14L：10D的室内条件下，研究了毛锤角细蜂对不同日龄黑腹果蝇蛹的选择性。结果表明：毛锤角细蜂可寄生黑腹果蝇各日龄的蛹，但偏爱寄生预蛹。在寄主预蛹时，毛锤角细蜂的出蜂量、寄生率和选择系数分别为14.00头、35%和0.13，均显著高于1～3日龄蛹；不同日龄的黑腹果蝇蛹对毛锤角细蜂后代发育历期和雌蜂比没有显著影响。综上所述，黑腹果蝇的预蛹是毛锤角细蜂寄生的最佳时期。以黑腹果蝇为寄主时，研究毛锤角细蜂的寄生规律对于黑腹果蝇及其他果蝇的生物防治具有重要的指导意义。     

Phylogenetic relationships and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum acutatum isolates from grape in subtropical Australia

The identity of Colletotrichum acutatum as the causal pathogen of grape ripe-rot, which causes yield loss and a bitter taint that lowers wine quality in Australian subtropical wine-grape regions, was confirmed using species-specific primers. Cultural, morphological and molecular methods (RAPD-PCR and sequencing of parts of the 5·8S-ITS regions and the β-tubulin-2 gene) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of Australian C. acutatum isolates from wine grapes and other horticultural crops. A combination of RAPD-PCR and β-tubulin-2 gene data showed that all wine-grape ripe-rot isolates from northern regions of New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland belong to a proposed new C. acutatum group (A9), together with isolates from Australian strawberry, mango, blueberry and olive. The 5·8S-ITS sequences for these grape pathogens were identical to published sequences for an isolate from Cyclamen (the Netherlands) and differed by 1 bp from isolates from Capsicum (Taiwan) and orange (Costa Rica). The grape ripe-rot isolates from the Shoalhaven Valley (southern NSW) were clustered within two other C. acutatum groups: A2 and A5. In vitro infection studies showed that Australian C. acutatum isolates from almond, blueberry, chilli, grape, mango, olive, strawberry and tomato were able to infect grape and could also infect blueberry and strawberry, indicating a lack of host specificity. This lack of host specificity, the genetic similarity with non-grape isolates, and the fact that many of the non-grape hosts were isolated from wine-growing regions, suggest the potential for cross-infection between grape and other horticultural crops.     

非寄主植物提取物对橘小实蝇的产卵拒避作用

选取4种非寄主植物柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白千层Melaleuca leucadendron、夹竹桃Nerium indicum,初步研究了这4种植物叶子提取物对橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis的产卵拒避作用。以无水乙醇作溶剂,供试4种植物中的白千层提取物对橘小实蝇具有较强的产卵拒避作用。检测了橘小实蝇对4种植物的乙醇提取物的触角电位值,发现各生物测定值与雌虫触角电位值呈显著相关性,表明其中的挥发性组分是橘小实蝇对植物提取物产生拒避反应的重要原因之一。用无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、二氯甲烷作溶剂,分别提取白千层叶,仅乙醇提取物有显著拒避作用;用这4种溶剂分别提取樟树叶,则无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚作溶剂的提取物都有较好效果。