小麦光合特性对二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

通过采用美国便携式光合作用测定系统实地设置不同CO2浓度,分析了CO2浓度升高对小麦产量贡献较强的两个时期(扬花期和灌浆期)净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度等光合特性的影响,预测了未来高二氧化碳浓度条件下小麦水分利用率的变化趋势.结果表明:小麦不同生育期(扬花期和灌浆期)随着CO2浓度增加,净光合速率,叶片胞间CO2浓度,叶片水分利用率总体呈现逐渐上升的趋势,叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率都呈现先降后升再降的趋势,气孔限制值则呈现逐渐降低的趋势;小麦不同生育期(扬花和灌浆期)CO2浓度与净光合速率,叶片胞间CO2浓度,叶片水分利用率均呈现极显著的正相关,其中与叶片胞间CO2浓度的相关系数最高;与气孔导度和蒸腾速率在扬花期阶段呈现显著正相关,在灌浆期呈现负相关;而与气孔限制值在两个时期均呈现极显著负相关.     

大气CO_2浓度增高和施氮量对抽穗期春小麦光合参数及水分利用效率的影响

在开顶式小型温室内模拟大气CO2浓度增高,并在N0,N100,N200计3个氮素水平〔施N量分别为纯N0、0.1、0.2 g/kg(土)〕下盆栽小麦,研究小麦光合作用和水分利用效率(WUE)对大气CO2升高的响应及其氮素调控机制。结果表明,760μmol/molCO2浓度×N素小麦叶片的净光合速率、叶片胞间CO2浓度、气孔限制值及叶片水分利用效率较对照呈明显上升趋势,叶片气孔导度显著降低,蒸腾速率则呈先降后升的趋势;在400μmol/molCO2浓度下,N0和N100处理的小麦光合速率明显下降,但N200处理较当前CO2浓度处理明显升高;气孔导度,胞间CO2浓度以及蒸腾速率呈现下降的趋势,小麦的气孔限制值Ls和WUE在N200条件下表现最高,较各个处理均达到极显著水平。两种大气CO2浓度下的小麦叶片光合速率和气孔导度均随氮素水平的升高而明显升高,胞间CO2浓度和蒸腾速率表现均不一致。因此,长期高CO2浓度使得小麦叶片WUE和Ls值显著升高,在低中氮处理下产生明显的光合下调现象,但在高氮处理下却不发生。     

自然干旱条件下2个石榴品种生长和光合等生理特性的变化

以石榴品种中农红和突尼斯作为研究对象,采用盆栽人工控水法,研究自然干旱条件下2个石榴品种生长量特征参数、光合特性参数、膜脂过氧化程度及其保护酶类活性和渗透调节物质含量等指标变化。结果表明:随着土壤相对含水量的自然下降,2个石榴品种的干物质积累率、叶片细胞相对电导率、丙二醛含量和游离脯氨酸含量均呈现上升趋势,光合速率(Pn)均逐渐减少,蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性糖含量均呈现先升后降的趋势,根冠比、水分利用效率(WUE)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势均有所不同。土壤相对含水量从70%自然降到30%期间,2个石榴品种叶片细胞相对电导率均没有显著变化,而Pn分别从17.117μmol·m-2·s-1和15.783μmol·m-2·s-1下降为4.583μmol·m-2·s-1和5. 033μmol·m-2·s-1,此时2个石榴品种可溶性糖含量表现出最高值,分别为7. 052%和7.414 8%。土壤相对含水量从30%继续下降后,2个石榴品种Pn、Tr、WUE、Gs和可溶性糖含量均开始大幅度下降,而干物质积累率、Ci、叶片细胞相对电导率、SOD活性、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量均开始上升。总之,自然干旱条件下,2个石榴品种幼苗能保持正常生长的条件是土壤相对含水量≥30%,若土壤相对含水量30%,2个品种均可能会受到严重伤害或不可恢复的损失。     

模拟酸雨对春小麦开花期叶片光合特性及产量的影响

本试验采用pH为1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5和5.6的模拟酸雨在春小麦开花期对其进行喷淋,测定不同pH模拟酸雨处理后春小麦叶片的光合参数与春小麦产量.研究结果表明:随着酸雨pH的下降,春小麦叶片净光合速率下降了24.20％～58.23％,气孔导度下降了35.90％ ～ 58.37％,蒸腾速率下降了36.70％ ～ 56.69％,胞间CO2浓度上升了73.26％～101.06％,叶绿素相对含量下降了1.96％ ～ 15.99％,产量下降了12.54％～32.53％.酸雨对春小麦叶片光合特性的影响随酸雨的氢离子浓度增大而愈显著.酸雨pH与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素相对含量及春小麦最终产量均呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关.     

祁连山高海拔雨养农业区油菜、小麦光合特性比较研究

在作物生长旺盛期,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了祁连山高海拔雨养农业区环境因子和油菜、小麦叶片光合生理指标,比较了油菜、小麦及低海拔地区作物光合参数的差异性。结果表明:光合有效辐射和空气温度均呈单峰型日变化曲线,而空气湿度呈"S"型日变化曲线,大气CO2浓度为早晚较低,下午高。油菜和小麦的叶片净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,存在"午休"现象,且上午光合速率高于下午。油菜的蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,小麦的蒸腾速率却呈单峰型曲线。气孔导度日变化大体呈"S"型曲线。光合有效辐射是影响叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要环境因子之一,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要影响因子。大气CO2浓度与小麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。     

胡杨光合蒸腾与影响因子间关系的研究

对胡杨光合速率和蒸腾速率同各主要影响因子间相关关系进行了研究。结果表明:胡杨光合速率和气孔导度间呈对数关系,蒸腾速率与气孔导度间呈线性关系;两者与光合有效辐射均呈多项式关系;与空气温度均呈二项式关系。结果说明胡杨属气孔限制型植物,气孔导度和光合有效辐射共同决定胡杨的光合和蒸腾作用。气温和相对湿度通过影响胡杨的气孔导度进而影响胡杨的光合速率和蒸腾速率。适宜胡杨进行光合气体交换的环境条件是光合有效辐射保持在1700μmol.m-2.s-1左右,温度保持在35℃左右,相对湿度保持在20%-30%间。     

锡林浩特草原区27种植物净光合速率影响因素的多因子分析

植物净光合速率的关键影响因子关系到草原生产力的波动和稳定性。实地测定锡林浩特草原22个样地27种共82株植物的光合指标和环境影响因子,采用Pearson相关性分析、多元回归分析、通径分析、决策系数分析等方法,分析各因子与草原植物净光合速率的关系。结果表明:锡林浩特草原区植物净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关;净光合速率与水分利用效率呈线性相关;在影响草原植物的环境因子中,净光合速率随大气相对湿度的增加而增大,而空气温度对净光合速率的影响并不显著;由通径分析可知,水分利用效率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度成为影响净光合速率的主要因素。决策系数表明,锡林浩特草原区植物的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度4个生理因子是净光合速率的主要决策变量,而环境参数中的空气温度和大气相对湿度,则成为净光合速率的限制性因素。影响草原植物净光合速率的因素有蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度和大气相对湿度。     

科尔沁沙地复叶槭等3个阔叶树种的光合特性及其水分利用效率

在自然条件下,利用LI-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了科尔沁沙地3个阔叶树种复叶槭、紫叶矮樱和紫叶稠李的光合参数,研究各树种水分利用效率特征。结果表明:复叶槭、紫叶矮樱和紫叶稠李的净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,最大峰值出现在8:00~10:00,分别为12.22、11.70和7.24μmol.m-2.s-1。通过比较3个树种的蒸腾速率,得出紫叶矮樱和紫叶稠李的蒸腾速率日均值较低,分别为5.10和4.95mmol.m-2.s-1,而复叶槭蒸腾速率日均值最高,为6.21mmol.m-2.s-1;对于水分利用效率而言,3个树种的日均值由高到低分别为紫叶矮樱(1.08μmol CO2mmol-1H2O)>复叶槭(0.78μmol CO2mmol-1H2O)>紫叶稠李(0.69μmol CO2mmol-1H2O),说明紫叶矮樱对干旱环境适应能力更强。最后,通过净光合速率与各影响因子的相关分析得出,3个阔叶树种净光合速率与其胞间CO2浓度相关系数最大,分别为r复叶槭=-0.954、r紫叶矮樱=-0.968和r紫叶稠李=-0.970,说明胞间CO2浓度是影响树种净光合速率最主要的影响因子。     

豌豆彩潜蝇为害猫爪草后对其光合作用影响的初步研究

豌豆彩潜蝇为害猫爪草后对其光合作用的正常进行产生影响。通过对田间不同为害程度猫爪草群体叶室进行的闭路系统测量,获得其叶片光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等光合作用的相关生理指标表明:猫爪草叶片在零星受害后,其净光合速率变化不明显,但随受害程度的加重,其自身调整作用开始发挥,气孔导度显著增加,胞间CO2浓度上升,到为害后期,叶片组织达到较高被害程度时,净光合速率受到影响,迅速增加。     

5种胡枝子光合作用特性及影响因子分析

自然条件下,对5种胡枝子属植物光合作用日进程和光响应进行了观测,结果表明5种胡枝子净光合速率的日变化在夏季表现为双峰曲线,有光合"午休"现象。牛枝子、达乌里胡枝子、阴山胡枝子、截叶胡枝子和尖叶胡枝子日平均光合速率分别为3.75μmol CO2.m-2.s-1、3.55μmol CO2.m-2.s-1、3.37μmolCO2.m-2.s-1、4.45μmol CO2.m-2.s-1、3.78μmol CO2.m-2.s-1;光补偿点分别为38.23μmol.m-2.s-1、43.24μmol.m-2.s-1、13.75μmol.m-2.s-1、36.11μmol.m-2.s-1和45.46μmol.m-2.s-1;光饱和点分别为:1225μmol.m-2.s-1、1262.6μmol.m-2.s-1、1287.5μmol.m-2.s-1、1462.5μmol.m-2.s-1和1312.5μmol.m-2.s-1显示了阳生植物特性。表观量子效率分别为0.034、0.037、0.32、0.036和0.033,可看出5种胡枝子叶片光能转化效率低,其对光的响应敏感性较差。因此,这5种胡枝子对光环境适应能力强,适合在较大范围栽植。     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Monitoring of the winter populations of cereal aphids near Wageningen,the Netherlands,in 1982/1983

Cereal aphids on a wheat crop were sampled through the winter of 1982/1983 using both fixed and random quadrats.Sitobion avenae overwintered successfully anholocyclically although there was a substantial decline in the population of this species. No evidence for successful anholocyclic overwintering in other aphid species was found, althoughRhopalosiphum padi was seen to colonise the crop in early winter and was found until the end of December.Eggs ofR. padi onPrunus padus were observed through the winter. A steady decline in their numbers occurred. The overall survival rate of the 5385 eggs was c.30%.Eggs ofMetopolophium dirhodum onRosa spp. were also monitored. They also showed a steady decline in numbers through the winter. The overall survival rate of the 1360 eggs was c.34%.Egg hatch in bothR. padi andM. dirhodum was closely synchronised with bud burst of their host plant. For the latter species this resulted in egg hatch starting in January.Samenvatting In de winter van 1982/1983 werden de graanluizen in een tarwegewas regelmatig geteld in willekeurig en in van tevoren gekozen monstereenheden. Hoewel er een aanmerkelijke afname van de populatie vanSitobion avenae werd waargenomen, overwinterde deze soort toch anholocyclish. Er werden geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat de andere bladluissoorten anholocyclish overwinterden hoewel kolonies vanRhopalosiphum padi tot eind december werden waargenomen.De gehele winter werden eieren vanR. padi opPrunus padi aangetroffen, de aantallen ervan namen geleidelijk af; van de 5385 getelde eieren overleefde ongeveer 30%. Ook de aantallen eieren vanMetopolophium dirhodum opRosa spp. werden reglematig vastgesteld; ook hier werd een geleidelijke afname geconstateerd. Van de oorspronkelijk getelde 1360 eieren overleefde ongeveer 34%.Het uitkomen van de eieren vanR. padi enM. dirhodum viel nauw samen met het uitlopen van de knoppen van hun waardplant. VoorM. dirhodum betekende dit dat de eerste eieren al begin januari uitkwamen.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。     

Occurrence of pepper yellow vein in the Netherlands

Samenvatting Het verschijnsel van geelnervigheid bij paprika (Capsicum annuum) kon door verenting en met de schimmelOlpidium brassicae worden overgebracht. Hierdoor bleek de ziekte identiek te zijn met een eerder in Engeland gemelde ziekte. Door inoculatie met zoösporen of rustsporen vanO. brassicae werden ook symptomen verkregen inC. baccatum, C. chacoense enC. frutescens. S. villosum bleek een waardplant te zijn voor het geelnervigheidsagens, waarbij zwakke nerfchlorosen werden waargenomen.Seconded to the Glasshouse Crops Research Station, P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, the Netherlands.     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Trichothecene and Fumonisin Mycotoxins in the Virulence of Fusarium

The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisin-non-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Systemic toxicity of spinosad to the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum and to the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis

When spinosad was administered at the stem base of tomato plants grown in rockwool, the main substrate used in greenhouses in northern Europe, it was taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves. Laboratory toxicity experiments showed that systemically applied spinosad, at doses as low as 2 mg active ingredient per plant, gave excellent control of nymphs of the greenhouse whiteflyTrialeurodes vaporariorum, but was less toxic to adults. The toxicity of spinosad on Homoptera has not been documented yet and a dose-response relationship was established. The persistence of toxicity was at least 22 days for whitefly nymphs. A dose-response relationship of systemically applied spinosad was also determined on third-instar larvae of the cotton leaf wormSpodoptera littoralis; a dose of 5 mg per plant consistently killed all larvae. The persistence of systemically applied spinosad reached up to 45 days after treatment. Systemically applied spinosad was harmless to the parasitic waspEncarsia formosa. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 29, 2005.     

Aetiology and causal agents of mango sudden decline disease in the Sultanate of Oman

Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.     

Parasitoid community of the loreyi leaf wormMythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi: Novel host-parasitoid associations and their efficiency in the eastern mediterranean region of Turkey

The loreyi leaf worm,Mythimna (Acantholeucania) loreyi Duponchel (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), is a pest of gramineous crops and causes significant economic damage to maize. In field surveys on maize to determine the parasitoid community and its impact on the pest in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, nine parasitoid species were found associated with immature stages ofM. loreyi: The hymenopteran (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) parasitoidsCotesia (=Apanteles) ruficrus (Haliday),Chelonus oculator Panzer,Meteorus ictericus Nees,Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg),Sinophorus sp.; and the dipteran (Tachinidae) parasitoidsPseudogonia rufifrons Wiedeman,Exorista rossica Mesnil,Gonia picea (Robineau-Desvoidy) andLinnaemya vulpina (Fallen) — the last three recorded for the first time as parasitoids ofM. loreyi in Turkey.C. ruficrus was the dominant parasitoid species, being recovered from 38.5% of the larvae collected and was also the most prevalent species, existing in 91.0% of the fields in whichM. loreyi was found. Total parasitism levels achieved by braconid species was 41.4%, by ichneumonid parasitoids 4.8%, and by tachinid parasitoids 1.9%. In a separate field experiment, seasonal population fluctuations and natural efficiency ofC. ruficrus onM. loreyi were found to be 35.1% and 42.4%, respectively. Population levels ofC. ruficrus were closely related to fluctuations in the population ofM. loreyi, with parasitism ranging between 0 and 77.3% during the study. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005.