海州露天煤矿排土场复垦区植物根系分布特征研究

为揭示海州露天煤矿排土场复垦区植物根系分布特征,文中结合根钻法和Win RHIZO根系分析系统对刺槐林地、榆树林地、灌木林地(紫穗槐)、荒草地0～50cm土层根系分布特征进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)各个样地根密度表现为灌木大于草本和乔木,0～10cm土层根密度在154. 99～1397. 48个/m2;根重密度表现为乔木大于草地和灌木,在0. 1218～0. 7076g/cm3之间。(2)各个样地根长密度和根表面积密度随土层增加而减少,表现为灌木大于草地和乔木。植物根系主要集中在0～40cm,其中根长占0～50cm的76. 5%～95. 1%,根表面积占0～50cm的73. 4%～98. 2%。(3)刺槐林地和榆树林地以径级<1mm和1～2mm为主,而灌木林地和荒草地以径级<1mm为主。     

天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征和空间分布格局

从径级结构、静态生命表、存活曲线和个体空间分布格局等方面研究新疆天山北坡天山云杉的种群结构特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:1)种群年龄结构中幼苗幼树(Ⅰ级)比例最大(82.11%),中树(Ⅲ-Ⅵ级)和大树(Ⅶ-Ⅹ级)比例次之,小树(Ⅱ级)比例最小(0.26%)的规律;2)种群死亡率在Ⅰ径级最高(99.70%),随着径级的增加,死亡率呈现"高-低-高"模式,种群生命期望呈现"低-高-低"的模式;3)天山云杉种群的存活曲线接近于DeeveyⅢ型,即Ⅰ径级存活指数最高(6.91),Ⅱ径级(1.16)急剧下降,Ⅱ-Ⅴ径级逐渐上升,随后逐渐下降;4)种群格局随取样尺度由25-400m2增加,聚集强度逐渐降低,其中,在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;5)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱。幼苗幼树在取样规模为25和150m2尺度上聚集分布强度较大;中树在50m2和150m2尺度上较大;而小树和大树聚集强度不受取样面积影响。因此,天山北坡的天山云杉天然林应适当间伐以促进更新,种群更新的最适林隙面积为25m2。     

黄土丘陵区典型人工林的根系分布特征

根系是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官,发育及分布情况对植物生长具有极其重要的影响。本研究以甘肃省定西市安定区龙滩流域的人工白杨林、油松林以及山杏林为研究对象,分析了3种人工林总根及不同径级的根长、根面积、根生物量密度的垂直分布特征及其与土壤理化性质之间的关系,旨在从根系分布角度比较黄土丘陵区典型人工林之间的生长差异,为该区域植被恢复与评价提供一定的科学依据。研究结果表明:(1)不同径级的根系分布中3种人工林均以细根为主,细根与总根的根长及根面积密度均表现为白杨林油松林山杏林,根生物量密度表现为油松林白杨林山杏林,而中根与粗根的根长及根面积密度均以油松林为最高。(2)垂直土壤剖面上,3种人工林总根与细根的根长、根面积及根生物量密度整体上呈现出随土壤深度的增加而减少的趋势,而中根与粗根的垂直分布规律并不明显。(3)细根和总根的根长密度、根面积密度、根生物量密度与土壤全碳、全氮、有机碳及含水量均呈极显著正相关关系,中根的根长及根面积密度与土壤全碳、全氮、全磷及有机碳含量呈显著相关关系,粗根的根长及根面积密度与土壤全碳呈显著相关关系,土壤碳氮含量以及含水量的增加与林木根系的生长在一定程度上存在协同效应。     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松原始林倒木研究

倒木是森林生态系统的重要组成部分之一,在森林生态系统中发挥着许多重要、独特的生态功能。对大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松原始林倒木进行研究,发现平均每块样地共有兴安落叶松和白桦倒木32株,总材积为14.92m3,大约165m3/hm2,兴安落叶松占78%。研究认为,在大兴安岭兴安落叶松林生态系统,兴安落叶松的浅根性生理特征是影响倒木输入的内在原因;风和多年冻土是影响倒木输入的重要生态因子。由于大兴安岭林区低温高湿的环境,倒木分解非常慢,其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ级腐烂级倒木的现存量最多,兴安落叶松倒木的分解常数是0.0136/a(R2=0.9557),白桦为0.3508/a(R2=0.8789)。倒木的产生为森林经营管理提出了警示,预示达到成熟年龄的林分要及时进行抚育渐伐,避免树木心腐而浪费资源;同时,倒木的发生及其分解产生了很多重要作用和病虫害以及森林火灾隐患,应进行合理地管理利用。     

天山北麓不同土地覆被下土壤有机碳垂直分布特征

利用全国第二次土壤普查数据,对天山北麓不同土地覆被类型下的土壤有机碳分布特征开展研究。结果表明：在0～100 cm土层天山北麓不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度差异显著,其均值处于3.65～35.73 kg·m^-2。不同土地覆被类型的土壤碳密度垂直分布差异明显,其中耕地表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的32.2%,其相邻土层的土壤碳密度占其总量比例的差值较小,最大差值仅为8.1%;高山亚高山草甸、森林和隐域植被表层(0～20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的40%以上;荒漠植被、裸地和稀疏植被表层(0~20 cm)土壤碳密度占其总量的比例低于37%,其中裸地与稀疏植被最低,仅为25.4%,其相邻土层土壤碳密度占其总量比例的最大差值低于4.0%。     

不同深耕方式对土壤三相比及玉米根系构型的影响

以先玉335为材料,采用条深旋(TS)35 cm、深松(SS)35 cm、深翻(SF)35 cm三种深耕方式,以浅旋耕作15 cm为对照,通过测定土壤三相比和玉米根系结构,进行比较研究,以探明不同深耕方式对土壤三相比及玉米根系构型的影响。结果表明:深耕通过提高土壤的气相比和液相比降低固相比,使得耕层土壤结构指数(GSSI)升高,土壤三相结构距离(STPSD)降低,使耕层土壤物理结构更加逼近理想状态;SF能够显著改善耕层20~60 cm土层的土壤物理结构,SS对40~60 cm土层土壤结构的改良效果较为明显,SS和SF的土壤改良作用效果好于TS;深耕条件下玉米的总根长和总根表面积均高于浅旋耕处理,土壤中下层根系的生物量明显增加,并且0~0.5 mm径级的细根生物量所占比例较大;在玉米根系根长的分布中0~0.2 mm径级的根系所占比例最大,在根表面积的分布中以0.1~0.3 mm径级的根系为主;土壤气相比与玉米根系的细根长和细根表面积呈极显著正相关关系,而液相比和固相比则与其呈显著负相关关系;深耕能够改良土壤物理结构,使土壤密度降低,含水量升高,同时增加了玉米根系的根干重、根长和根表面积,根系中细根所占比例增大。土壤三相比与玉米根系的细根长和细根表面积具有一定的相关性,在一定范围内较高的气相比会促进玉米细根的生长,较高的固相比和液相比会抑制细根的生长,土壤三相比共同影响玉米根系的生长。     

塔里木河下游灌区春季土壤盐分空间变异特征——以新疆第二师三十一团灌区为例

应用地统计学的半方差分析和Kriging空间插值,以新疆第二师三十一团灌区为例,分析了塔里木河下游绿洲灌区不同深度土壤全盐及盐基离子的空间变异特征与分布规律。结果表明:研究区春季土壤总体呈碱性,各土层阴离子均以SO■为主,阳离子均以K~+和Na~+为主,灌区内根域层(0～60 cm)土壤盐分、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-的半方差函数模型符合高斯模型,Mg~(2+)、K~++Na~+符合球状模型,深层(60～100 cm)土壤盐分、HCO~-_3、SO■符合指数模型,各变量空间自相关范围差异较大。盐分分布特征受人类活动和地势、水源的影响较大,根域层(0～60 cm)土壤盐分含量呈现由西北部向东南部逐渐升高的趋势,变化范围在2.28～3.27 g·kg~(-1)之间,深层(60～100 cm)土壤盐分含量呈现由西北部向东南部逐渐降低的趋势,变化范围在2.31～4.63 g·kg~(-1)之间。HCO~-_3在整体上与根域层(0～60 cm)土壤盐分含量分布特征相同,其它各离子含量无明显变化规律。灌区内土壤盐分垂直分布的总趋势大致相同,根域层(0～60 cm)土壤含盐量与深层(60～100 cm)土壤含盐量差异不大,变化范围在2.28～4.63 g·kg~(-1)之间。     

小陇山国家级自然保护区油松林优势种群空间分布格局分析

采用典型样方的方法并应用多个聚集强度指标(方差/均值比率法(C)、负二项参数(k)、Cassie指标(CA)、丛生指标(I)),对甘肃省小陇山油松林优势种群空间分布格局及其动态进行了分析。结果表明:1)所调查区林分中油松种群在总体分布上呈倒"J"字型,表现为群落稳定与正常生长状态;2)区域中油松林木的年龄结构以幼苗为主,空间上主要表现为聚集分布;3)随着群落中油松种群的发育,其聚集强度呈现逐渐下降的趋势,由聚集分布逐渐趋于均匀分布甚至随机分布,指示了群落由发展型向稳定型的过渡。最后分析了聚集分布格局特征与其油松生物学特性和生境的密切关系,油松林优势种群的年龄结构和分布格局综合显示调查区域中该群落正处于旺盛生长期。     

陕西地区栓皮栎种群统计特征的区域变异性研究

种群统计是种群生态学研究的核心 ,主要研究种群在时间和空间上的数量变化规律。本文通过样方法对陕西不同地区栓皮栎的年龄结构、大小结构、密度结构和组成构件四个方面探讨栓皮栎种群的区域变异性规律。结果表明 ,从分布中心到分布边缘 ,沿生境梯度栓皮栎种群年龄结构呈现出不均匀分布 ,绝大部分样地幼苗和幼树的个体数量偏少 ,但栓皮栎种群能顺利通过瓶颈。不同样地不同年龄的栓皮栎种群的大小结构分布不一 ,种群中胸径小的个体与胸径大的个体数量比较少 ,中等大小的个体数量较多 ,种群表现出增长的趋势。不同样地的密度随径级的变化特点是低径级的密度高 ,高密度的径级小 ,密度在不同样地平均径级上的分布呈现出明显的负相关。不同样地的栓皮栎叶面积指数的变化 ,反映出栓皮栎种群的生长活力。     

北方农牧交错带土地利用生态安全评价

土地利用生态安全评价是土地资源可持续利用研究的核心和基础。根据各评价指标对生态环境的影响程度,将其划分为很不安全(Ⅰ)、较不安全(Ⅱ)、临界安全(Ⅲ)、较为安全(Ⅳ)和很安全(Ⅴ)共5个等级。在GIS技术支持下,以北方农牧交错带192个县(旗、县级市)级行政单元作为基本研究对象,采用灰色综合评估方法评价各县土地利用生态安全,得出其综合权系数向量,并使用系统聚类方法将评价结果划归不同生态安全等级。结果表明:(1)1989年和2000年北方农牧交错带各县土地利用生态安全水平都较低,1989年以Ⅰ级为主,2000年以Ⅱ级为主。(2)与1989年相比,2000年各县土地利用生态安全水平普遍有所提高。(3)Ⅲ级区在1989年仅包括4个县,2000年扩大为24个县,并且以大兴安岭山地区和东北冲积平原地区、陕北黄土高原区分布最为集中。(4)1989年没有县达到Ⅳ级,而2000年仅有一个;12年来,没有任何一个县的土地利用生态安全达到Ⅴ级。     

西安临潼人工林土壤干化与恢复研究

通过野外调查和室内测定,本文研究了西安临潼人工林下0-6m土壤含水量和土壤干层的变化。结果表明,临潼14龄杨树林和16龄梧桐树林下150-350cm之间土层的含水量分别为8.7%和9.0%。按土壤干层划分标准(含水量<10%),这已属于发育弱的土壤干层,说明西安地区人工林下有土壤干层存在。而在丰水年中,杨树林和梧桐树林下原有的土壤干层带水分含量增加到21.6%和21.7%,土壤干层消失,说明在降水量增加的条件下,西安地区发育弱的土壤干层可以得到恢复,人工林能够正常生长。由此推断,西安及其降水量与其类似的其他地区可以种植一些高大乔木或果树经济林。在土壤干层发育严重的黄土高原北部地区不适于广泛造林,可以优先考虑发展疏林和森林草原植被。     

甘肃河东旱作区不同强度日降水特征

利用1971~2007年甘肃河东旱作区分布较为均匀的13个气象站(兼有农业气象试验观测)共37年的逐日降水量资料,按照Bonsal边缘分布函数方法将日降水量划分为弱、较弱、中等、较强和强5个不同强度等级,从而分析了各强度等级的降水量和降水日数在旱作区的时空分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明:旱作区平均降水日数与降水量的分布不一致,平均年降水日数最多(少)的地方并不对应年降水量最大(小)的地方。各站不同强度等级的降水日数均表现为弱降水日数最多,强降水日数最少。弱降水日数的分布决定了平均总的降水日数的分布;而强降水日数的变化,对降水量的变化起到了决定性的作用。降水量的变化趋势较之降水日数的变化趋势要复杂得多,旱作区中各站降水日数变化趋势的一致性强,而降水量变化的区域性特征却比较明显。较之其它等级的降水,旱作区强降水的年际变化剧烈,各年强降水的日数和降水量都有很大的不确定性变化。     

季节性冻土区土体冻融过程及其对水热因子的响应

利用内蒙古赛罕乌拉森林生态系统国家野外观测研究站试验地的森林小气候观测塔,根据2015—2016年冻融期野外观测的气温、降水量、土壤温度和水分数据,对该区季节性冻土的冻融过程和特点进行分析,研究土壤冻结和解冻过程中各土壤层的垂直温度和水分的变化,以及对气温和降水量的响应。结果表明:①季节性冻土的土壤温度随着土层深度增加,土壤冻结和融化滞后天数也会增加,同时与气温的相关性也逐渐减小;②季节性冻土解冻的速度要快于冻结的速度;③在进入解冻期前,3月中旬到5月中旬,各层土壤温度始终保持在-1～1℃之间,不随气温波动;④降水量并不大的解冻期,土壤未冻水含量会迅速增加,说明冻融过程确实能够保存土壤水分,这将有利于植被应对春季干旱。     

Soil bacterial characteristics between surface and subsurface soils along a precipitation gradient in the Alxa Desert,China

Bacteria in desert soil have unique phylogeny and important ecological functions, and theirresponses to changes in precipitation need further attention. However, relevant studies have mainlyfocused on the surface soil, and studies on the responses of bacteria at different soil depths to variationsin precipitation are rare. Thus, we used 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changesin soil bacterial distribution along a mean annual precipitation gradient (50–150 mm) in the Alxa Desert,China, and compared the variation characteristics in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and subsurface soillayer (10–20 cm). Results showed that soil bacterial communities significantly changed along theprecipitation gradient in both soil layers. However, the subsurface soil layer could support bacterialcommunities with higher diversity and closer internal relationships but more internal competition than thesurface soil layer. Additionally, compared with the surface soil layer, variations in diversity andco-occurrence patterns in the subsurface soil layer were more in line with the changes in the mean annualprecipitation, while bacterial community structure was less variable in the subsurface soil layer. Comparedwith the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture had little influence on the structure and diversity of soilbacterial community but had a high correlation with intercommunity connectivity. Therefore, soilmoisture might play a complex role in mediating environmental conditions and soil bacterial communitycharacteristics. Due to the different responses of surface and subsurface soil bacteria to the changes inprecipitation, it is necessary to distinguish different soil layers when predicting the trends in desert soilbacterial conditions associated with precipitation, and prediction of subsurface soil bacteria may be moreaccurate.     

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.     

Spatial distribution pattern of Picea schrenkiana population in the Middle Tianshan Mountains and the relationship with topographic attributes

The spatial distribution of plant populations is an important feature of population structure and it determines the population's ecological preferences,biological characteristics and relationships with...     

干旱区绿洲核桃-冬小麦间作系统核桃吸收根空间分布

塔里木盆地人均耕地占有量小,在绿洲灌溉条件下核桃的大面积栽植多采用与农作物间作的模式。采用田间分层挖掘法和图像扫描分析法,对塔里木盆地绿洲灌溉条件下核桃-冬小麦间作系统中核桃吸收根（直径≤1 mm）的空间分布进行研究。结果表明：在垂直方向上,核桃吸收根集中分布在10～80 cm土层,约占采样吸收根总根长密度的65.9%,根长密度随土层深度的变化呈指数函数分布;在水平方向上,核桃吸收根根长密度随着与树干距离的增加呈明显的降低趋势,距离两侧核桃树干0～175 cm,核桃吸收根长密度占采样吸收根总根长密度的65.3%,间作巷道中央吸收根根长密度最低。在绿洲灌溉条件下,核桃-冬小麦间作系统中核桃吸收根水平和垂直分布决定了进入盛果期后,距离树干175 cm以内的10～60 cm土层是核桃与冬小麦的主要水肥竞争区域。     

天然林中不同径级新疆野苹果的光合能力

研究新疆天山野果林建群种新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii）光合生理特性,对于该种群保育及其生态功能评价具有重要意义。通过野外测定新疆新源天然野果林中不同径级64株新疆野苹果南向枝条上部叶和下部叶饱和光强下的净光合速率（A）、气孔导度（g_s）和比叶面积（SLA）。结果表明：随着径级增加,上部叶和下部叶的A_area、A_mass显著增加。g_s随径级的增加先增加再降低,在径级Ⅲ（树干0.5 m高处直径25~35 cm）时达最大。上部叶比下部叶有着高的A_area、A_mass和g_s。回归分析表明：随着树干直径增加,A_area和g_s呈二次多项式增加,A_mass呈线性增加。SLA随径级增加变化不显著,上部叶SLA显著低于下部叶。上部叶的A_area高于下部叶,但由于SLA显著减小,在A_mass上两者差异减小。随g_s增加,上部叶Aarea呈幂函数增加,下部叶A_area呈二次多项式增加。      

The relationship between soil,climate and forest development in the mid-mountain zone of the Sangong River watershed in the northern Tianshan Mountains,China

The mountainous forests in arid regions, being sensitive to climate change, are one of the key research topics related to the mechanism of interaction between climate and the terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, the spatial distribution of a mid-mountain forest and its environmental factors were investigated by using a combination of remote sensing technology, field survey, climate indices and soil nutrient analysis in the Sangong River watershed of the northern Tianshan Mountains. The forest(Picea schrenkiana) was distributed between 1,510 and 2,720 m asl. Tree height and diameter at breast height(DBH) exhibited a bi-modal pattern with increasing elevation, and rested at 2,450 and 2,250 m asl, respectively. The two maxima of DBH appeared at 2,000 and 2,550 m asl, and the taller trees were observed at 2,100 and 2,600 m asl. For the annual mean temperature, the difference was approximately 5.8°C between the lowest and the highest limits of the forest, and the average decreasing rates per hundred meters were 0.49°C and 0.55°C with increasing altitude between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and above 2,000 m asl, respectively. The annual precipitation in the forest zone first increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude, and the maximum value was at 2,000 m asl. For per hundred meters, the annual precipitation increased with the rate of 31 mm between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and decreased by 7.8 mm above 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high between 2,000 and 2,700 m asl and low at the lower and upper forest limits. The minimum Ca CO3 concentration, p H value and EC coincided with the maximum precipitation belt at 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high in the topsoil(0–10 cm) and differed significantly from the values observed in the deep soil layers(10 cm). The soil nutrients exhibited spatial heterogeneity and higher aggregation in the topsoil. In conclusion, soil and climate are closely related to each other, working synergistically to determine the development and spatial distribution of the mid-mountain forest in the study area. The order of the importance of environmental factors to forest development in this study is as follows: soil nutrientsprecipitationelevationtemperature.     

Exploring tree diversity and stand structure of savanna woodlands in southeastern Sudan

Savanna woodlands in Sudan host great biodiversity, provide a plethora of ecosystem goods and services to local communities, and sustain numerous ecological functions. Although the importance of the Acacia trees in these areas is well known, up-to-date information about these woodlands' diversity is limited and changes in their woody vegetation composition, density, diversity and relative frequency are not monitored over time. This study explored tree diversity and stand stage structure in Nuara Reserved Forest, a typical savanna woodland ecosystem in southeastern Sudan. A total of 638 circular sample plots (1000 m² for each) were established using a systematic sampling grid method. The distance between plots was 200 m. In each plot, all living trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥5.00 cm were identified and counted, and their DBH values were recorded. From these data, tree composition, diversity, density and stage structure were assessed. There were 12,259 individual trees representing four species (Acacia seyal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia Senegal and Acacia mellifera) that belong to two families. The dominant species was Acacia seyal. Average tree density was 191 trees/hm² and the Shannon-Weiner index for trees diversity was 0.204. Overall, young trees comprised 86.30% of the forest. The state of tree richness and density in the study area was low compared to other similar environments in the region and around the world. We recommended adoption of a proper management system that includes monitoring of woody vegetation diversity in this forest, and management actions to enhance tree diversity and sustain ecosystem services to local communities. In addition to care for the dominant Acacia seyal stands, more attention and conservation should be devoted to reestablishing Acacia senegal and Acacia mellifera trees because of their high ecological and economic values for local communities.